C5 é o quinto compoñente do sistema do complemento, e xoga un importante papel nos procesos inflamatorios e de morte de células. O precursor de C5 é primeiramente procesado eliminándolle 4 residuos básicos, formando as dúas cadeas, alfa e beta, das que está composta a proteína, que están ligadas por unha ponte disulfuro. Da cadea alfa deriva o péptido de activación C5a, que se orixinina pola clivaxe realizada por unha convertase. C5a é unha anafilatoxina cunha potente actividade espasmoxénica (induce a contracción do músculo liso) e a permeabilidade vascular (por liberación de histamina polos mastocitos e basófilos) e quimiotáctica (atrae a leucocitos polimorfonucleares).[2] Pola súa parte, o produto de clivaxe macromolecular C5b pode formar un complexo con C6, e este complexo é a base para a formación do complexo de ataque á membrana, que tamén consta doutros compoñentes do complemento adicionais.[1]
As mutacións no xene C5 causan unha deficiencia no compoñente do complemento 5, que é unha doenza na que os pacientes presentan unha propensión a ter infeccións recorrentes graves. Os defectos neste xene foron ligados tamén coa susceptibilidade á fibrose hepática e á artrite reumatoide.[1]
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