Bauta A Najeriya

Bauta A Najeriya
aspect in a geographic region ^(en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Slavery
Ƙasa	Yankin Kudancin Najeriya

Gadar da aka sakawa sunan "gadar rashin dawowa" wata hanya ce ko tasha ta ƙarshe ga Bayi, kafin su shiga jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke jigilar su zuwa kasashen waje domin yin bauta. A takaice wurin na nufin ba maganar dawowar bayi izuwa gida madamar suka samu kansu a wannan wuri.

Najeriya na da tarihin bauta kuma tana taka rawa sosai a cinikin bayi. ^{[1] [2]} Bauta a yanzu ta haramta a duniya da kuma a Najeriya. ^[2] Koyaya, sau da yawa ana yin watsi da halal tare da al'adun gargajiya daban-daban waɗanda suka rigaya sun kasance, waɗanda ke kallon wasu ayyuka daban. ^[2] A Najeriya, wasu al'adu da ayyukan addini sun haifar da "lalacewa tsakanin al'adu, al'ada, da addini da kuma dokokin kasa a yawancin jihohin Afirka" wanda ke da ikon yin amfani da ikon da ba bisa doka ba a kan rayuka da yawa wanda ya haifar da zamani. - bautar rana. ^[3] Hanyoyin bautar zamani da suka fi zama ruwan dare a Nijeriya, su ne fataucin mutane da aikin yara. ^[2] Domin da wuya a gane bautar zamani, ya yi wuya a iya magance wannan al’ada duk da ƙoƙarin da ƙasa da ƙasa ke yi. ^[2]

Tarihin bauta a Najeriya

Mutum-mutumin samun yanci daga bauta da ke a gidan adana kayan Tarihi na Badagry Heritage

Kasuwancin bayi na gargajiya a Kudancin kasar Najeriya ya kasance kafin zuwan tasirin Turawa, kuma ya ci gaba a cikin gida tsawon lokacin da aka kawar da bautar a wasu ƙasashe da yawa.

Da zuwan cinikin bayi daga Atlantika, ’yan kasuwar bayi na gargajiya a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun zama masu ba da bayi ga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai. Kodayake gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta haramta bautar cikin gida a hukumance daga tsakiyar shekara ta 1880s, sun ba da izinin ci gaba da kyau a cikin shekara ta 1930s, ya ƙare gaba ɗaya kawai a cikin shekara ta 1940s.

A cikin shekara ta 1961, sabuwar jamhuriya ta farko ta Najeriya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 .

Igbo

Ƙabilar Ibo sun kasance suna kiyaye tsarin addinin Odinani na Osu. Osu sun kasance mutanen da ake kallon su a matsayin marasa ruhi, kuma an ware su daga al'ummar Igbo na yau da kullun. An ajiye Osu a matsayin bayi ko kuma a sayar da su a cinikin bayi. As of 2020^[update] , Zuriyar Osu har yanzu suna fuskantar wariya a tsakanin ƙabilar Igbo. Masu fafutukar yaki da wariya na cikin gida sun haɗa kai da ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta duniya, inda suka kwatanta yadda ake mu’amala da ‘ya’yan bayi a Najeriya da yadda ake yi wa baƙaƙen fata a ƙasar Amurka.

Sokoto Caliphate

Daular Sokoto wata daular khalifancin Ahlus Sunna ce mai ƙarfi a ƙarni na 19 tare da babban birninta Sokoto dake arewacin Najeriya. Halifanci ya kawo ci gaban tattalin arziki shekaru da yawa a duk yankin. Kimanin bayi miliyan 1-2.5 ne wadanda ba musulmi ba aka kama a yakin Fulani . Bayi sun yi aikin gonaki amma watakila kuma an basu 'yanci bisa sharadin musulunta . A shekara ta 1900, Sokoto tana da "aƙalla miliyan 1 kuma ƙila har miliyan 2.5 bayi". ^[4]

Yarbawa

Bauta ta kasance a al'adance tsakanin Yarabawa kafin a kawar da ita a hukumance a shekara ta 1893, lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. An kama bayi a lokacin fadada yankuna da yaƙe-yaƙe na ciki da na ƙabilanci. ^[5] Idan wani gari ya kama wani a yaƙi, mutanen da aka kama za su zama bayi ga waɗanda suka kama su. ^[5] Bayi yawanci suna aiki ne don membobi masu ƙarfi na al'umma, kuma an ba su aikin noman gona, share ƙasa, ko kuma wasu dalilai na sirri. ^[5]

Tuntuɓar Musulmi da Turawa ya ƙara shaharar bautar da ke tsakanin Yarabawa. Manya-manyan Yarabawa irin su mayaka, sarakuna masu ƙarfi, sarakuna, da attajirai sun fara shiga cinikin bayi domin yana samun riba mai riba. ^[5] ’Yan kasuwan kasashen waje sun ba wa abokan kasuwancin Yarbawa makamai masu karfi a maimakon bayi. ^[5] Yarabawa sun yi amfani da wadannan makamai wajen fatattakar abokan gaba da sayar da su zuwa cinikin bayi. ^[5]

Mallakar bayi alama ce ta matsayi a cikin al'ummar Yarbawa.

Rukunin bayi

Akwai nau'ikan bayi guda uku a cikin al'ummar Yarbawa; ìwọ̀fà, fursunan yaƙi, da masu laifi. Kalmar ìwọ̀fà tana nufin bayi waɗanda dangi ɗaya suka miƙa da radin kansu ga wani a matsayin lamuni don biyan lamuni. Bawan yakan yi wa ubangijinsu aiki muddin ba a biya bashin ba. Masu awòfà na iya mallakar dukiya kuma su ziyarci danginsu, amma ƴancinsu ya rage a hannun iyayengijinsu.

Wadanda aka kama yakin wani nau'i ne. Mayaƙa waɗanda suka yi nasara a yaƙi sukan kawo fursunoni ga manyan sarakuna da sarakuna, waɗanda suka bautar da su kuma suka tilasta musu yin aiki a gonakinsu ko yin sana’o’i. Mu'amalar bayi ta dogara ne da halayen iyayengiji, da kuma halayen bayi da kansu. Efunsetan Aniwura, Iyalode na Ibadan, an san shi a matsayin ubangidan bawa mai tsananin tausayi. A wasu yanayi, bayi sun zama shugabannin gidajensu ko kuma sun sami ’yanci.

Nau'in Bautar Zamani A Najeriya

Fataucin mutane

Fataucin bil adama ya ƙunshi "aikin da yunƙurin daukar ma'aikata da jigilar mutane (maza da mata) a ciki ko ta kan iyakoki". ^[2] Fataucin mutane shine nau'in bautar da ke saurin girma. ^[6] Yawancin waɗanda aka tilasta musu yin fataucin mutane ana tilasta su shiga cinikin jima'i na kasuwanci ko kuma aikin tilastawa. ^[6] Fataucin mutane yana haifar da illa ga tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Najeriya. ^[7] Akwai nau'ikan fataucin mutane Iri daban-daban a Najeriya. ^[7] Fataucin bil adama a Najeriya na ƙaruwa a cikin gida da waje. ^[7] Najeriya kuma ta zama hanyar wucewa ta hanyar da masu safara ke kai wadanda abin ya shafa zuwa wasu kasashe”. ^[7]

Dalilan Fataucin Bil Adama

Babu takamaiman ranar da aka fara fataucin mutane a Najeriya amma ya fara karuwa a Najeriya a farkon shekarun 1990 tare da karuwar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da kuma Advanced Fee Fraud (419). ^[2] An sami matakai daban-daban na wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane da kuma banbance-banbance kan yadda kabilun Najeriya daban-daban ke amincewa da safarar mutane. ^[7] Saboda bambance-bambancen fahimtar wannan al'ada, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sha wahala wajen "hada kayan aiki don kawar da barazanar da ke cikin kasar". ^[7] Haka kuma yana da matukar wahala a iya gano wadanda aka yi musu fataucin mutane saboda nau’ukan safarar mutane da kuma rashin horar da yadda ake gane wadanda abin ya shafa. ^[6]

Fataucin Waje

Fataucin waje, ko fataucin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya haɗa da fataucin mutane a cikin "ƙasashen ƙasa, nahiya da kan iyakokin ƙasa don manufar yin jima'i, aikin yara da hidimar gida don musanyawa don samun ladan kuɗi" ^[2] A ko'ina cikin iyakokin kasa da kasa a kowace shekara, ana safarar mutane tsakanin shekara ta 800,000 zuwa shekara ta 4,000,000, tare da mata da yara ƙanana da aka fi fama da su. ^[8]

Galibin mata da kananan yara ‘yan Najeriya da ake fataucinsu na safarar mutane ne zuwa ƙasashen Turai musamman Italiya. Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Amurka su ma wuri ne na gama-gari da masu fataucin su daga Najeriya su karewa “domin daukarsu, aikin gida da aikin gona, da kuma sayar da sassan jikinsu”. ^[8] Yara da ake fataucin mutane daga Najeriya galibi ana safarar su ne a Najeriya ko wasu kasashen Afirka. ^[8] Fataucin mutane babban laifi ne na ketare, wanda ake ganin yayi kama da cinikin bayi na zamani. ^[8]

Mafi yawan abin da ya faru na fataucin ɗan adam daga waje don dalilai na amfani shine a Edo (20.4%), Rivers (8.6%), Cross River (7.1%), Anambra (6.8%), Delta (6.4%), Bayelsa (5.7%), Ebonyi (5.4%), da Imo (3.2%). ^[7] Babban birnin tarayya (5.7%) da jihar Borno (5.0%). ^[7]

Fataucin Cikin Gida

Fataucin cikin gida, ko fataucin cikin gida shine "daukar ma'aikata da jigilar mutane a cikin iyakokin kasa, ko dai daga karkara zuwa birane ko daga wata jiha zuwa wata, don ayyukan jima'i, aikin yara, ko ayyukan gida". ^[2]

An fi samun yawaitar fataucin bil adama na cikin gida a Benue (16.4%), Akwa Ibom (13.2%), Kogi (9.5%), Kano (4.1%), Jigawa (4.1%), Borno (3.6%), Edo (3.6), Kaduna (3.6%), Kwara (3.6%) da Niger (3.6%) jihohin. ^[7]

Fataucin Mata

Ana fataucin matan Najeriya ne da nufin yin lalata da su. ^[9] Ana fataucinsu ne a waje. ^[9] Adadin ‘yan Najeriya da aka yi musu fataucin mutane na daya daga cikin mafi yawa a yammacin Turai. ^[9]

Dalilan safarar Mata

Wannan matsalar fataucin da ake fama da ita a Najeriya na faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki. Addinin da ke da rinjayen Musulunci a Arewa, kuma Kirista ne ke da rinjaye a Kudu, shi ma ya taka rawar gani wajen tashe-tashen hankula a fadin Najeriya da ke haifar da fatara.

Juju

Juju yana tare a Najeriya tare da Kiristanci da Musulunci . ^[9] Juju ya shafi fataucin dan Adam a Najeriya tunda da yawa sun yi imanin cewa "limamin cocin da ke da alaka da gidan ibada na voodoo yana da ikon sarrafa sakamako a rayuwar mutane". ^[9] Akwai iko da yawa akan mata ta hanyar al'adar juju. ^[9] Firistoci suna ba da haɗin kai ga masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya, kuma limamai da yawa ma masu laifi suna biyan . ^[9] Don haka, wannan yana haifar da samun ƙarfi a kan mata tun lokacin da mafia ke barazana ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da danginsu idan 'yan matan suka kasa ba da haɗin kai. ^[9] Mafia na Najeriya "suna rike da takardun tafiye-tafiye da jigilar kaya zuwa Turai" kuma daga nan ne magidanta suka sayi 'yan matan don aiki. ^[10]

Matsayin Madam

Galibin fataucin mata wasu mata ne ke kula da su. ^[11] Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito daga ' madams ', wadanda ke aiki a matsayin 'yan iskan mata, kuma galibi tsoffin karuwai ne. ^[11]

Wadannan Madam din sun mallaki 'yan mata har sai sun biya basussukan da ake binsu. ^[9] Madam sun biya kudin safarar yarinyar da suke daukar aiki. ^[9] Wani abin ƙarfafawa ga waɗannan 'yan mata shine damar nan gaba na samun kudin shiga a matsayin uwargida, wanda ke haifar da sake zagayowar cin zarafi. ^[9]

Wannan al’ada ce da ta shahara a Najeriya a yau, inda kashi daya bisa uku na matan wata uwargida ta tunkari su a baya. ^[10]

Boko Haram

Kungiyar Boko Haram na taka rawa sosai wajen safarar mata a Najeriya ta hanyar sace 'yan mata tare da tilasta musu bauta. ^[12] Kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi garkuwa da yara sama da 1000 a Najeriya tun daga shekarar 2013 a cewar UNICEF. Daya daga cikin manyan sace-sacen da aka fi sani da sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok, ya faru ne a jihar Borno inda Abubakar Shekau ya fitar da wani faifan bidiyo yana mai cewa "zai sayar da 'yan matan Najeriya 276 zuwa bauta".

Bautar Yara

A Najeriya, akwai manyan nau'ikan bautar yara guda biyu: aikin tilastawa da yin lalata da kasuwanci . ^[6] Yana da wuya a gano yadda ake bautar da yara a Najeriya saboda rashin fahimta tsakanin ayyukan aiki da ayyukan iyali. ^[13]

Aikin Tilastawa

Ana tilasta wa yaran Najeriya aiki nau'ikan ayyukan da suka hada da aikin gona, “ bautar gida, yin katifi, yin kayan adon, yin tufafi, wasan raƙuma, da yaƙi (a matsayin yara soja). ^[6] Haka kuma an tilastawa yaran Najeriya shiga aikin hakar ma'adanai inda ake jefa su cikin hatsarin gaske saboda tsananin aikin da ake bukata. ^[13]

Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i

Da alama akwai babban alaƙa tsakanin "cin zarafin yara da karuwanci a Najeriya". ^[6] Irin wannan bautar yara na iya haɗawa da "karuwanci, labarun batsa, yawon shakatawa na jima'i, zoben jima'i, rawa tsirara ko ƙirar ƙira, da cin zarafin yara masu bautar gida" ^[6]

Kokarin Yaki Da Bautar Zamani

Fataucin bil adama yana da wahala a iya yaƙi domin ba a iya gane shi cikin sauƙi. ^[6] Duk da haka, an yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar bautar zamani. ^[14]

Ƙoƙarin Cikin Gida

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta fahimci cewa "laifi na fataucin mutane yana haifar da babbar barazana ga ci gaban Najeriya da zaman lafiyarta, kuma hakan na kawo babbar barazana ga kimarta da tattalin arzikin kasa". ^[8] Don haka, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa don yaƙar wannan batu. An kirkiro Hukumar hana zirga-zirgar mutane ta kasa ( NAPTIP ) don yaki da fataucin mutane a shekarar 2003. ^[8] Wannan hukumar tana da hannu wajen ladabtar da masu safarar mutane, da binciken jami’ai, da kuma mayar da wadanda abin ya shafa cikin al’umma. ^[8]

Yarjejeniyoyi na kasa da kasa da Najeriya ta rattabawa hannu sun hada da: Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kan Laifukan Kasa da Kasa, Yarjejeniyar Yaki da safarar bakin haure ta kasa, ruwa da iska, yarjejeniyar hana fataucin mutane, da kuma hukunta masu safarar mutane . Fataucin Makamai. ^[8]

Ƙoƙarin Ƙasashen Duniya

An yi wasu yunƙuri na duniya don magance matsalolin bautar zamani a Najeriya. ^[14]

A birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, sarakuna da matan shugabannin kasashe 70, tare da sauran manyan kasashen duniya da dama, sun halarci wani taro kan matsalolin da matan karkara ke fuskanta a kasashen duniya na uku, da fatan za a magance matsalolin da mata ke fuskanta. ^[14]

Bautar zamani na iya faruwa saboda yawan bashin da wasu kasashen Afirka ke da su ciki har da Najeriya. Yunkurin gyara hakan shi ne gwamnatin Bush ta soke basussukan kasashe 18 ciki har da Najeriya. ^[15]

Kungiyar Jubilee ta kuma soke basussukan kasashe 50 ko fiye da suka hada da Najeriya. ^[15]

Manazarta

1. https://www.icirnigeria.org/modern-slavery-nigeria-ranks-highest-in-africa/
2. Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.
3. Sarich, J., Olivier, M., & Bales, K. (2016). Forced marriage, slavery, and plural legal systems: An african example. Human Rights Quarterly, 38(2), 450-476,542-544.
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6. Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.
7. Ahmed O Ogunwale. “The Nexus Between Perception and Human Trafficking Prevalence in Nigeria.” International Journal of Law, Psychology and Human Life 4.1 (2017): 1–7. Print.
8. Ngwe, J. E., PhD., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21ST CENTURY. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies : AJCJS, 6(1), 103-119.
9. Baarda, C.S. “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The Role of Voodoo Rituals in the Functioning of a Criminal Network.” European Journal of Criminology 13.2 (2016): 257–273. Web.
10. SIDDHARTH KARA. Modern Slavery: A Global Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017. Web.
11. Quirk, Joel., and Darshan. Vigneswaran. Slavery, Migration and Contemporary Bondage in Africa /[edited by] Joel Quirk and Darshan Vigneswaran. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2013. Print.
12. CNN, Stephanie Busari. "UNICEF: Boko Haram has kidnapped more than 1000 children in Nigeria". CNN. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
13. Okpalaobi, B. Nkechi. “Children and Modern Day Slavery.” African research review 10.1 (2016): 17–. Web.
14. "Developing Nations: Conference on Third World Women." Infobase, February 25, 1992. Accessed September 30, 2020.
15. Woods, E. (2007). Slavery persists. (). Washington: Inter-Hemispheric Resource Center Press.