Bautar bayi a Nijar

Bautar bayi a Nijar
Slavery
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Nijar
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date ^(en)	5 Mayu 2003

littafi akan bautar nijar

Bauta a Nijar ya kunshi ayyuka daban-daban da ake yi a yankin Sahel shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce kuma har yau. Daular Bornu da ke gabacin Nijar ta kasance wani bangare na fataucin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Hakazalika sauran kabilun kasar suna da tarihin bauta, duk da cewa wannan ya bambanta kuma a wasu wuraren bautar ya takaita ga masu siyasa da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da Faransawa suka mamaye yankin sun yi watsi da matsalar kuma sun hana cinikin bayi amma ba ayyukan bauta ba. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, da yawa daga cikin masu rike da bayi sun zama fitattun jagororin siyasa a zamanin mulkin dimokuradiyyar jam’iyyu da dama da kuma mulkin kama-karya na soja (1974 har zuwa 1991), don haka aka yi watsi da matsalar bautar. A shekara ta 2003, tare da matsin lamba daga kungiyar Timidria mai yaki da bauta, Nijar ta zartar da doka ta farko a yammacin Afirka da ta haramta bautar a matsayin wani takamaiman laifi. Duk da haka, bautar da ake ci gaba da wanzuwa a ko'ina cikin kabilu daban-daban na kasar, mata sun fi fama da rauni, kuma kidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2002 ta tabbatar da wanzuwar bayi 43,000 kuma an kiyasta cewa jimillar al'ummar kasar za ta haura sama da mutane 870,000. Alamar Mani v. Shari'ar Nijar na daya daga cikin shari'o'in farko da wani mutum ya samu nasarar yanke hukunci kan gwamnatin Nijar a wata kotun kasa da kasa saboda sanya mata takunkumi a matsayin bawa a wasu hukumce-hukumcen hukuma.

Ayyukan tarihi

Taswirar Nijar

Bauta ta wanzu a duk faɗin ƙasar ta Nijar a yau da yankin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara shekaru aru-aru. A wasu ƙabilun, bauta ya zama wani muhimmin al'amari kuma ya ƙunshi wani yanki mai yawa na yawan jama'a da samar da tattalin arziki da cinikayya. A wasu yankunan kuma, bauta ya kasance ƙanƙanta kuma manyan mutane ne kawai a cikin al'ummomi ke riƙe su. Duk da haka, tun da shugabannin siyasa sukan kasance masu bautar bayi, sun ba da babbar matsala ga hukumomin Faransa a lokacin da suka yi mulkin mallaka a yankin da kuma bayan samun yancin kai a Nijar.^[1]

Borno

Yawancin gabacin Nijar a yau sun shiga wani muhimmin bangare na cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara tare da hanyar da ta fara daga Kano da kuma bi ta tsaunin Air.^[2] Daular Bornu da ke tsakiya a kan wannan hanya ta zama babban mai shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara kafin jihadin Fulani (1804-1808) zuwa gabas da kuma yunkurin Abzinawa zuwa yankin Aïr a cikin 1800s. Ciniki ta hanyar Bornu ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi tsawon ƙarni da yawa amma ya tsaya tsayin daka kafin ya kai kololuwar sa a cikin 1500s. ^[2]

Tun daga shekarun 1600, ƙungiyar Jukun, tarin al'ummar maguzawa, ta fara ƙalubalantar daular Bornu. Sakamakon haka shi ne jerin hare-haren ramuwar gayya tsakanin ma'aikatun biyu inda kowanne ya ciyar da cinikin bayi zuwa gabar teku (kasuwar bayi na yammacin Afirka ta Jukun da kasuwannin Arewacin Afirka na Bornu).

Bayan daular Bornu ta koma baya a karni na 17 da 18, bayi sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin cikin gida tare da samar da kauyukan bayi da gonakin bayi a duk fadin daular. Hakan ya faru ne saboda hawan Daular Sakkwato a shekarun 1800 wanda ya kara hada-hadar noma tare da bullo da manyan gonakin bayi a yankin da kuma sakamakon tsautsayi na haraji da hukumomin Bornu suka yi wanda ya sa ’yantattu a daular suka siya. bayi don ƙara kayan aiki da biyan haraji.

