Annoba

Misalin annoba da ke nuna adadin sabbin cututtuka kan lokaci.

Annoba shi ne saurin yaɗuwar cuta zuwa adadin mutane masu yawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun al'umma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Misali, a cikin cututtukan meningococcal, ana ɗaukar adadin kai hari fiye da yawan mutum 15 a cikin mutane 100,000 na makonni biyu a jere a na daukarsa a matsayin annoba. [1]

Annobar kwayar cututtuka zasu iya faruwa da dalilai da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da canji a cikin yanayin halittu na yawan jama'a (misali, ƙara yawan yawan nau'ikan kwarinmasu daukara kwayar cutar), canjin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin cutar ko shigar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu tasowa. zuwa wurin jama'a (ta hanyar zowa kwayoyin cuta ko kuma mutane). Gabaɗaya, annoba tana faruwa ne lokacin da garkuwar mai masaukin baki ga ko dai kafaffen cuta ko kuma sabon ƙwayar cuta mai tasowa ya ragu ba zato ba tsammani a ƙasa wanda aka samu a cikin ma'aunin endemic kuma an wuce iyakar watsuwa. [2]

Ana iya taƙaita annoba zuwa wuri ɗaya; duk da haka, idan ta yadu zuwa wasu ƙasashe ko nahiyoyi kuma ta shafi adadi mai yawa na mutane, ana iya kiranta annoba mai yaduwa. [3] Bayyana annoba yawanci yana buƙatar kyakkyawar fahimtar adadin abin da ya faru ; annoba ga wasu cututtuka, irin su mura, an ayyana su da kai wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abin da ke faruwa a sama da wannan tushe. [4] Wasu ƴan lokuta na wata cuta da ba kasafai ake samun su ba za a iya rarraba su azaman annoba, yayin da yawancin lokuta na wata cuta ta gama-gari (kamar mura ta gama-gari ) ba za ta iya ba. Annobar na iya haifar da babbar barna ta hanyar asarar kuɗi da tattalin arziki baya ga tawayar lafiya da asarar rayuka.

Ma'anarta

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Kalmar annoba ta samo asali ne daga wata kalmar da aka danganta ga Homer 's Odyssey, wadda daga baya ta dauki ma'anarta ta likitanci daga annoba , rubutun Hippocrates . [5] Kafin Hippocrates, epidemios, epidemeo, epidamos, da sauran bambance-bambancen suna da ma'anar kama da ma'anar "yan asalin" ko " endemic ". [5] Bayanin Thucydides na Annobar Athens ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin bayanan farko na annobar cuta. [5] A farkon karni na 17, kalmomin endemic da epidermic suna magana game da bambancin yanayi na cututtukan matakin yawan jama'a, tare da yanayin endemic a ƙananan adadin annobar da ke faruwa da kuma yanayin annoba ya yadu. [6] Kalmar "annoba" ta zama abin damuwa. [7]

Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka sun fayyace annoba gabaɗaya: “faruwar ƙarin lokuta na cuta, rauni, ko wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya fiye da yadda ake tsammani a wani yanki ko tsakanin takamaiman rukuni na mutane a cikin wani lokaci. Yawancin lokaci, ana tsammanin al'amuran suna da wani dalili na gama gari ko kuma suna da alaƙa da juna ta wata hanya (duba kuma fashewa)." [8] . An yi amfani da kalmomin "annoba" da "fitowa" sau da yawa. Masu bincike Manfred S. Green da abokan aiki sun ba da shawarar cewa za a taƙaita ƙarshen ƙarshen zuwa ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru, suna nuna cewa Chambers Concise Dictionary da Stedman's Medical Dictionary sun yarda da wannan bambanci. [9] Annobar na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da yanayin yanayi na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Yanayin yanayi na iya shiga cikin kowane ɗayan mahimman abubuwa takwas na tsarin: (1) ɗaukar aiki mai sauƙi ta hanyar haifuwa, (2) watsawa, (3) samun rigakafi da farfadowa, (4) raguwar rigakafi, (5) mace-mace, (6) bayyanar cututtuka da ilimin cututtuka (wanda zai iya zama mai tsanani ko na yau da kullum, dangane da cutar), (7) mace-mace da cutar ta haifar, da (8) watsa nau'in giciye. Mura, mura, da sauran cututtukan da ke faruwa a cikin sassan sama, kamar ciwon makogwaro, suna faruwa ne galibi a lokacin hunturu. Akwai wani bambancin, dangane da adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa da kuma adadin da suka mutu a cikin annoba ta gaba: tsananin cutar da ke tashi da faɗuwa cikin shekaru biyar ko goma.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Principles of Epidemiology (PDF) (Third ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012.
  2. ↑ Green MS, Swartz T, Mayshar E, Lev B, Leventhal A, Slater PE, Shemer J (January 2002). "When is an epidemic an epidemic?" (PDF). The Israel Medical Association Journal. 4 (1): 3–6. PMID 11802306
  3. ↑ Callow PP, ed. (1998). "Epidemic". The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. p. 246. ISBN 0-86542-838-7.
  4. ↑ Martin PM, Martin-Granel E (June 2006). "2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (6): 976–80. doi:10.3201/eid1206.051263. PMC 3373038. PMID 16707055
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lodge T (1603). A treatise of the plague: containing the nature, signes, and accidents of the same, with the certaine and absolute cure of the fevers, botches and carbuncles that raigne in these times. London: Edward White
  6. ↑ Controlling the global obesity epidemic, the World Health Organization
  7. ↑ Martinez ME (November 2018). "The calendar of epidemics: Seasonal cycles of infectious diseases". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (11): e1007327. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007327. PMC 6224126. PMID 30408114
  8. ↑ Marcovitch H, ed. (2009). "Epidemic". Black's Medical Dictionary (42nd ed.). London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-4564-7
  9. ↑ Stawicki SP, Jeanmonod R, Miller AC, Paladino L, Gaieski DF, Yaffee AQ, et al. (2020). "The 2019-2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine-World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 47–93. doi:10.4103/jgid.jgid_86_20. PMC 7384689. PMID 32773996. S2CID 218754925