Efua Sutherland

Efua Sutherland
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Cape Coast, 27 ga Yuni, 1924
ƙasa	Ghana
Mutuwa	Accra, 2 ga Janairu, 1996
Ƴan uwa
Yara	view Esi Sutherland-Addy
Karatu
Makaranta	St Monica's Senior High School ^(en) Homerton College ^(en) School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London ^(en)
Matakin karatu	Digiri a kimiyya
Harsuna	Turanci Yaren Akan
Sana'a
Sana'a	maiwaƙe, marubuci, marubucin wasannin kwaykwayo, mai karantarwa da Marubiyar yara
Employers	University of Ghana
Muhimman ayyuka	Drama Studio ^(en) Panafest
Kyaututtuka	gani Google Doodle

Efua Sutherland Efua Theodora Sutherland (an haife ta 27 ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif 1924 - 2 Janairu 1996) ^[1] marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce yar Ghana, darekta, mai wasan kwaikwayo, marubuciyar yara, mawaƙiya, masanin ilimi, mai bincike, mai ba da shawara ga yara, kuma mai fafutukar al'adu. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo Foriwa (1962), ^[2] Edufa (1967), where ^[3]da The Marriage of Anansewa (1975).^[4][5]. Ta kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana, ^[6]Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Ghana, ^[7] Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana, da kuma aikin al'umma da ake kira Kodzidan (Gidan Labari).^[8] A matsayinta ta farkon marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana,^[9] ta kasance mai tasiri wajen haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana na zamani, kuma ta taimaka wajen gabatar da nazarin al'adun wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a matakin jami'a. Ta kasance jagaba mai shela a Afirka, ta kafa kamfanin Afram Publications a Accra a shekarar 1970s.^[10] Ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan al'adu ga yara tun daga farkon 1950s har zuwa mutuwarta, kuma ta taka rawa wajen haɓaka manhajoji na ilimi, adabi, wasan kwaikwayo da fim ga kuma game da yaran Ghana. Maƙalar hotonta na 1960 Playtime in Africa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Willis E. Bell, ta bayyana mahimmancin wasa a cikin ci gaban yara kuma a cikin 1980s jagorancinta ya bi shi a cikin ci gaban tsarin wuraren shakatawa na yara na jama'a don ƙasar.

Sutherland's pan-Africanism ya bayyana a cikin goyon bayanta ga ƙa'idodinta da haɗin gwiwarta da masu zaman kansu na Afirka da Afirka a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da hulɗa da Chinua Achebe, Ama Ata Aidoo, Maya Angelou, W. E. B. Du Bois da Shirley Graham Du Bois, Margaret. Busby, Tom Feelings, Langston Hughes, Martin Luther King da Coretta Scott King, Femi Osofisan, Félix Morisseau-Leroy, Es'kia Mphahlele, Wole Soyinka da Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Bayan da a shekarar 1980 ta rubuta ainihin shawarwarin bikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Afirka a Ghana a matsayin abin al'ada don hada 'yan Afirka a duniya, Sutherland ita ce ta jagoranci bikin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na Pan-Afrika da aka sani da PANAFEST, wanda aka fara gudanar da shi a shekara ta 1980. 1992.^[11]

Efua Sutherland ta rasu a Accra tana da shekaru 71 a shekara ta 1996.

Farkon rayuwa da karatu

An haife ta a matsayin Efua Theodora Morgue a Cape Coast, Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), inda ta yi karatun koyarwa a Kwalejin Koyarwa ta St Monica da ke Mampong. Daga nan sai ta tafi Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta, inda ta sami digiri na BA a Kwalejin Homerton, Jami'ar Cambridge - daya daga cikin matan Afirka na farko da suka yi karatu a can - kuma ta karanta ilimin harshe a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London.^[12]

Dawowa Ghana a 1951, ta fara koyarwa a Fijai Secondary School a Sekondi, sannan a Makarantar St. Monica (1951–54), sannan ta fara koyar da yara. Daga baya za ta ce: “Na fara rubutu da gaske a shekara ta 1951. Har ma ina iya tunawa da daidai lokacin da aka yi, a lokacin Ista ne, na daɗe ina tunanin matsalar adabi a ƙasata. Dalibai na a wani kauye kuma na yi fushi sosai game da irin wallafe-wallafen da ake tilasta wa yara a ciki, ba shi da alaƙa da muhallinsu, yanayin zamantakewa ko wani abu.^[13]

A 1954, ta auri Bill Sutherland, Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka kuma ɗan Afirka, wanda a 1953 ya ƙaura zuwa Ghana. Suna da 'ya'ya uku - masanin ilimi Esi Sutherland-Addy, masanin injiniya Ralph Sutherland, da lauya Amowi Sutherland Phillips) - kuma ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen kafa makaranta a yankin Transvolta.