Dangane da amfani da gida, aikin noma ya kasance mafi shahara. Mata sun kasance mafi daraja a cikin gida, a babban ɓangare saboda al'adun gargajiya waɗanda suka nuna cewa bayi na farko ne kawai za su iya samun 'yanci, kuma 'ya'yan bayi ba za su iya samun 'yanci ba. A sakamakon haka, matan da suka kai shekarun haihuwa, waɗanda ’ya’yansu za su zama bayi har abada, sun kasance masu daraja ta musamman.^[2]

Sauran yankunan Nijar

Tun daga ƙarni na 18 amma musamman a ƙarni na 19, masarautar Damagaram da ke birnin Zinder a yau ta zama kishiyar siyasa ga daular Bornu. Damagaram ya samu nasara saboda ya gina babbar runduna mai tafi da gidanka wacce za ta iya kare hanyoyin kasuwanci da kuma yadda suka kulla kawance da shugabannin Abzinawa wadanda a yanzu suka zama babban karfi a tsaunukan Aïr. Da waɗannan ƙawance, Zinder ya zama babbar ƙasa ta hanyar kasuwanci da ke ƙetare sahara daga Kano zuwa Tripoli da Alkahira. Zinder ya haɗu da al'umma daga Kanuri (manyan ƙabilar Bornu daular), Hausawa, da Abzinawa kuma a sakamakon haka ya bunƙasa ayyukan bayi waɗanda suka aro daga duka ukun don haifar da yawan bayi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na bauta. ^[3] Ta haka ne aka sami ɗimbin bayi na cikin gida da na noma, waɗanda aka aro daga al’adun Kanuri, da bunƙasa bautar shuka, daga al’adar Hausawa, da raya al’ummomin bayi daban-daban, daga al’adar Abzinawa. ^[3] Ba wai kawai ake fitar da bayi daga Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ba, amma sun kasance muhimman sassa na tsarin tattalin arzikin gaba ɗaya. Yayin da Sarkin Musulmi ya kara karfi, sai Sarkin Musulmi ya fara maye gurbin manya a fadarsa da masu gudanar da bauta, wanda hakan ya ƙara masa ƙarfin mulki ba tare da tsangwama daga wasu ba. ^[3]

A wani wuri kuma a Jamhuriyar Nijar, ana yin bauta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A yankunan Zarma da ke yammacin jamhuriyar Nijar, bautar da aka yi ta samar da ma'aikata masu muhimmanci a harkar noma. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 75% na al'ummar waɗannan yankuna bayi ne a shekara ta 1904-1905. Ba kamar yankunan Damagaram da Bornu ba, kowane bawa zai iya 'yantar da shi daga ubangijinsa a ayyukan Zarma.

A Arewacin Nijar, a yankunan Tahoua da Agadez na yanzu, babu alamun manyan ayyuka na bautar da 'yan asalin kasar suka yi kafin Abzinawa su shigo yankin a shekarun 1800. Tun da Abzinawa masu launin fata su ne kawai masu rike da bayi kuma ƴan asalin ƙasar masu duhun fata galibi suna zaman bauta, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƴanci da bayi sun ɗauki rarrabuwar kabilanci a waɗannan yankuna. Muhimman al'ummar Abzinawa su ne Kel Owey da suka zauna a yankin tsaunin Aïr. Saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa mai fama da matsanancin fari, da kuma sa hannu a cikin cinikin da ke ƙetare sahara, Abzinawa sun yi amfani da wani nau'i na bautar da al'ummomin bayi ke kiwon dabbobi da yin noma iyaka kuma za a bar su su zagaya cikin walwala a wani yanki. . Ko da yake waɗannan al'ummomin suna da 'yanci masu mahimmanci, girbin su, kayayyakinsu, da yara sun kasance suna kula da su sosai ta hannun wani mai martaba Abzinawa.

A cikin al’ummar Hausawa da ke tsakiyar Nijar, bautar da aka fi yi a gidajen sarauta ne, don haka yana da iyaka. Hakazalika, a yau a yankin Maradi da ke tsakiyar jamhuriyar Nijar, shugabannin Maradi sun dade suna zaman dar-dar tare da Daular Sokoto, wanda ya hada da hare-haren bayi daga bangarorin biyu. Koyaya, Maradi galibi suna ɗaukar bayi don fansa kuma bautar cikin gida yawanci sarakuna da masu mulki ne kawai suke amfani da su.

