Experimentos de laboratorio de especiación

Unha simplificación dun experimento de especiación alopátrica onde se criaron dúas liñas de moscas Drosophila melanogaster sobre medios con maltosa e amidón.

Os experimentos de laboratorio de especiación son experimentos realizados sobre os catro modos de especiación: alopátrica, peripátrica, parapátrica e simpátrica; e outros procesos que implican especiación: a hibridación, reforzo, e efectos fundadores, entre outros. A maioría dos experimentos foron realizados con moscas, especialmente as moscas do vinagre Drosophila.[1] Porén, en estudos máis recentes testáronse lévedos, outros fungos e mesmo virus.

Suxeriuse que os experimentos de laboratorio non conducen a unha especiación vicariante (alopátrica e peripátrica) debido aos seus pequenos tamaños de poboación e limitado número de xeracións.[2] A maioría das estimacións de estudos da natureza indican que a especiación tarda de centos de miles a millóns de anos.[3] Por outra parte, crese que moitas especies se especiaron máis rápido e máis recentemente, como as sollas europeas Platichthys flesus, que desovan en zonas peláxicas e demersais, que se especiaron alopatricamente nunhas 3000 xeracións.[4]

Táboa de experimentos

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En seis publicacións intentouse compilar, revisar e analizar a investigación experimental en especiación: John Ringo, David Wood, Robert Rockwell e Harold Dowse en 1985;[5] William R. Rice e Ellen E. Hostert in 1993;[6] Ann-Britt Florin e Anders Ödeen en 2002;[2] Mark Kirkpatrick e Virginie Ravigné en 2002;[7] Jerry A. Coyne e H. Allen Orr in 2004;[1] e James D. Fry en 2009.[8] A táboa resume os estudos e datos revisados nestas publicacións. Tamén se referencias varios experimentos contemporáneos e a lista non é exhaustiva.

Na táboa que segue, os múltiples números separados por puntos e comas na columna das xeracións indican que se fixeron múltiples experimentos. As replicacións (entre parénteses) indican o número de poboacións utilizadas nos experimentos, é dicir, cantas veces se replicou o experimento. Impuxéronse varios tipos de selección ás poboacións experimentais e indícanse na columna de tipo de selección. Os resultados positivos ou negativos de cada experimento son proporcionados pola columna do illamento reprodutivo. O illamento reprodutivo precigótico significa que os individuos que se reproducían nas poboacións eran incapaces de producir descendencia (un resultado positivo, xa que se produciu illamento). O illamento reprodutivo postcigótico significa que os individuos reprodutores podían producir descendencia, pero era estéril ou inviable (un resultado positivo tamén). Os resultados negativos indícanse por "ningún", é dicir, eses experimentos non deron como resultado un illamento reprodutivo.

Experimentos de laboratorio de especiación[1][2][6][7][8]
Especie Carácter Xeracións (replicacións) [duración] Testado Tipo de selección Deriva xenética estudada Illamento reprodutivo Referencia Ano
Drosophila melanogaster Resposta de escape 18 Vicariante, reforzo, parapátrica/

simpátrica

Indirecta; diverxente Si Precigótico Grant & Mettler[9] 1969
D. melanogaster Locomoción 112 Vicariante Indirecta; diverxente Non Precigótico Burnet & Connolly[10] 1974
D. melanogaster Temperatura, humidade 70–130 Vicariante Indirecta; diverxente Si Precigótico Kilias et al.[11] 1980
D. melanogaster Adaptación ao DDT 600 [25 anos, +15 anos] Vicariante Directa Non Precigótico Boake et al.[12] 2003
D. melanogaster 17, 9, 9, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7 Vicariante; parapátrica/

simpátrica

Directa, diverxente Precigótico en vicariancia; ningún con fluxo xénico Barker & Karlsson[13] 1974
D. melanogaster 40; 50 Reforzo Directa; diverxente Precigótico Crossley[14] 1974
D. melanogaster Locomoción 45 Vicariante Directa; diverxente Non Ningún van Dijken & Scharloo[15][16] 1979
D. melanogaster Reforzo Directa; diverxente Precigótico Wallace[17] 1953
D. melanogaster 36; 31 Reforzo Directa; diverxente Precigótico Knight[18] 1956
D. melanogaster Adaptación ao EDTA 25, 25, 25, 14 Semialopátrica, reforzo Indirecta; diverxente Non Postcigótico Robertson[19][20] 1966
D. melanogaster 25 (8) Vicariante; reforzo; parapátrica; simpátrica Directa Ningún Hostert[21] 1997
D. melanogaster Quetas abdominais

