Algiers juyin mulki na 1961

Algiers juyin mulki na 1961

Iri	coup d'état ^(en)
Kwanan watan	21 ga Afirilu, 1961
Wuri	French Algeria ^(en)
Ƙasa	Faransa
Participant ^(en)	Maurice Challe Edmond Jouhaud ^(mul) Raoul Salan ^(mul) André Zeller ^(mul)

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tutar algier

Page Samfuri:Stack/styles.css has no content.Algiers putsch (Arabic; Putsch d'Alger ko Coup d'État d'Algiers), wanda aka fi sani da putsch of the janar (Putsch des généraux), ɗan gwagwarmaya juyin mulki ne da ya gaza ko aka kasa yi wanda aka nufa don tilasta wa Shugaban Faransa Charles de Gaulle kada ya bar Aljeriya ta Faransa, tare da mazauna Turai da al'ummar Faransa masu goyon bayan Faransa.^[1] An shirya shi a Aljeriya ta Faransa ta janar din Sojojin Faransa mai ritaya Maurice Challe (tsohon Babban kwamandan a Aljariya ta Faransa), Edmond Jouhaud (tsohon Sufeto Janar na Sojojin Sama na Faransa), André Zeller (tsohon Babban Jami'in Sojojin Faransanci) da Raoul Salan (tsohon kwamandan a Jeriya ta Faransa), ya faru ne daga yammacin 21 zuwa 26 ga Afrilu 1961 a tsakiyar Yaƙin Aljeriya (1954-1962). ^[2]

Masu shirya juyin mulki sun yi adawa da tattaunawar sirri da Firayim Minista na Faransa Michel Debré ya fara tare da kungiyar 'yanci ta kasa (FLN). Janar Salan ya bayyana cewa ya shiga juyin mulkin ba tare da ya damu da kansa ba tare da shirin fasaha; duk da haka, koyaushe ana ɗaukarsa juyin mulki na mutum huɗu, ko kuma kamar yadda De Gaulle ya sanya shi, "un quarteron de généraux en retraite" ("kwararrun janar da ke ritaya").

Wannan juyin mulki ya zo ne a matakai biyu: tabbatar da iko a manyan biranen Algeria na Faransa Algiers, Oran da Constantine. Kanal Antoine Argoud ne zai jagoranci aikin birni, tare da 'yan saman Faransa da ke saukowa a filayen jirgin sama masu mahimmanci. Kwamandojin da ke Oran da Constantine, duk da haka, sun ki bin bukatar Challe cewa su shiga juyin mulkin. A lokaci guda bayani game da matakin birni ya zo ga Firayim Minista Debré ta hanyar sabis na leken asiri.

A ranar 22 ga Afrilu an haramta dukkan jirage da saukowa a filayen jirgin saman Paris; an ba da umarni ga Sojoji don tsayayya da juyin mulkin "ta kowace hanya".^[3] Kashegari, Shugaba De Gaulle ya yi sanannen jawabi a talabijin, yana sanye da tufafinsa na yakin duniya na biyu (yana da shekaru 70 kuma yana da tsawo tun lokacin da yake shugaban farar hula) yana umarni ga mutanen Faransa da sojoji su taimaka masa.^[4]

Yanayi

Kashi 75% na Mutanen Faransa sun kada kuri'a don amincewa da 'yancin kai na Aljeriya a lokacin raba gardama na 8 ga Janairu 1961 da aka shirya a Babban birnin Faransa. Kalmomin raba gardama sun kasance "Shin kun amince da dokar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar ya gabatar wa mutanen Faransa game da 'yancin kai na yawan Aljeriya da kuma shirya ikon jama'a a Aljeriya kafin 'yancin kansu".

