Dogon harsuna

 

Dangantaka ta waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswiran nijar

Shaidar da ke danganta Dogon da dangin Nijar-Congo galibi lambobi ne da wasu mahimman kalmomi. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban, suna sanya su tare da Gur, Mande, ko kuma a matsayin reshe mai zaman kansa, na karshe yanzu shine hanyar da aka fi so. Harsunan Dogon suna nuna raguwa kadan na tsarin aji na yawancin Nijar-Congo, wanda ke jagorantar masana harsuna don kammala cewa mai yiwuwa sun rabu da Nijar-Kongo da wuri.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed

Dogon is both lexically and structurally very different from most other [Niger–Congo] families. It lacks the noun-classes usually regarded as typical of Niger–Congo and has a word order (SOV) that resembles Mande and Ịjọ, but not the other branches. The system of verbal inflections, resembling French is quite unlike any surrounding languages. As a consequence, the ancestor of Dogon is likely to have diverged very early, although the present-day languages probably reflect an origin some 3–4000 years ago. Dogon languages are territorially coherent, suggesting that, despite local migration histories, the Dogon have been in this area of Mali from their origin.

Dogon is certainly a well-founded and coherent group. But it has no characteristic Niger–Congo features (noun-classes, verbal extensions, labial-velars) and very few lexical cognates. It could equally well be an independent language family.

Harsunan Bamana da Fula sun yi tasiri sosai a kan Dogon, saboda dangantakarsu ta al'adu da ƙasa.

[1]Blench (2015) ya yi hasashen cewa harsunan Bangime da Dogon na iya samun tushe daga reshe "ya bace" na Nilo-Saharan wanda ya rabu da wuri daga Proto-Nilo-Sacharan, kuma yana kiran wannan reshe "Plateau".

Rarrabawar ciki

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Harsunan Dogon kananan dangin harsuna ne da ke da alaka da juna wadanda Mutanen Dogon na Mali ke magana kuma suna iya kasancewa cikin Iyalin Nijar-Congo da aka tsara. Akwai kusan masu magana da 600,000 na harsuna goma sha biyu. Su harsuna ne na sauti, kuma mafi yawansu, kamar Dogul, suna da sautuna biyu, amma wasu, kamar Donno So, suna da uku. Tsarin kalmomin su na asali shine batun-abu-kalma.

Harshen Dogon da aka fi nazarin shi ne harshen escarpment Toro So na Sanga, saboda karatun Marcel Griaule a can kuma saboda an zabi Toro So a matsayin daya daga cikin harsuna goma sha uku na kasar Mali. Yana da fahimtar juna tare da wasu nau'ikan tsaunuka. Koyaya, harsunan filayen - Tene Ka, Tomo Ka, da Jamsay, waɗanda ba a fahimta da Toro don haka - suna da ƙarin masu magana.

Harshen Bangime ( Ba géŋri mɛ), wasu suna ɗaukarsa reshe ne mai banbanci na Dogon kuma wasu suna iya ware harshe (Blench 2005b). 

Calame-Griaule (1956)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Calame-Griaule ya bayyana cewa shi ne na farko da ya yi aiki da nau'ikan Dogon daban-daban. Calame-Griaule (1956) ya rarraba harsuna kamar haka, tare da masauki da aka ba su ga harsunan da aka gano tun daga lokacin (an ruwaito sabbin harsunan Dogon a karshen shekara ta 2005), ko kuma tun daga lokacin an nuna cewa suna da fahimtar juna (kamar yadda Hochstetler ya tabbatar da yarukan tsaunuka). Harsunan da aka saba amfani da su guda biyu suna da alamomi.

