Anna Kingsford

Anna Kingsford
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Maryland ^(en) , 16 Satumba 1846
ƙasa	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Birtaniya
Mutuwa	Landan, 22 ga Faburairu, 1888
Makwanci	St Eata's Church, Atcham ^(en)
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (Tarin fuka)
Ƴan uwa
Ƴan uwa	view Isabel Bonus ^(en) (niece ^(en) )
Karatu
Makaranta	University of Paris ^(en)
Harsuna	Turanci Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	maiwaƙe, mai falsafa, likita, Marubuci, marubuci, theosophist ^(en) , suffragist ^(en) , feminist ^(en) da gwagwarmaya
anna-kingsford.com

Anna Kingsford (née Annie Bonus; 16 Satumba 1846 - 22 Fabrairu 1888) ta kasance mai adawa da vivisectionist, mai goyon bayan Cin ganyayyaki da kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata.

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan Ingila na farko da suka sami digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya, bayan Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, kuma ɗaliban likita ne kawai a lokacin da suka kammala karatu ba tare da yin gwaji a kan dabba ɗaya ba. Ta bi digiri a birnin Paris, ta kammala karatu a 1880 bayan shekaru shida na karatu, don ta ci gaba da kare hakkin dabbobi daga matsayi na iko. Rubutun ta na karshe, L'Alimentation Végétale de l'Homme, ya kasance kan fa'idodin cin ganyayyaki, wanda aka buga a Turanci a matsayin The Perfect Way in Diet (1881). Ta kafa Kungiyar Gyaran Abinci a wannan shekarar, tana tafiya a cikin Burtaniya don yin magana game da cin ganyayyaki, da kuma zuwa Paris, Geneva, da Lausanne don yin magana akan gwajin dabba.

Kingsford yana da sha'awar Addinin Buddha da Gnosticism, kuma ya zama mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Theosophical a Ingila, ya zama shugaban London Lodge na Theosophilic Society a 1883. A shekara ta 1884 ta kafa kungiyar Hermetic Society, wacce ta kasance har zuwa 1887 lokacin da lafiyarta ta ragu. Ta ce ta sami fahimta a cikin jihohin da ke cikin barci; an tattara waɗannan daga rubuce-rubucenta da litattafan ta hanyar abokin aikinta na rayuwa Edward Maitland, kuma an buga su bayan mutuwarsa a cikin littafin, Clothed with the Sun (1889). Ta kasance mai fama da rashin lafiya a duk rayuwarta, ta mutu daga cutar huhu tana da shekaru 41, wanda ya haifar da cutar huhu. Ba a san rubuce-rubucenta ba sama da shekaru 100 bayan Maitland ta buga tarihin rayuwarta, The Life of Anna Kingsford (1896), kodayake Helen Rappaport ta rubuta a shekara ta 2001 cewa ana sake nazarin rayuwarta da aikinta.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Kingsford a Maryland Point, Stratford, yanzu wani ɓangare na gabashin London amma a Essex, ga John Bonus, wani attajiri ɗan kasuwa, da matarsa, Elizabeth Ann Schröder . Ɗan'uwanta John Bonus (1828-1909) likita ne kuma mai cin ganyayyaki. 'Yan uwanta Henry (1830-1903) da Albert (1831-1884) sun yi aiki don kasuwancin sufuri na mahaifinsu. Ɗan'uwanta Edward (1834-1908) ya zama shugaban Hulcott a Buckinghamshire kuma ɗan'uwanta Joseph (1836-1926) babban janar ne.^[1] Ɗan'uwanta Charles William Bonus (18/05/1839 - 21/11/1883) ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa.^[2][3]

Ta hanyar duk bayanan yarinya ce mai girma, ta rubuta waka ta farko lokacin da take da shekaru tara, da kuma Beatrice: Tale of the Early Christians lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha uku. Deborah Rudacille ta rubuta cewa Kingsford ta ji daɗin farauta foxh, har sai wata rana ta ruwaito cewa ta sami wahayin kanta a matsayin fox. A cewar Maitland ta kasance "mai gani," tare da kyauta "don ganin bayyanuwa da duba halayen da sa'a na mutane", wani abu da aka ruwaito ta koyi yin shiru game da shi.

Ta auri dan uwanta, Algernon Godfrey Kingsford a 1867 lokacin da take da shekaru 21, ta haifi 'yar, Eadith, shekara guda bayan haka. Kodayake mijinta firist ne na Anglican, ta tuba zuwa Roman Katolika a 1872.

A cikin rubutun ta na 1868 da ke kira ga daidaito na mata ^[4] ta yi amfani da sunan alkalami 'Ninon' kuma a cikin wannan labarin ta yi nuni da Ninon de l'Enclos (1620-1705) wata mace ta Faransa da aka sani da basirarta, kyakkyawa, hankali da 'yancin kai. Sunan duk da haka na iya zama alamar sabon matsayinta na 'Mrs Algernon'. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Maitland a watan Agustan 1873, kuma, an sanya hannu a matsayin 'Ninon' ta ce, "yawanci, kun san an ba da izini ga maza wanda aka haramta wa mata. Saboda wannan dalili yawanci ina rubutu a ƙarƙashin wasu suna".^[5]

Kingsford ya ba da gudummawa ga labaran mujallar Penny Post daga 1868 zuwa 1873. Bayan mahaifinta ya bar £ 700 a shekara, ta sayi a 1872 The Lady's Own Paper, kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin editanta, wanda ya kawo ta cikin hulɗa da wasu fitattun mata na ranar, gami da marubuciya, mata, da kuma mai adawa da vivisectionist Frances Power Cobbe . Labari ne na Cobbe game da vivisection a cikin The Lady's Own Paper wanda ya haifar da sha'awar Kingsford game da batun.

Nazarin da bincike

Edward Maitland, abokin aiki na Kingsford kuma mai ba da labari

A shekara ta 1873, Kingsford ta sadu da marubucin Edward Maitland, wanda ya mutu, wanda ya raba ta da kin son abin duniya. Tare da albarkar mijin Kingsford, biyun sun fara aiki tare, Maitland ta bi ta zuwa Paris lokacin da ta yanke shawarar karatun likita. Paris ta kasance a wannan lokacin cibiyar juyin juya hali a cikin nazarin ilimin lissafi, yawancin sa sakamakon gwaje-gwaje akan dabbobi, musamman karnuka, kuma galibi ana gudanar da su ba tare da maganin rigakafi ba. Claude Bernard (1813-1878), wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mahaifin ilimin lissafi", yana aiki a can, kuma ya ce "masanin ilimin lissafi ba mutum ne na yau da kullun ba: masanin kimiyya ne, wanda ra'ayin kimiyya da yake bi da shi ya mallake shi kuma ya shagaltar da shi. Ba ya jin kukan dabbobi, bai ga jinin su yana gudana ba, bai ga komai ba sai ra'ayinsa ..."

Walter Gratzer, farfesa emeritus na ilmin sunadarai a Kwalejin King's College London, ya rubuta cewa babbar adawa da vivisection ta fito ne a Ingila ta Victorian, a wani bangare a cikin fushi da binciken da ake gudanarwa a Faransa. Bernard da sauran sanannun masana kimiyyar lissafi, kamar Charles Richet a Faransa da Michael Foster a Ingila, an soki su sosai saboda aikinsu. Masu adawa da rayuwar Burtaniya sun shiga cikin laccoci a Paris na François Magendie, malamin Bernard, wanda ya rarraba karnuka ba tare da anesthesia ba, ana zargin yana ihu a gare su - "Tais-toi, pauvre bête!" (Ku tafi, ku matalauta dabba!) - yayin da yake aiki.^[6] Matar Bernard, Marie-Francoise Bernard, ta yi tsayayya da bincikensa, kodayake tana tallafawa ta hanyar sadakarta. A ƙarshe, ta sake shi kuma ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai adawa da vivisection. Wannan shine yanayi a cikin fannin kiwon lafiya da asibitocin koyarwa a Paris lokacin da Kingsford ya isa, yana ɗaukar ƙarin nauyin zama mace. Kodayake an ba mata damar karatun likitanci a Faransa, Rudacille ya rubuta cewa ba a maraba da su ba. Kingsford ta rubuta wa mijinta a 1874:

Things are not going well for me. My chef at the Charité strongly disapproves of women students and took this means of showing it. About a hundred men (no women except myself) went round the wards today, and when we were all assembled before him to have our names written down, he called and named all the students except me, and then closed the book. I stood forward upon this, and said quietly, "Et moi aussi, monsieur." [And me, Sir.] He turned on me sharply, and cried, "Vous, vous n'êtes ni homme ni femme; je ne veux pas inscrire votre nom." [You, you are neither man nor woman; I don't want to write your name.] I stood silent in the midst of a dead silence."^[7]

Kingsford ta damu game da abubuwan da ta gani da sautunan gwaje-gwajen dabbobi da ta gani. Ta rubuta a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1879:

I have found my Hell here in the Faculté de Médecine of Paris, a Hell more real and awful than any I have yet met with elsewhere, and one that fulfills all the dreams of the mediaeval monks. The idea that it was so came strongly upon me one day when I was sitting in the Musée of the school, with my head in my hands, trying vainly to shut out of my ears the piteous shrieks and cries which floated incessantly towards me up the private staircase ... Every now and then, as a scream more heart-rending than the rest reached me, the moisture burst out on my forehead and on the palms of my hands, and I prayed, "Oh God, take me out of this Hell; do not suffer me to remain in this awful place."^[7]

Kingsford ta ɗauki abincin kayan lambu bisa ga shawarar ɗan'uwanta John Bonus . Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar Vegetarian Society .

Mutuwa

Kabarin Kingsford a Atcham, wanda aka ɗauka hoto a shekara ta 1896

Alan Pert, daya daga cikin masu ba da labarinta, ya rubuta cewa an kama Kingsford a cikin ruwan sama mai yawa a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1886 a kan hanyar zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Louis Pasteur, daya daga cikinsu manyan masu ba da labari na lokacin. An ruwaito cewa ta kwashe sa'o'i a cikin tufafi masu laushi kuma ta kamu da cutar huhu, sannan tarin fuka. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Riviera da Italiya, wani lokacin tare da Maitland, a wasu lokuta tare da mijinta, tana fatan cewa yanayi daban zai taimaka mata ta murmure. A watan Yulin 1887, ta zauna a Landan a cikin gidan da ita da mijinta suka hayar a 15 Wynnstay Gardens, Kensington, kuma ta jira ta mutu, kodayake ta kasance mai aiki.

Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1888, tana da shekaru 41, kuma an binne ta a cocin Saint Eata, cocin karni na 11 a Atcham kusa da Kogin Severn, cocin mijinta. An rubuta sunanta a lokacin mutuwarta a matsayin Annie Kingsford . A lokacin aurenta a Sussex a 1867, an ba ta sunanta Annie Bonus .

Ayyuka

Littattafai

• Beatrice; Labari na Kiristoci na Farko, Joseph Masters &Son, 1863 ^[8]
• Wani rubutu game da shigar da mata zuwa ikon mallakar majalisa. Ninon Kingsford, Trubner &Co 1868 ^[9]
• River Reeds (ƙarar aya), 1866.
• Rosamunda gimbiya, da sauran labaru. James Parker & Co., 1875.
• Kingsford, A. & Maitland, E. Maɓallin Alkawari. [Hasiya]
• Astrology Theologised, 1886. ^[10]
• Lafiya, Kyau da Wurin Wutar Wutar Wuta: Wasiƙu ga Mata daga Lady Doctor. F. Warne, 1886.
• Mafarki da Labaran Mafarki. 1888.
• An yi ado da Rana. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
• The Credo of Christendom and other Addresses and Essays on Esoteric Christianity An adana shi a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2007 a Wayback Machine. 1916.
• Hanyar Cikakken, ko Binciken Kristi. Watkins, 1909.
• Hanyar Cikakken Aiki. [Hasiya]
• Kingsford, A. & Maitland, E. Adireshin & Essays On Vegetarianism. John M Watkins, 1912.

Babi

• "Kimiyyar kimiyya - fannoni na ɗabi'a na vivisection" a cikin Colville, W. J. Spiritual Therapeutics Ko Kimiyya ta Allah. 1890, shafuffuka na 292-308. 
• "The Uselessness of Vivisection," 1882, a cikin Hamilton, Susan. (ed.) Jarin Dabbobi & Anti-vivisection 1870-1910: Shirin Mata na ƙarni na sha tara. [Hasiya]
• ""Birnin Jini"" a cikin Forward, Stephanie. (ed.) Mafarki, hangen nesa da Gaskiya. Ci gaba da Duniya, 2003.

Labari

"A jefa don arziki - The holiday adventures of a Lady Doctor"" Disamba 1877 Temple Bar magazine ^[11]

Dubi kuma

• Al'amarin Brown Dog
• Mata masu muhalli
• Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
• Isabelle na Steiger
• Jerin masu kare hakkin dabbobi
• Louise Lind-af-Hageby
• Theosophy da Kiristanci

Manazarta

1. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pert 2007
2. Waddell, R E. "The Bonus family tree". Retrieved 12 January 2024.
3. Waddell, R E. "Probate record of Charles Bonus and his wife" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
4. Kingsford, Ninon (1868). "Works of Anna Kingsford". Annakingsford.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
5. Maitland, Edward (1913). "Anna Kingsford. Her life, letters, diary and work. Chapter II". Annakingsford.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
6. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Grazter224
7. Rudacille, p. 35.
8. "Annakingsford.com". Retrieved 13 January 2024.
9. "Works by Anna Kingsford, Annakingsford.com". Annakingsford.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
10. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dickins
11. Moulds, Alison (2021). "Victorian Popular fiction" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2024.

Bayanan littattafai

• Archbold, William Arthur Jobson (1900). "Kingsford, Anna," Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, vol. 31, shafuffuka na 174-175.
• Williamson, Lori (23 ga Satumba 2004). "Kingsford [née Bonus], Anna [Annie] (1846-1888)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Subscription ko memba na ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Burtaniya da ake buƙata.)
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Ƙarin karantawa

 

Haɗin waje

Wikimedia Commons on Anna Kingsford

• Works by Anna KingsfordaShirin Gutenberg
• Works by or about Anna Kingsforda cikinTarihin Intanet
• Works by Anna KingsfordaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a)