número

21–31 Vicariante Directa Si Ningún Santibanez & Waddington[22] 1958
D. melanogaster Número de quetas esternopleurais 32 Vicariante, reforzo, parapátrica/

simpátrica

Directa Non Ningún Barker & Cummins[23] 1969
D. melanogaster Fototaxe, xeotaxe 20 Vicariante Non Ningún Markow[24][25] 1975; 1981
D. melanogaster Peripátrica Si Rundle et al.[26] 1998
D. melanogaster Vicariante; peripátrica Si Mooers et al.[27] 1999
D. melanogaster 12 Reforzo Diverxente Precigótico Thoday & Gibson[28] 1962
D. melanogaster Ningún Thoday & Gibson[29][30] 1970; 1971
D. melanogaster 16 Reforzo Indirecta Ningún Spiess & Wilke[31] 1954
D. melanogaster Reforzo Directa; diverxente Precigótica Ehrman[32][33][34][35] 1971; 1973; 1979; 1983
D. melanogaster Número de quetas esternopleurais 5; 27; 27; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1 Parapátrica/

simpátrica

Ningún Chabora[36] 1968
D. melanogaster Ningún Scharloo[37] 1967
D. melanogaster 1, 1 Coyne & Grant[38] 1972
D. melanogaster 25 Rice[39] 1985
D. melanogaster 25 Disruptiva Precigótico Rice & Salt[40] 1988
D. melanogaster 35; 35 Simpátrica Precigótico Rice & Salt[41] 1990
D. melanogaster Niveis na comida de NaCl e CuSO4 [3 anos en alopatría, 1 en simpatría] Alopátrica; reforzo; simpátrica Precigótico en alopatría, ningún en simpatría Wallace[42] 1982
D. melanogaster Reforzo Ehrman et al.[43] 1991
D. melanogaster Reforzo Fukatami & Moriwaki[44] 1970
Drosophila simulans Quetas escutelares, velocidade do desenvolvemento, anchura das ás; resitencia ao desecamento, fecundidade, resistencia ao etanol; exhibición de cortexo, velocidade de reapareamento, comportamento de lek; altura da pupación, posta de ovos amontoados, actividade xeral [3 anos] Vicariante; peripátrica Si Poscigótico Ringo et al.[5] 1985
Drosophila paulistorum 131; 131 Reforzo Directa Precigótico Dobzhansky et al.[45] 1976
D. paulistorum [5 anos] Vicariante Dobzhansky e Pavlovsky[46] 1966
Drosophila willistoni Adaptación ao pH 34–122 Vicariante Indirecta; diverxente Non Precigótico Kalisz & Cordeiro[47] 1980
Drosophila pseudoobscura Fonte de carbohidratos 12 Vicariante Indirecta Si Precigótico Dodd[48] 1989
D. pseudoobscura Adaptación á temperatura 25–60 Vicariante Directa Ehrman[49][50][51][52][53] 1964;

1969

D. pseudoobscura Fototaxe, xeotaxe 5–11 Vicariante Indirecta Non Precigótico del Solar[54] 1966
D. pseudoobscura Vicariante; peripátrica Precigótico Powell[55][56] 1978; 1985
D. pseudoobscura Peripátrica; vicariante Si Galiana et al.[57] 1993
D. pseudoobscura Fotoperíodo de temperatura; alimento 37 (78) [33–34 meses] Vicariante Diverxente Si Ningún Rundle[58] 2003
D. pseudoobscura &

Drosophila persimilis

22; 16; 9 Reforzo Directa; diverxente Precigótico Koopman[59] 1950
D. pseudoobscura &

D. persimilis

18 (4) Directa Precigótico Kessler[60] 1966
Drosophila mojavensis 12 Directa Precigótico Koepfer[61] 1987
D. mojavensis Tempo de desenvolvemento 13 Diverxente Si Ningún Etges[62] 1998
Drosophila adiastola Peripátrica Si Precigótico Arita & Kaneshiro[63] 1974
Drosophila silvestris Peripátrica Si Ahearn[64] 1980
Musca domestica Xeotaxe 38 Vicariante Indirecta Non Precigótico Soans et al.[65] 1974
M. domestica Xeotaxe 16 Vicariante Directa; diverxente Non Precigótico Hurd & Eisenburg[66] 1975
M. domestica Peripátrica Si Meffert & Bryant[67] 1991
M. domestica Regan et al.[68] 2003
Bactrocera cucurbitae Tempo de desenvolvemento 40–51 Diverxente Si Precigótico Miyatake & Shimizu[69] 1999
Zea mays 6; 6 Reforzo Directa; diverxente Precigótico Paterniani[70] 1969
Drosophila grimshawi Peripátrica Jones, Widemo, & Arrendal[71] N/A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Leu & Murry[72] 2006
D. melanogaster Reforzo Harper & Lambert[73] 1983
Tribolium castaneum Peso da pupa 15 (6) Disruptiva Halliburton & Gall[74] 1983
D. melanogaster Xeotaxe Diverxente Lofdahl et al.[75] 1992
D. pseudoobscura [10 anos] Moya et al.[76] 1995
Neurospora Diverxente Dettman et al.[77] 2008
S. cerevisiae 500 Diverxente Dettman et al.[78] 2007
Sepsis cynipsea 35 Martin & Hosken[79] 2003
D. melanogaster Wigby & Chapman[80] 2006
D. pseudoobscura Colflito sexual 48–52 (4; 4; 4) Bacigalupe et al.[81] 2007
D. serrata Rundle et al.[82] 2005
Drosophila serrata & D. birchii Recoñecemento de parella 9 (3; 3) Reforzo Natural Precigótico Higgie et al.[83] 2000
Enterobacteria phage λ Aproveitamento do receptor de Escherichia coli 35 ciclos (6) Vicariante, simpátrica Precigótico Meyer et al.[84] 2016
Tetranychus urticae Resistencia a toxina da planta hóspede Overmeer[85] 1966
T. urticae Resistencia a toxina da planta hóspede Fry[86] 1999
Helianthus annus × H. petiolaris e H. anomalus Híbrida Rieseburg et al.[87] 1996
S. cerevisiae Greig et al.[88] 2002
D. melanogaster Historia vital Ghosh & Joshi[89] 2012
Drosophila subobscura Comportamento de apareamento Bárbaro et al.[90] 2015
Organismos dixitais ~42,000; ~850 (20) Ecolóxico Postcigótico Anderson & Harmon[91] 2014
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Illamento reprodutivo completo Seike et al.[92] 2015
D. pseudoobscura Canción de cortexo 130 Debelle et al.[93] 2014
Callosobruchus maculatus 40 (16) Debelle et al.[94] 2010

Notas

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Coyne, Jerry A.; Orr, H. Allen (2004). Speciation. Sinauer Associates. pp. 1–545. ISBN 978-0-87893-091-3. 
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders (2002). "Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (1): 10–19. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x. 
  3. ↑ Coyne, Jerry A.; Orr, H. Allen (1997). ""Patterns of Speciation in Drosophila" Revisited". Evolution 51 (1): 295–303. PMID 28568795. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02412.x. 
  4. ↑ Momigliano, Paolo; Jokinen, Henri; Fraimout, Antoine; Florin, Ann-Britt; Norkko, Alf; Merilä, Juha (2017). "Extraordinarily rapid speciation in a marine fish" (PDF). PNAS 114 (23): 6074–6079. PMC 5468626. PMID 28533412. doi:10.1073/pnas.1615109114. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 26 de febreiro de 2020. Consultado o 11 de marzo de 2020. 
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Ringo, John; Wood, David; Rockwell, Robert; Dowse, Harold (1985). "An Experiment Testing Two Hypotheses of Speciation". The American Naturalist 126 (5): 642–661. doi:10.1086/284445. 
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Rice, William R. & Hostert, Ellen E. (1993). "Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years?". Evolution 47 (6): 1637–1653. PMID 28568007. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01257.x. 
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Kirkpatrick, Mark & Ravigné, Virginie (2002). "Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments". The American Naturalist 159: S22–S35. PMID 18707367. doi:10.1086/338370. 
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Fry, James D. (2009). Laboratory Experiments on Speciation. In Garland, Theodore & Rose, Michael R. "Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments". Pp. 631–656. doi 10.1525/california/9780520247666.003.0020
  9. ↑ Grant, B. S. & Mettler, L. E. (1969). "Disruptive and stabilizing selection on the" escape" behavior of Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 62 (3): 625–637. PMC 1212303. PMID 17248452. 
  10. ↑ Burnet, B. & Connolly, K. (1974). Activity and sexual behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. In Abeelen, J. H. V. F. (eds). The Genetics of Behaviour. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Pp. 201–258.
  11. ↑ Kilias, G., Alahiotis, S. N., & Pelecanos, M. (1980). "A Multifactorial Genetic Investigation of Speciation Theory Using Drosophila melanogaster". Evolution 34 (4): 730–737. JSTOR 2408027. PMID 28563991. doi:10.2307/2408027. 
  12. ↑ Boake, C. R. B., Mcdonald, K., Maitra, S., Ganguly, R. (2003). "Forty years of solitude: life-history divergence and behavioural isolation between laboratory lines of Drosophila melanogaster". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16 (1): 83–90. PMID 14635883. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00505.x. 
  13. ↑ Barker, J. S. F. & Karlsson, L. J. E. (1974). "Effects of population size and selection intensity on responses to disruptive selection in Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 78 (2): 715–735. JSTOR 2407287. doi:10.2307/2407287. 
  14. ↑ Crossley, Stella A. (1974). "Changes in Mating Behavior Produced by Selection for Ethological Isolation Between Ebony and Vestigial Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster". Evolution 28 (4): 631–647. PMID 28564833. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00795.x. 
  15. ↑ van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. (1979). "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection response". Behavior Genetics 9 (6): 543–553. doi:10.1007/BF01067350. 
  16. ↑ van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. (1979). "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Test for reproductive isolation between selected lines". Behavior Genetics 9 (6): 555–561. doi:10.1007/BF01067351. 
  17. ↑ Wallace, B. (1953). "Genetic divergence of isolated populations of Drosophila melanogaster". Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Genetics 9: 761–764. 
  18. ↑ Knight, G. R., Robertson, Alan, & Waddington, C. H. (1956). "Selection for sexual isolation within a species". Evolution 10 (1): 14–22. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1956.tb02825.x. 
  19. ↑ Robertson, Forbes W. (1966). "A test of sexual isolation in Drosophila". Genetical Research 8 (2): 181–187. PMID 5922518. doi:10.1017/S001667230001003X. 
  20. ↑ Robertson, Forbes W. (1966). "The ecological genetics of growth in Drosophila 8. Adaptation to a New Diet". Genetical Research 8 (2): 165–179. PMID 5922517. doi:10.1017/S0016672300010028. 
  21. ↑ Hostert, Ellen E. (1997). "Reinforcement: a new perspective on an old controversy". Evolution 51 (3): 697–702. PMID 28568598. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03653.x. 
  22. ↑ Koref Santibañez, S. & Waddington, C. H. (1958). "The origin of sexual isolation between different lines within a species". Evolution 12 (4): 485–493. JSTOR 2405959. doi:10.2307/2405959. 
  23. ↑ Barker, J. S. F. & Cummins, L. J. (1969). "The effect of selection for sternopleural bristle number in mating behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 61 (3): 713–719. PMC 1212235. PMID 17248436. 
  24. ↑ Markow, Therese Ann (1975). "A genetic analysis of phototactic behavior in Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 79 (3): 527–534. PMC 1213291. PMID 805084. 
  25. ↑ Markow, Therese Ann (1981). "Mating preferences are not predictive of the direction of evolution in experimental populations of Drosophila". Science 213 (4514): 1405–1407. PMID 17732575. doi:10.1126/science.213.4514.1405. 
  26. ↑ Rundle, H. D., Mooers, Arne Ø. & Whitlock, Michael C. (1998). "Single founder-flush events and the evolution of reproductive isolation". Evolution 52 (6): 1850–1855. PMID 28565304. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02263.x. 
  27. ↑ Mooers, Arne Ø., Rundle, Howard D. & Whitlock, Michael C. (1999). "The effects of selection and bottlenecks on male mating success in peripheral isolates". American Naturalist 153 (4): 437–444. PMID 29586617. doi:10.1086/303186. 
  28. ↑ Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. (1962). "Isolation by disruptive selection". Nature 193 (4821): 1164–1166. PMID 13920720. doi:10.1038/1931164a0. 
  29. ↑ Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. (1970). "The probability of isolation by disruptive selection". Nature 104 (937): 219–230. doi:10.1086/282656. 
  30. ↑ Scharloo, W. (1971). "Reproductive isolation by disruptive selection: Did it occur?". American Naturalist 105 (941): 83–86. doi:10.1086/282706. 
  31. ↑ Spiess, E. B. & Wilke, C. M. (1984). "Still another attempt to achieve assortive mating by disruptive selection in Drosophila". Evolution 38 (3): 505–515. JSTOR 2408700. doi:10.2307/2408700. 
  32. ↑ Ehrman, Lee (1971). "Natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation". American Naturalist 105 (945): 479–483. doi:10.1086/282739. 
  33. ↑ Ehrman, Lee (1973). "More on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation". American Naturalist 107 (954): 318–319. doi:10.1086/282835. 
  34. ↑ Ehrman, Lee (1979). "Still more on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation". American Naturalist 113 (1): 148–150. doi:10.1086/283371. 
  35. ↑ Ehrman, Lee (1983). "Fourth report on natural selection for the origin of reproductive isolation". American Naturalist 121 (2): 290–293. doi:10.1086/284059. 
  36. ↑ Chabora, Alice J. (1968). "Disruptive selection for sternopleural chaeta number in various strains of Drosophila melanogaster". American Naturalist 102 (928): 525–532. doi:10.1086/282565. 
  37. ↑ Scharloo, W., Hoogmoed, M. S. & Kuile, A. T. (1967). "Stabilizing and disruptive selection on a mutant character in Drosophila. I. The phenotypic variance and its components.". Genetics 56 (4): 709–726. PMC 1211648. PMID 6061662. 
  38. ↑ Coyne, Jerry A. & and Grant, Bruce (1972). "Disruptive selection on I-maze activity in Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 71 (1): 185–188. PMC 1212770. PMID 17248572. 
  39. ↑ Rice, W. R. (1985). "Disruptive selection on habitat preference and the evolution of reproductive isolation: an exploratory experiment". Evolution 39 (3): 645–656. PMID 28561974. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00401.x. 
  40. ↑ Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. (1988). "Speciation via disruptive selection on habitat preference". American Naturalist 131 (6): 911–917. doi:10.1086/284831. 
  41. ↑ Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. (1990). "The evolution of reproductive isolation as a correlated character under sympatric conditions: experimental evidence". Evolution 44 (5): 1140–1152. JSTOR 2409278. doi:10.2307/2409278. 
  42. ↑ Wallace, B. (1982). "Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for resistances to NaCl and CuSO4 in both allopatry and sympatry". Journal of Heredity 73 (1): 35–42. PMID 6802898. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109572. 
  43. ↑ Ehrman, Lee, White, Marney A. & Wallace, B. (1991). A long-term study involving Drosophila melanogaster and toxic media. In Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B., & Maclntyre, R. J. (eds). Evolutionary biology, vol. 25. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 175–209
  44. ↑ Fukatami, A & Moriwaki, D. (1970). "Selection for sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster by a modification of Koopman's method". The Japanese Journal of Genetics 45 (3): 193–204. doi:10.1266/jjg.45.193. 
  45. ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Pavlovsky, O.; Powell, J. R. (1976). "Partially Successful Attempt to Enhance Reproductive Isolation Between Semispecies of Drosophila paulistorum". Evolution 30 (2): 201–212. JSTOR 2407696. PMID 28563045. doi:10.2307/2407696. 
  46. ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius & Pavlovsky, O. (1966). "Spontaneous origin of an incipient species in the Drosophila paulistorum complex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 55 (4): 723–733. PMC 224220. PMID 5219677. doi:10.1073/pnas.55.4.727. 
  47. ↑ de Oliveira, Alice Kalisz & Cordeiro, Antonio Rodrigues (1980). "Adaptation of Drosophila willistoni experimental populations to extreme pH medium". Heredity 44: 123–130. doi:10.1038/hdy.1980.11. 
  48. ↑ Dodd, Diane M. B. (1989). "Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscura". Evolution 43 (6): 1308–1311. JSTOR 2409365. PMID 28564510. doi:10.2307/2409365. 
  49. ↑ Ehrman, Lee (1964). "Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 1. Rudiments of sexual isolation". Genetical Research 5: 150–157. doi:10.1017/S0016672300001099. 
  50. ↑ Mouradael, K. (1965). "Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 2. Longevity". Genetical Research 6: 139–146. PMID 14297592. doi:10.1017/S0016672300004006. 
  51. ↑ Anderson, Wyatt, W. (1966). "Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 3. Divergence in Body Size". Genetical Research 7 (2): 255–266. doi:10.1017/S0016672300009666. 
  52. ↑ Kitagawa, Osamu (1967). "Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura: IV. Relative viability". Genetical Research 10 (7): 303–312. doi:10.1017/S001667230001106X. 
  53. ↑ Ehrman, Lee (1969). "Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. 5. A further study of rudiments of sexual isolation". American Midland Naturalist 82 (1): 272–276. JSTOR 2423835. doi:10.2307/2423835. 
  54. ↑ del Solar, Eduardo (1966). "Sexual isolation caused by selection for positive and negative phototaxis and geotaxis in Drosophila pseudoobscura". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 56 (2): 484–487. PMC 224398. PMID 5229969. doi:10.1073/pnas.56.2.484. 
  55. ↑ Powell, Jeffrey R. (1978). "The Founder-Flush Speciation Theory: An Experimental Approach". Evolution 32 (3): 465–474. JSTOR 2407714. doi:10.2307/2407714. 
  56. ↑ Dodd, Diane M. B. & Powell, Jeffrey R. (1985). "Founder-Flush Speciation: An Update of Experimental Results with Drosophila". Evolution 39 (6): 1388–1392. PMID 28564258. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05704.x. 
  57. ↑ Galiana, Augustí, Moya, Andres & Ayala, Fransisco J. (1993). "Founder-flush speciation in Drosophila pseudoobscura: a large scale experiment". Evolution 47 (2): 432–444. PMID 28568735. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02104.x. 
  58. ↑ Rundle, Howard D. (2003). "Divergent environments and population bottlenecks fail to generate premating isolation in Drosophila pseudoobscura". Evolution 57 (11): 2557–2565. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01499.x. 
  59. ↑ Koopman, Karl F. (1950). "Natural Selection for Reproductive Isolation Between Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis". Evolution 4 (2): 135–148. JSTOR 2405390. doi:10.2307/2405390. 
  60. ↑ Kessler, Seymour (1966). "Selection For and Against Ethological Isolation Between Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis". Evolution 20 (4): 634–645. JSTOR 2406597. PMID 28562900. doi:10.2307/2406597. 
  61. ↑ Koepfer, H. Roberta (1987). "Selection for Sexual Isolation Between Geographic Forms of Drosophila mojavensis. I Interactions Between the Selected Forms". Evolution 41 (1): 37–48. JSTOR 2408971. PMID 28563762. doi:10.2307/2408971. 
  62. ↑ Etges, W. J. (1998). "Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilis Drosophila mojavensis. IV. Correlated responses in behavioral isolation to artificial selection on a life-history trait". American Naturalist 152 (1): 129–144. PMID 18811406. doi:10.1086/286154. 
  63. ↑ Arita, Lorna H. & Kaneshiro, Kenneth Y. (1979). "Ethological Isolation Between Two Stocks of Drosophila Adiastola Hardy". Hawaiian Entomological Society 23 (1): 31–34. 
  64. ↑ Ahearn, J. N. (1980). "Evolution of behavioral reproductive isolation in a laboratory stock of Drosophila silvestris". Experientia 36 (1): 63–64. doi:10.1007/BF02003975. 
  65. ↑ Soans, A. Benedict; Pimentel, David; Soans, Joyce S. (1974). "Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Allopatric and Sympatric Populations". The American Naturalist 108 (959): 117–124. doi:10.1086/282889. 
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