  • Filayen Dogon: Jamsai,* Tego, Filayen Yamma (magana: Togo kã, Tengu kã, Tomo kã)
  • Escarpment Dogon (magana: Yanayi na baya,* Tommo don h, Donno sɔ aka Kamma sɔ)  
  • Yammacin Dogon: Duleri, Mombo, Ampari-Penange; Budu
  • Arewacin Filayen Dogon: Bondum, Dogul
  • Yanda
  • Nanga: Naŋa, Bankan Tey (Walo), Ben Tey
  • Tebul

Douyon da Blench (2005) sun ba da rahoton ƙarin iri-iri, wanda har yanzu ba a rarraba shi ba:

  • Ana Tiŋa.

Blench ya lura cewa adadi mai yawa a kan sunaye yana nuna cewa Budu ya fi kusa da Mombo, don haka an hada shi a matsayin West Dogon a sama. Ya kuma lura cewa Walo-Kumbe yayi kama da Naŋa; Hochstetler yana zargin cewa yana iya zama Naŋa. Ana iya raba kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan harsuna tare da Yanda. Wadannan duk ba a san su sosai ba.

Glottolog 4.3 [2] ya hada rarrabuwa daga Moran & Prokić (2013) da Hochstetler (2004). Moran & Prokić (2013) suna jayayya game da rabuwa ta gabas zuwa yamma a cikin Dogon, tare da Yanda Dom Dogon, Tebul Ure Dogon, da Najamba-Kindige a matsayin asalin yarukan Dogon na yamma waɗanda suka zama masu kama da yarukan Dogons na gabashin saboda hulɗa mai zurfi.

  • Yammacin Yamma
    • Yammacin Dogon
      • Ampari Dogon
      • Bunoge Dogon
      • Mombo Dogon
      • Penange Dogon
      • Tiranige Diga Dogon
    • Arewacin Filayen Dogon
      • Dogul Dom Dogon
      • Yanda-Bondum-Tebul
        • Najamba-Kindige: Bondum Dom, Kindige, Najamba
        • Tebul Ure Dogon
        • Yanda-Ana
          • Ana Tinga Dogon
          • Yanda Dom Dogon
  • Yankin Gabas
    • Dogon mai tsawo
      • Donno Don Dogon
      • Tommo So Dogon
      • Toro So Dogon: Ibi So, Ireli, Sangha So, Yorno So, Youga So
    • Nangan Dogon
      • Bankan Tey Dogon
      • Ben Tey Dogon
      • Nanga Dogon
    • Filayen Dogon
      • Jamsay Dogon: Bama, Domno, Gono, Guru, Perge Tegu
      • Toro Tegu Dogon
      • Yammacin Filayen Dogon
        • Tengou-Togo Dogon: Gimri Kan, Tengu Kan, Tenu Kan, Togo Kan, Woru Kan
        • Tomo Kan Dogon

Kwatanta kalmomin kamus na asali na yarukan Dogon, [3] tare da Bangime: [4]