Samar da adabi

Lokacin da Gold Coast ta zama kasa ta Ghana mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1957, Efua Sutherland ta shirya kungiyar Marubuta ta Ghana (daga baya kungiyar Marubuta ta Ghana), wacce a shekarar 1960 ta fitar da fitowar farko ta mujallar adabi ta Okyeame, inda Sutherland ta zama edita. Sutherland ta yi gwajin kirkire-kirkire tare da ba da labari da sauran nau'ikan ban mamaki daga al'adun Ghana na asali. Yawancin wasanninta sun dogara ne akan labarun gargajiya, amma kuma an aro daga adabin yammacin duniya, suna mai da al'adun gargajiyar Afirka zuwa dabarun wasan kwaikwayo na zamani.[30] An watsa yawancin wakokinta da sauran rubuce-rubucen a gidan rediyon The Singing Net, wanda Henry Swanzy ya fara, daga baya kuma an buga shi a cikin kundin tarihinsa na Voices of Ghana a 1958. Fitowar farko ta mujallar Okyeame a shekarar 1960 ta ƙunshi gajeriyar labarinta mai suna “Samantaase”, ta sake ba da labarin tatsuniyoyi. Shahararrun wasanninta sune Edufa (1967) (dangane da Alcestis na Euripides), Foriwa (1967), da Aure na Anansewa.

A cikin 1958, Sutherland ta kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana gwaji, wanda ya kasance a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana wanda Sutherland ya gina kuma Shugaba Kwame Nkrumah ya kaddamar a 1963 tare da Joe de Graft a matsayin darekta na farko. An gina shi a cikin garin Accra, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Drama ya zama filin horarwa ga ƙwararrun masu wasan kwaikwayo daga ko'ina cikin Afirka. A shekarar 1962, ta shiga ma’aikatan sabuwar Makarantar Kida da Watsa Labarai, wadda J. H. Kwabena Nketia ke shugabanta. A cikin 1963, lokacin da Sutherland ta ɗauki matsayin Mataimakin Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ghana, ta kawo tare da ita gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana Drama Studio, wanda ya zama filin horarwa a waje, wanda ake kira Jami'ar Ghana Drama Studio. Sutherland, ban da binciken filinta da koyarwa a cikin Forms ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka, ta kasance ƙwaƙƙwarar memba na ƙungiyar da ta tsara kuma ta kafa Makarantar Fasaha. Har ila yau, ta damu da labarun gargajiya da haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma, ta kafa Kodzidan (Gidan Labari) a Ekumfi-Atwia, Yankin Tsakiya, wanda aka amince da shi a duk duniya a matsayin abin koyi na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo don ci gaba.

Sutherland ta ba da jagoranci kuma ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga yawancin ƙwararrun marubutan Ghana, waɗanda suka haɗa da Ama Ata Aidoo, Kofi Anyidoho da Meshack Asare. A farkon shekarun 1970, Sutherland ta kafa kamfanin buga littattafai na Afram Publications, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1973, kuma a cikin Maris 1974 ta fara aiki daga ɗakinta na sirri a "Araba Mansa", filinta a Dzorwulu, Accra. Sutherland ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aikin editan Afram har mutuwarta.

Ƙaunar al'adu da al'adun Afirka

Ayyukan Sutherland sun ja hankalin masu ƙirƙira daga duniyar Afirka ta duniya. Juzu'i na biyar na abubuwan tunawa da Maya Angelou Duk yaran Allah suna buƙatar takalman balaguro ya shaida irin goyon baya da shiga cikin al'ummar Ghana da Efua Sutherland ta ba ta a cikin 1960s wanda ya zama aminiya ta kusa.

Sutherland ta gana da Dr W. E. B. Du Bois lokacin da ta jagoranci tawagar Ghana zuwa taron Marubuta Afro-Asiya na 1958 a Tashkent (yanzu babban birnin Uzbekistan). Ita da kanta za ta shiga tsakani, a mutuwarsa a Accra, Ghana a 1963, don tallafa wa Mrs Shirley Du Bois. A cikin 1980s Sutherland ta taimaka wajen kafa W.E.B. Du Bois Memorial Center for Pan African Culture and Mausoleum a gidan Du Bois'Accra.