Mulkin Faransa da 'yancin kai

Lokacin da Faransawa suka mamaye yankin a farkon shekarun 1900 suna da manufar hana wanzuwar bauta. Duk da haka masu gudanar da mulkin Faransa na cikin gida sukan bijirewa matsin lamba na kawar da bauta daga gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka da na manyan birane. Mahukuntan Faransa za su ɗauki bashi don kawar da bauta ta hanyar yin watsi da ci gaba da wanzuwar sa ko da'awar cewa shaidun son rai ne. Wani mai kula da yankin ya ba da hujjar irin wannan manufar ta cewa, “Ba na jin zai yiwu a kawar da bauta a yanzu. Wayewarmu ba ta shiga zurfi sosai ba don ’yan ƙasa, iyayengiji da bayi, su fahimta da kuma yarda da duk wani matakin kawar da bauta. Sai dai masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka na gida sun aiwatar da manufofin kawo karshen fataucin bayi da kasuwannin bayi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, domin a sami rabon adadin sojoji ga sojojin Faransa, sarakunan gargajiya sun ba da bayi ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin birane da al'ummomin da ke da karfi na gudanarwa na Faransanci, bautar da bautar da tilastawa sun ƙare a hankali, amma a sauran ƙasar ayyukan sun ci gaba da aiki. ^[1]

Sarakunan gargajiya, wadanda suka kasance manyan bayi musamman a al'ummomin Abzinawa, sun zama fitattun shugabannin kasar bayan samun 'yancin kai. Sun rike mukamai a gwamnati kuma su ne shugabannin da dama daga cikin manyan jam'iyyu a cikin gajeren lokaci na jam'iyyun kasar. Wadannan fitattun mukamai na masu rike da bayi sun ci gaba a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja inda aka dogara da sarakunan yankin don goyon bayan waccan gwamnatin. Sakamakon haka, bautar da gwamnati ta yi watsi da ita a farkon shekarun da aka samu 'yancin kai.

Bautar zamani

Ana ci gaba da samun bauta a Nijar a yau. Wani muhimmin bincike da aka gudanar kan bauta a Nijar ya gano mutane 11,000 da aka amsa a duk fadin kasar wadanda aka gano cewa bayi ne. Yin amfani da ƙarin martani daga waɗannan wani ɓangaren samfurin ya bayyana bayi 43,000. Ci gaba da fitar da wannan bayanin, gami da ƴaƴan bayi, ƙungiyar yaƙi da bautar da Timidria ta ƙiyasta jimillar bayi 870,363 (duka bayin chatel da bayi masu wucewa) a Nijar a cikin 2002-2003. Kasancewar bauta bai takaitu ga wata kabila ko yanki daya kadai ba, duk da cewa ya fi shahara a wasu. Rahoton na 2005 na Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ya nuna cewa "Bauta gaskiya ce a cikin kusan dukkanin kabilu, musamman Abzinawa, Larabawa da Fulani makiyaya" kuma rahoton ya bayyana Hausawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna cewa sama da mutanen Nijar 800,000 ne ake bautar da su, wanda ya kunshi kusan kashi 8% na al'ummar kasar.

Kungiyar yaki da bautar kasa ta kasa da kasa ta bayyana wasu nau'ikan bauta guda uku da ake yi a Nijar a yau: bautar chattel, "nau'i mai laushi" na bautar da ake tilasta wa tsoffin bayi su ba da wasu amfanin gonakinsu ga tsohon ubangida, da kuma wahaya, wani nau'i na ƙwaraƙwara wanda ya haɗa da sayan ƴan mata domin yin ayyukan gida da masu yin lalata da iyayengijinsu.^[1] Bautar Chattel ta ƙunshi mallakar mutum kai tsaye kuma akwai ƙayyadaddun misalan siyan bayi da ke faruwa a Nijar a farkon ƙarni na 21. Mafi shahara shine nau'in bautar na biyu, wani lokaci ana kiranta bautar gumaka, inda tsoffin bayi ke riƙe wasu alaƙar kuɗaɗe da aikin tilastawa tare da tsoffin iyayengiji. Har yanzu ana sarrafa 'yancin ɗan adam ta wannan tsari kuma ana iya dukan mutane ko kuma a hukunta su saboda rashin biyayya ga tsoffin ubangida. ^[1]