Harshe Wurin da yake ido kunne hanci hakora harshe baki jini kasusuwa itace ruwa cin abinci sunan
Yorno-So Bayyanawa: Suguwa Sinanci ɛ̌n nɛ́nɛ́, nɛ́̌ː Kafin nan, kafin nan ìllîː kǐː náː dǐː Kaː Bohy
Toro Tegu Tabi Ya yi la'akari da cewa Surguru Cibiyar Ya yi amfani da shi Ya kasance Ka neŋ Ciyawa naː, X na ní Ya fi haka haruffa ìsǒŋ
Ben Tey Beni Rashin lafiya inda Yanayi Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi Halãmdɛː mǒː, m̀bǒː Goro. CIRNYYYY náː, nàː-dûm Nishina: Rashin amfani Rashin jin daɗi:
Yanda Dom Yanda Ya ce, Yanayin Kìnzà An haife shi Snowmdà Ƙaddamarwa, MBO Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi Manna Sai dai, sai dai, sai kuma ciki ʔə́ñɛ́ ~ ʔəñɛ́-lì a cikin
Jamsay Douentza Rashin lafiya Sunu da'irar Birni da aka yi amfani da shi Snow Kaː Snowyn CIRI náː níː Rashin amfani da shi: bón
Perge Tegu Pergué Bayyanawa Sunugunni Kírné Birni da aka yi amfani da shi Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita Kaː Snowm Mursar náː níː Rashin amfani da shi: sórnú
Gurú Kiri Bayyanawa Ba zato ba tsammani Kírné Birni da aka yi amfani da shi Snow Kaː Snowyn Mursar Ayyuka níː Rashin amfani da shi: bón
Nanga Yana tafiya Bayyanawa Yanayi mai suna kírnê N'auka, k'auka Sannu a hankali nɔ̌ː Gondugu Mursar deː, nàː dueː Nishina: Giraː N'aurar da ke cikin
Bankan-Tey Walo Bayyanawa Sunu da'irar Yaro da kuma Kalmomin mbǔː Goro. Mutanen da ke cikin nàː-dûm Nishina: Rashin amfani Nashin kansa
Najamba Kubewel-Adia Ya ce ya ce súnùː ~ súnìː kìnjâː ~ kìnjɛ̂ː ìnɔ̌ː ~ ìnɛ̌ː nɛ̌ndɔː ~ nɛ̌̀ː ìbí-ŋgé ~ ìbí Cön-ge ~ Cön kìná-ŋgó ~ kìná da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna íŋgé ~ íŋgé, ínjé ~ ínjé kwɛ́ inèn ~ inèn
Tommo-So Tongo-Tongo Bayyanawa Suguulu Kenu Tun da farko A bayyane yake Kafin, kafin Ya kasance mai suna "Ill". Ɗan nan Alamar Sai dai Jiki mai mahimmanci Boi
Togo-Kan Koporo-pen Bayyanawa Surguru kírní Gudanar da shi Snow Kyantaka Snow Nursar náː díː ñíː ~ ñíː Bayan aiki
Mombo Songho Girma Gishiri na ciki Sinanci a cikin Newder Rashin saurin saurin sa Gen: ge gàːwněː Tininginging Farawa: Fushiː a cikin
Rashin karfi[4] ɡìré taŋà superby-rì n n n'a da kuma nóɔ́ n ʒɛ́rí Arewa Kai nnò́rɛ́ dwàà, dwàɛ̀ Mutanen da ke ciki Rana ce (màá) níì

Lambobin

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Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban:

Harshe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dogulu Dom (1) Tunanin An haife shi yana tafiya a wurin Kafin N'aurar ƙuƙwalwar Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Sanyen Tuùwɔ́ Ƙananan abubuwa
Dogul Dom Dogon (2) Ɗauki Snow Taandu Rashin jituwa ba haka ba ne kuloi Sunanci Seele tuwɔ Zaben da ya shafi
Tommo So Dogon tií (ka a matsayin mai gyara) haihuwar tàndú Sashin sauka N'adda kuma kúlóy Sa'ad da aka yi ɡáɡírà Tuwwɔ́ Ƙananan
Donno Don Dogon tí (don ƙidaya), túru Yana da alaƙa tàːnu Zuwa lamba / nnɔ kúlóy / kulei Sa'ad da aka yi ɡàɡara Tuño / tuɡɔ Ƙananan abubuwa
Jamsay Dogon ka lɛ̌y / lɛ́y tǎːn / tàːn nǎyn / nàyn * Sai dai idan ya yi haka ne Kúróy tabbatacce ɡáːrà láːrúwà / láːrwà Ƙarshen
Toro So Dogon (1) Bayani (don ƙidaya), túrú Kalmomin Ya kasance a cikin Naji Nunifoc kúlòj Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ɡáárà Tuwɔ́ Ƙarshen
Toro So Dogon (2) tíírú (don ƙidaya), túrú Ka karanta Tun daga wannan lokacin na'urar Nuckovikin kúlóí Sa'a ɡáɡá Tuwɔ́ Lelu
Toro Tegu Dogon ka Har ila yau, tǎːlí An kafa shi ne a lokacin da aka kafa shi. Sai dai: kúréy son ɡáːrà laːra Ya kasance mai sauƙi
Bankan Tey Dogon Ka samu jǒj tàːní Nãgidan Nummǔjn A cikin shekaru Signɔjn ɡáːràj kaiːsúm Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin
Ben Tey Dogon Ka yi amfani da shi: Bayyanawa tànúː da aka sani da shi Numǔyn Tun da daɗewa Sunanin ɡáːrày t.sǐm Ƙarshen
Mombo Dogon Oshina: Oshina / Oshina (a ƙidaya) nɛ́ːŋɡá tandːndì Kafin nan ƙira: ƙira kúléyn sɔ́ːlì watan Satumbar Dukkanin haka: Ƙarshen haske
Najamba-Kindige Ƙarƙashin nôːj tàːndîː caji Numîː kúlèj swɛ̂j sáːɡìː twâj Firai
Nanga Dogon Kafin nan Ya kasance a cikin tàːndǐː Arewa Nãmǐː kúrê Sunayen ɡáːrɛ̀ t.sǐː Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin
Togo Kan Dogon (1) kai Rodi Ta'an, ta'an Sashin sautin Núnen Kurewa Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Sihaila Tuwa Ƙarshen
Togo Kan Dogon (2) kai Rashin jituwa tann náɲì ma'auni Kúlèn Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Yana da kai ka Lami
Yanda Dom Dogon Ka samu: nɔː / a'a inda Abin da ya faru Nnu ƙuƙwalwa Swɛ́ː Saːɡè twâː ka yi amfani da shi