A cikin 1980, Sutherland ta rubuta takarda mai taken "Shawarwari don Bikin Wasan kwaikwayo na Tarihi a Cape Coast", yana mai nuni da mahimmancin da ta danganta da alaƙa tsakanin Afirka da ƙasashen waje. Wannan ya zaburar da harkar da ta samu ci gaba a matsayin kungiyar PANAFEST da gwamnati ta dauki nauyi, bikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Pan-African Historical Theater, wanda aka gudanar a Cape Coast, Elmina da Accra, Ghana, daga 12 zuwa 19 ga Disamba 1992, karkashin taken "Sakewar bullowar wayewar Afirka".

Inganta rayuwar yara

Sutherland ta jagoranci Ghana ta amince da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (kasa ta farko da ta fara yin hakan) kuma ta jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Yara ta kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1990, lokacin da ya nuna mafi karfi da cikakkiyar ba da shawara ga yara a ma'auni na kasa. a tarihin Ghana. A cikin wannan aikin, ta jagoranci wasu sabbin shirye-shirye, ciki har da Asusun Ilimin Yara don tallafawa al'ummomin da ba a yi musu hidima ba, Taron Fasaha na Wayar hannu wanda ke ba da ilimin kimiyya ga matalauta ko yara na karkara, da samar da filaye don iri samfurin wurin shakatawa da ɗakunan karatu na yara. kewayen kasar. Ta kafa harsashin ginin gidauniyar Mmofra, wacce ke aiki tun 1997 a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a da ta sadaukar da kai don inganta rayuwar al'adu da tunani na duk yara a Ghana. A cikin 2012 an ƙaddamar da shirin Playtime in Africa Initiative, wanda littafinta mai suna na 1961 ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, don farfado da ingancin ga rayuwar yara.

Babban aikinta na ƙarshe a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Legon, shi ne shirin raya wasan kwaikwayo na yara, wanda ke da nufin haɓaka kayan aiki, hanyoyin da ma'aikatan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo a ciki da wajen makaranta. UNICEF ta gayyaci Sutherland don shiga ƙungiyar masana ta duniya don yin la'akari da ƙa'idar haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare yara. Florence Laast, wacce ta kafa Makarantar St Martin de Porres ta Accra, yayin da take magana game da yadda rayuwarta ta yi tasiri sakamakon jagoranci na Sutherland, ta bayyana ta a matsayin "daya daga cikin manyan masu tunani a zamaninmu" wanda ya yi imanin cewa "gidan shine ajin mu na farko, kuma iyayenmu malaman farko”.

Ayyukan ta na ci gaba

• Bayan gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Ghana a 1992 a wurin da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya mamaye, an gina kwafin Studio a harabar jami'ar Ghana a matsayin wani bangare na makarantar koyar da fasaha. A bikin cika shekaru 50 da kafa jami'ar, Studio ya koma Efua Sutherland Drama Studio. Efua Sutherland Park Park. Da yake kusa da tsakiyar Accra, wannan fili mai girman kadada 12 ya sami tsaro ta Sutherland a cikin 1980s azaman wurin shakatawa ga duk yara.

•Wani fili mai girman eka 12 a tsakiyar Accra wanda aka tanada a matsayin wurin shakatawa na yara a tsakiyar Accra ta hanyar shawarwarin Efua Sutherland kuma an sanya mata suna. Efua Sutherlandstraat na ɗaya daga cikin tituna a wani yanki na Amsterdam, Netherlands, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan manyan mata marubuta da masu fafutuka.

Manazarta

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-1
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-2
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-3
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-4
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-5
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-Merriam-6
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-7
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-Murphy-8
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-9
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efua_Sutherland#cite_note-AframHistory-11
11. "Playwriting and postcolonialism: identifying the key factors in the development and diminution of playwriting in Ghana 1916-2007"
12. Sutherland, Efua, A Voice in the Forest (Ghana: Afram Publishing, 1983), p. 9.
13. 19 July 2003), for William Minter, Gail Hovey, and Charles Cobb Jr. (eds), No Easy Victories: African Liberation and American Activists over a Half Century, 1950–2000, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2007.