Wahaya wani nau'i ne na bautar da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a halin yanzu a Nijar (da wasu sassan Najeriya) wanda ya haɗa da sayar da 'yan mata (mafi rinjaye kafin su kai shekaru 15) waɗanda aka haifa a cikin bauta a cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa sannan kuma ana sayar da su ga masu arziki da manyan Hausawa. daidaikun mutane a matsayin "mace ta biyar." Matan suna yin aikin gida ga ubangidansu da na mata na hukuma, da kuma yin lalata da maigidan. An dauke su a matsayin mata na biyar domin su ne ban da mata hudu da mutum zai iya aura a Nijar bisa doka (kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya tanada) kuma ana daukar su a matsayin masu biyayya ga matan hukuma. ^[4] Duk da sunan, maza za su iya ɗaukar "mata na biyar."

Mata da yara Abzinawa, Nijar, 1997

Duk da cewa bautar da ba kasafai ake samunta ba a cikin birane, matsin lamba na zamantakewa da kuma haramta auren ‘ya’yan bayi tare da ‘ya’yan ‘yantattu na haifar da wani tsari na kabilanci wanda ya raba mutane ko da kuwa ba a yi bautar ba.

Fataucin mutane

Fataucin bil adama ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Nijar a 'yan shekarun nan. Shekaru da dama, Nijar ta kasance kasa ce ta safarar mutane, amma tana da iyaka a matsayin madogara ko inda ake zuwa. Duk da haka, a cikin 2000s, lokacin da wasu hanyoyin suka ga yadda ake ƙara aiwatarwa, hanyoyin da ke bi ta Nijar sun yi fice, kuma Nijar ma ta fara zama tushen fataucin mutane. ^[5] Biyo bayan wannan matsala da ta kunno kai, Nijar ta kafa dokar yaki da safarar mutane a shekarar 2010 tare da samar da manyan mukamai a gwamnati domin shawo kan matsalar. ^[5] Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa, duk da cewa Nijar na samun dan ci gaba kan batun fataucin bil adama, yanayin siyasa da na mulki da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010 ya hana kokarin da ake yi.

Dokokin yaki da bauta

Ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijar ya ayyana kowa da kowa daidai gwargwado, amma babu wata doka ta musamman da ta haramta bauta ko wani laifi na bautar wani mutum a Nijar har zuwa ranar 5 ga Mayun 2003. Umarnin Faransa na 1905 da 1920, waɗanda ke cikin sashin shari'a na Nijar bayan samun 'yancin kai, sun shafi cinikin bayi ne kawai kuma ba su daina bautar cikin gida ko bautar gado ba. A shekara ta 2003, an zartar da sabuwar dokar wadda ta aikata laifin bauta tare da hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 mafi girma a gidan yari. Doka ko da yake ta ƙunshi tsarin sasantawa tsakanin bayi da iyayengiji a matsayin matakin farko na farko a cikin tsari. Da wannan doka, Nijar ta kasance kasa ta farko a yammacin Afirka da ta fitar da wata doka ta musamman da ta shafi bauta da kuma samar da hukuncin aikata laifuka.

Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an yi wani shiri na gagarumin yawan bukukuwan jama'a inda masu bautar Abzinawa za su 'yantar da bayinsu a hukumance. Da farko dai gwamnati ta dauki nauyin wani gagarumin taron da Arissal Ag Amdagu, shugaban Abzinawa a Inates, da ke Sashen Tillabéri zai 'yantar da bayinsa 7,000. Duk da haka, da alama tana tsoron mummunar talla, tun kafin abin ya faru, gwamnati ta aika da tawaga ta yankunan Abzinawa tare da yin barazanar ladabtar da duk wani abin da bai dace ba. Gwamnati ta yi ikirarin cewa an sauya bikin ne saboda babu wanda yake bauta a kasar kuma don haka bai zama dole ba. Duk da cewa Ag Amagdagu ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Timidria cewa zai 'yantar da wadannan bayi 7,000, a maimakon haka ya ce a wurin taron cewa "Ba a yi bauta a Inates. . . . Ba wanda ya ce mani sun ga bayi. Idan wani yana da bayi sai ya gaya mani.”