An ba da izinin 'yan ƙasar Faransa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje ko aiki a ƙasashen duniya a cikin soja su jefa kuri'a, kamar yadda duk mutanen Aljeriya suka girma, ba tare da la'akari da asalin su ba, a kwalejin zaɓe guda ɗaya. Da yake magana ga Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya (ƙungiyar siyasa ta FLN), Ferhat Abbas ya yi kira ga kauracewa raba gardama, kamar yadda janar din Faransa 16 da suka yi ritaya da ƙungiyoyi tsakanin al'ummar pied noir (Faransa) da ke adawa da 'yancin kai. Kashi 75% na masu jefa kuri'a gabaɗaya da kuma kashi 69.5% a Aljeriya sun amince da ƙaddamar da kai. Gwamnati ta ba da rahoton yawan masu jefa kuri'a na kashi 92.2%.^[5] Sauran kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa hudu daga cikin goma daga cikin mutane a Faransa da Aljeriya da ke da damar yin zabe sun guje wa.

Bayan sakamakon raba gardama, gwamnatin Michel Debré ta fara tattaunawa ta sirri tare da GPRA. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1961 Col. Antoine Argoud ya ziyarci Firayim Minista Debré kuma ya yi masa barazanar juyin mulki da "junta na 'yan mulkin mallaka" ya jagoranta; Sojojin Faransa ba su da wata damuwa don barin sassan Aljeriya na Faransa da aka kirkira a 1848 bayan nasarar 1830 sun zama masu zaman kansu.

Tarihin lokaci

A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1961, janar din da ya yi ritaya Maurice Challe, André Zeller da Raoul Salan, tare da taimakon Colonel Antoine Argoud, Jean Gardes da fararen hula Joseph Ortiz da Jean-Jacques Susini (wanda daga baya zai kafa kungiyar ta'addanci ta OAS mai mulkin mallaka), sun mallaki babban birnin yankin, Algiers. Janar Challe ya soki abin da ya gani a matsayin cin amanar gwamnati da karya ga masu mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya na Faransa da Musulmai masu aminci waɗanda suka amince da shi, kuma ya bayyana cewa

the command reserves its right to extend its actions to Metropolitan France and to reconstitute a constitutional and republican order seriously compromised by a government whose illegality is blatant in the eyes of the nation.^[6]

A cikin dare 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1st REP), wanda ya kunshi mutane 1,000 kuma Hélie de Saint Marc ne ke jagoranta, ya mallaki duk wuraren dabarun Algiers a cikin sa'o'i uku. Rukunin da ke da hannu kai tsaye a cikin juyin mulki sune REP na 1 da 2, REC na 1 da Regiments na 14 da 18 na Chasseurs Parachutistes. Tare sun hada da manyan raka'a na ƙungiyoyin iska na Sojojin Faransa. Da farko, akwai alkawuran tallafi daga wasu gwamnatoci (Dragoons na 27, Sojoji na 94, Sojoji Na 7 na Aljeriya Tirailleurs da wasu rundunonin sojan ruwa), amma waɗannan suna nuna ra'ayoyin manyan jami'an su kawai kuma babu wani shiga mai aiki.

shugaban 'yan sanda na Paris, Maurice Papon, da darektan Sûreté nationale, sun kafa wani sashi a cikin ɗakin Comédie-Française, inda Charles de Gaulle ke halartar gabatarwar Britannicus na Racine. A lokacin da Jacques Foccart, babban sakatarensa na harkokin Afirka da Malagasy kuma abokin aiki mafi kusa, wanda ke kula da ayyukan ɓoye, ya sanar da shugaban.

An farka da yawan mutanen Algiers a ranar 22 ga Afrilu da karfe 7:00 na safe zuwa saƙo da aka karanta a rediyo: "Sojojin sun kwace iko da Aljeriya da Sahara". Janar din 'yan tawaye guda uku - Challe, Jouhaud, da Zeller - sun kama babban wakilin gwamnati, Jean Morin, tare da Ministan Sufuri na Jama'a, Robert Buron, wanda ke ziyara, da hukumomin farar hula da na soja da yawa. Yawancin gwamnatoci sun sanya kansu a ƙarƙashin umurnin janar din masu tayar da kayar baya.

Janar Jacques Faure, wasu jami'ai shida da fararen hula da yawa an kama su a lokaci guda a birnin Paris. Da karfe 5:00 na yamma, a lokacin majalisar ministocin, Charles de Gaulle ya bayyana cewa: "Mutanen, abin da ke da muhimmanci game da wannan al'amari shi ne cewa ba shi da tsanani".^[7] Daga nan sai ya ayyana dokar ta baci a Aljeriya, yayin da jam'iyyun hagu, kungiyar kwadago ta CGT da kungiyar NGO Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH, Human Rights League) suka kira su yi zanga-zanga game da juyin mulkin soja. 

Kashegari, a ranar Lahadi 23 ga Afrilu, Janar Salan ya isa Aljeriya daga Spain kuma ya ki ya ba da makamai ga masu fafutukar farar hula. Da karfe 8:00 na yamma Shugaba de Gaulle ya bayyana a cikin tufafin soja na 1940 a talabijin, yana kira ga ma'aikatan soja da fararen hula na Faransa, a cikin babban birnin Faransa ko Aljeriya, don adawa da juyin mulki:

An insurrectionary power has established itself in Algeria by a military pronunciamento... This power has an appearance: a quartet of retired generals. It has a reality: a group of officers, partisan, ambitious and fanatical. This group and this quartet possess an expedient and limited knowledge of things. But they only see and understand the Nation and the world distorted by their delirium. Their enterprise leads directly towards a national disaster ... I forbid any Frenchman, and first of all any soldier, to execute a single one of their orders ... In the face of the misfortune which hangs over the country and the threat to the Republic, having taken advice from the Constitutional Council, the Prime Minister, the president of the Senate, the president of the National Assembly, I have decided to invoke article 16 of the Constitution [on the state of emergency and full special powers given to the head of state in case of a crisis]. Starting from this day, I will take, directly if the need arises, the measures which seem to me demanded by circumstances ... Frenchwomen, Frenchmen! Help me!^[8]

Saboda shahararren wani sabon abu da yawa kirkira kwanan nan, rediyo na transistor, Sojojin da aka kwashe sun ji kiran de Gaulle, wadanda suka ki bin kiran kwararru na sojoji don tayar da kayar baya kuma a wasu lokuta sun daure jami'an su masu tayar da hankali. Wannan juyin mulki ya sadu da adawa mai yawa, galibi a cikin nau'in juriya ta farar hula, ^[9] gami da yajin aiki na awa daya da kungiyoyin kwadago suka kira ranar bayan watsa shirye-shiryen de Gaulle. A cikin sojojin da kansu ya dogara da matsayin da manyan jami'ai suka dauka. Rundunar Sojoji ta 13th Light, wacce ke da alhakin dabarun Yankin Sud Oranais (yankin kudancin Oran) da kuma hada da rundunonin Sojojin kasashen waje, sun bi jagorancin kwamandan su, Janar Philippe Ginestet, a cikin kasancewa masu aminci ga gwamnati a Paris. Daga baya OAS ta kashe Ginestet a matsayin fansa.^[10]

A ranar Talata 25 ga Afrilu hukumomin gwamnati a Paris sun ba da umarnin fashewar bam din nukiliya na Gerboise Verte (lit. "green jerboa") a cikin Sahara a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwaji da aka tsara. Gerboise Verte ya fashe da karfe 6:05 na safe.^[11] Duk da yake an riga an shirya wurin gwajin da gwajin a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin nukiliya na ƙasar Faransa, an hanzarta lokacin gwajin don tabbatar da cewa ba a lalata tsaro na na'urar ba. ^[12][13]

Ƙananan rundunonin soja waɗanda suka bi janar-janar masu tayar da kayar baya sun ci gaba da mika wuya. Janar Challe ya ba da kansa ga hukumomi a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, kuma nan da nan aka tura shi zuwa babban birnin Faransa. An samu nasarar murkushe juyin mulki, amma Mataki na 16 da ke ba da cikakken iko na musamman ga de Gaulle an kiyaye shi har tsawon watanni biyar. "Yaƙin Transistors" - kamar yadda manema labarai suka kira shi - de Gaulle ya ci nasara da sauri.

Wadanda suka mutu

Mutumin da aka sani kawai shi ne Sergeant na Sojojin Faransa Pierre Brillant, wanda 'yan parachutists suka kashe yayin da yake kare mai watsa rediyo a Ouled Fayet, Algiers. Brillant yana da niyya ga 1st REP 3rd Company Capt. Estoup lokacin da wani legionnaire ya harbe shi.^[14]

Jaraba da afuwa

Kotun Soja ta Kasa ta yanke wa Challe da André Zeller hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku. Koyaya, an ba su afuwa kuma an dawo da matsayinsu na soja bayan shekaru biyar. Raoul Salan da Jouhaud sun tsere. An yanke wa Salan hukuncin kisa (daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa hukuncin rai da rai), kamar yadda Jouhaud ya yi. Salan da sauransu daga baya sun kafa OAS, kungiyar 'yan ta'adda wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta dakatar da tsarin da ke gudana na Yarjejeniyar Independence Evian ta Afrilu 1962 don Yankunan Aljeriya na Faransa.

Dokar Yuli 1968 ta ba da afuwa; ^[15] a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1982, doka ta sake shigar da janar din da suka tsira cikin sojoji. Salan, Jouhaud da wasu janar-janar shida (Pierre Bigot, Jacques Faure, Marie-Michel Gouraud, Gustave Mentré, Jean-Louis Nicot da André Petit) sun amfana daga wannan dokar.

Da'awar CIA da BND

Shawarwari sun fara bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Faransa cewa masu aikata laifuka na iya samun goyon baya daga masu tayar da kayar baya a cikin gwamnatin Shugaba Kennedy, musamman CIA. Kwana daya bayan janar din 'yan tawaye sun kammala mamaye Aljeriya, jaridar Italiya Il Paese ta fara wallafa cewa "Ba da sa'a cewa wasu mutane a Paris suna zargin ma'aikatan sirri na Amurka da Allen Dulles ke jagoranta da shiga cikin makircin janar din hudu na 'mafi girman kai'. Kashegari a Rasha Pravda ta bayyana cewa NATO, Pentagon da CIA sun karfafa tawaye. ^[16] Rahotanni sun bayyana suna da cewa an yada ta hanyar ko kuma a karfafawar kananan jami' yan majalisa na Faransa da ke adawa da suka yi amfani da su." A cikin kwanaki Le Monde ta gudanar da edita na gaba cewa CIA ta shiga ba ta da kyau kuma ba a amince da ita ba: "Yanzu ya zama kamar an tabbatar da cewa wasu jami'an Amurka sun fi karfafawa [Maurice] Challe.... Shugaba Kennedy, ba shakka bai san komai game da wannan ba". Daga baya Shugaba John F. Kennedy, ta hanyar ganawar Sakataren yada labarai na Fadar White House Pierre Salinger da Ministan Harkokin Waje na Faransa Maurice Couve na Murville, ya tabbatar da de Gaulle cewa CIA ko wani bangare na gwamnatin Amurka ba su goyi bayan wannan makircin ba. Kashegari M. de Murville ya bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Wakilai don yin shaida cewa babu wata shaida ta hadin kan Amurka.^[17] Shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy da kansa ya tuntubi de Gaulle don yin alkawarin goyon bayansa, gami da taimakon soja, idan an buƙata. Shugaba de Gaulle ya ki amincewa da tayin Kennedy, yana tsoron duk wata gardama idan sojojin Amurka suka harbe duk wani takwarorinsa na Faransa.

Paese Sera was financed directly by the Communist Party of Italy who had unofficial editorial control. Its editor, Mario Malloni, was a member of the Soviet-backed World Peace Council. IPS, it has been said,Samfuri:By whom "consistently released and reported anti-American and pro-Soviet bloc stories which are either distorted or entirely false." During a June 1961 hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary in the United States Senate, Richard Helms testified that the article published by il Paese was likely part of a Soviet propaganda campaign designed to divide the U.S. and French governments.

Akwai wasu da'awar goyon bayan kasashen waje: ɗan jaridar Faransa Patrick Pesnot ya yi jayayya cewa janar din Faransa ma suna da goyon bayan shugaban Bundesnachrichtendienst (West German Federal Intelligence Service) da kuma Dulles protégé Reinhard Gehlen. Koyaya, Janar Challe da kansa koyaushe yana jayayya cewa bai taɓa hulɗa da kowace ƙasa ba a cikin wannan al'amari.^[18]

Dubi kuma

• Sojojin Jirgin Sama na Kasashen Waje da Regiments na Faransa
• Juyin mulki
• Rikicin Mayu 1958

Bayani da nassoshi

1. "1961 Generals' Putsch of Algiers | French Foreign Legion Information". foreignlegion.info (in Turanci). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
2. French National Audiovisual Institute INA, Les Actualités Françaises - 03/05/1961
3. Debré's official speech in the 20h news report, ORTF public television channel, 22 April 1961
4. "Message radiodiffusé et télévisé | INA".
5. Nohlen & Stöver, p. 685
6. Challe: le commandement réserve ses droits pour étendre son action à la métropole et reconstituer un ordre constitutionnel et républicain gravement compromis par un gouvernement dont l'illégalité éclate aux yeux de la nation.
7. De Gaulle: Ce qui est grave dans cette affaire, messieurs, c’est qu’elle n’est pas sérieuse.
8. De Gaulle: Un pouvoir insurrectionnel s'est établi en Algérie par un pronunciamiento militaire. [...] Ce pouvoir a une apparence: un quarteron de généraux en retraite. Il a une réalité: un groupe d'officiers, partisans, ambitieux et fanatiques. Ce groupe et ce quarteron possèdent un savoir-faire expéditif et limité. Mais ils ne voient et ne comprennent la Nation et le monde que déformés à travers leur frénésie. Leur entreprise conduit tout droit à un désastre national. [...] Voici l'Etat bafoué, la Nation défiée, notre puissance ébranlée, notre prestige international abaissé, notre place et notre rôle en Afrique compromis. Et par qui ? Hélas ! hélas ! hélas ! par des hommes dont c'était le devoir, l'honneur, la raison d'être de servir et d'obéir.
   Au nom de la France, j'ordonne que tous les moyens, je dis tous les moyens, soient employés pour barrer partout la route à ces hommes-là, en attendant de les réduire. J'interdis à tout Français et, d'abord, à tout soldat, d'exécuter aucun de leurs ordres. [...]
   Devant le malheur qui plane sur la patrie et la menace qui pèse sur la République, ayant pris l'avis officiel du Conseil constitutionnel, du Premier ministre, du président du Sénat, du président de l'Assemblée nationale, j'ai décidé de mettre en cause l'article 16 de notre Constitution. A partir d'aujourd'hui, je prendrai, au besoin directement, les mesures qui me paraîtront exigées par les circonstances.[...]
   Françaises, Français ! Aidez-moi !
9. Adam Roberts, ‘Civil Resistance to Military Coups’, Journal of Peace Research, Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19–36.
10. pp. 46–47 Militaria Magazine 360 July 2015
11. Les Premiers Essais Francais au Sahara : 1960–1966 (in French)
12. "France's Nuclear Weapons – Origin of the Force de Frappe". Retrieved 1 May 2017.
13. Langewiesche, William (12 November 2012). "The Dark Romance and Grim Reality of Life in the French Foreign Legion". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
14. Dubois, Ghislain (1995). Argoud, de Gaulle: le duel. Éd. Dricot, p. 107 (in French)
15. Loi n° 68-697 du 31 juillet 1968
16. "Permindex / Centro Mondiale Commerciale – sinister operation?". mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
17. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
18. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rdvx

Bayanan littattafai

• Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. Fayard, 2011
• Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
• [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Rundunar kasashen waje ta Faransa. [Hasiya]   ISBN 978-0-06-092308-2
• Roberts, Adam, 'Civil Resistance to Military Couples', Journal of Peace Research, Oslo, vol. 12, No. 1, 1975, shafuffuka na 19-36. 
• Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. 
•  

Haɗin waje

 

• Maido da janar-janar masu juyin mulki, a 1982, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (in French)
• Labari da aka adana a Le Monde, 2001 (in French)
• Labari na Pierre Abramovici (in French) ^{[dead link]}