Dubi kuma

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Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2015. Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon. In Mother Tongue, Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of Harold Crane Fleming (1926–2015).
  2. ↑ Glottolog 4.3.
  3. ↑ Heath, Jeffrey; McPherson, Laura; Prokhorov, Kirill; Moran, Steven. 2015. Dogon Comparative Wordlist Archived 2023-06-05 at the Wayback Machine. Unpublished Manuscript.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Heath, Jeffrey. 2013. Bangime and Dogon Comparative Wordlists. m.s.

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Bendor-Samuel, John & Olsen, Elizabeth J. & White, Ann R. (1989) 'Dogon', a cikin Bendor- Samuel & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) Harsunan Nijar-Congo: Rarrabawa da bayanin dangin harshe mafi girma na Afirka (shafi na 169-177).  Lanham, Maryland: Jami'ar Jami'ar Amurka.
  • Bertho, J. (1953) 'Matsayin yarukan Dogon na dutsen Bandiagara tsakanin sauran kungiyoyin harsuna na yankin Sudan,' Bulletin de l'IFAN, 15, 405-441.
  • [Inda Aka Dauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Binciken harsunan Dogon a Mali: Bayani". OGMIOS: Jaridar Gidauniyar Harsuna Masu Hadari. 3.02 (26): 14–15. An samo shi a 2011-06-30..Empty citation (help)
  • Blench, Roger (2005b) 'Baŋgi me, wani harshe na ba a san shi ba a Arewacin Mali', OGMIOS: Newsletter of Foundation for Endangered Languages, 3.02 (# 26), 15-16. (ra'ayi tare da jerin kalmomi)
  • Calame-Griaule, Geneviève (1956) Harsunan Dogon. Afirka, 26 (1), 62-72.
  • Calame-Griaule, Geneviève (1968) Dictionnaire Dogon Dialecte tɔrɔ: Harshe da wayewa. Paris: Klincksieck: Paris.
  • Heath, Jeffrey (2008) A grammar of Jamsay . Berlin/New York: Tumar Gruyter.
  •  
  • Empty citation (help)
  • Plungian, Vladimir Aleksandrovič (1995) Dogon (Harsunan kayan duniya vol. 64). München: LINCOM Turai
  • Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger-Congo', a cikin Heine, Bernd da Nurse, Derek (eds) Harsunan Afirka - Gabatarwa. Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, shafi na 11-42. 

Haɗin waje

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