Mani v. Nijar

Mani v. Nijar , wani lokaci ana kiranta "tsari mai tarihi" ko "tabbatacciyar shawara", wani lamari ne a Kotun Al'umma ta Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) wadda ta zama hukuncin kotun yanki na farko da aka fara sauraron batun. bauta a Afirka. A cewar Jeroen Beirnauer wanda shi ne shugaban ITUC's Forced Labor Project, shari'ar ta kafa "ma'auni na yanki a cikin dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya."

Tushen shari'ar shi ne, a cikin 1996, Hadijatou Mani Koraou, mai shekaru 12, wanda aka haifa a cikin bauta a cikin al'ummar Abzinawa, an sayar da shi akan US$400 ga El Hadj Souleymane Naroua mai shekaru 46 a matsayin "matarsa ta biyar. "karkashin al'adar wahaya. Fiye da shekaru tara na tashin hankali da tilasta jima'i, Mani ta haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare da Naroua. A shekara ta 2005, Naroua ta rattaba hannu kan wata takarda ta ‘yantar da Mani, amma sai ta bayyana cewa ita ce matarsa kuma ta hana ta barin gidansa. Mani ta samu hukuncin farko da ya 'yantar da ita daga auren a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2006, domin a cewar kotun, ba a taba yin wani bikin addini da ya auri mutanen biyu ba. Daga nan ne aka sauya wannan hukuncin a wani mataki mai girma kuma shari'ar ta koma Kotun Koli. Yayin da ake ci gaba da sauraron shari’ar, Mani ta sake yin aure kuma Naroua ta mayar da martani ta hanyar shigar da ƙarar laifi da kuma sa a yanke mata da sabon mijinta da laifin bigamy (da hukuncin ɗaurin watanni shida a gidan yari). Kotun ta ce har yanzu tana auren Naroua bisa doka kuma ta yi amfani da matsayinta na bawa a matsayin hujjar auren. Dangane da tuhumar da ake masa na bigamy, Mani ya shigar da karar Naroua da laifin bauta a shekarar 2007 kuma ya bi wannan tare da gabatar da koke ga kotun ECOWAS a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2007 inda ya bukaci Nijar da ta yi hannun riga da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a . ^{[6] [7]}

Babbar hujjar Nijar kuwa ita ce, kotun ECOWAS ba za ta amince da shari'ar ba, saboda ba a gama da zabin cikin gida ba wajen gyara lamarin. A game da lamarin, Nijar ta ce duk da cewa bautar da ake yi har yanzu tana nan, amma sun ci galaba a kai kuma an takaita shi. Kotun ECOWAS ta gano a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2008 cewa babu wata hujja da ta isa kuma ta yanke hukunci kan Mani. ECOWAS ta yi watsi da ka'idar gajiyar cikin gida na gabatar da shari'a kuma ta yi amfani da shari'ar Kotun Duniya ta Traction ta Barcelona a matsayin misali wajen gano cewa bautar na bukatar kulawa ta musamman daga dukkan sassan jihar. An baiwa Mani kyautar US$21,500 da kuma kashe kudade a cikin lamarin.

Bayan yanke hukuncin, gwamnatin Nijar ta ce ta amince da hukuncin tare da lauyan gwamnatin Nijar kan karar inda ya sanar da cewa "An yanke hukunci, mun lura kuma za a yi aiki da shi."

Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na adawa da bauta

Babban taron zamantakewa da aka sadaukar da batun bautar da wariyar launin fata bayan bauta a Nijar shi ne Timidria, kungiya mai zaman kanta da Ilguilas Weila da sauran masana suka kafa a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991. Sunanta yana nufin 'yan'uwantaka ko haɗin kai a cikin Tamajaq . Kungiyar na gudanar da taruka akai-akai tare da shirya tarurruka daban-daban domin daukaka batun bautar da ake yi a Nijar tare da fafutukar ganin an kawar da shi.^[8]

Duba kuma

• Fataucin mutane a Nijar
• Hakkin dan Adam a Nijar
• Bauta a Afirka
• Bauta a Afirka ta zamani

Magana

1. Abdelkader, Galy kadir (2004). "Slavery in Niger:Historical, Legal, and Contemporary Perspectives" (PDF). Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
2. Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
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6. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Duffy
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8. Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge.