Fyade a Amurka

Fyade a Amurka
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na rape (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
yanda aka rinkauin fade
fade

Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta bayyana fyade a Amurka a matsayin "Ƙetare, komai yadda yake da ƙanƙanta, na farji ko anus tare da kowane bangare ko abu na jiki, ko shiga baki ta hanyar jima'i na wani mutum, ba tare da yardar wanda aka azabtar ba. " Duk da yake ma'anoni da ƙamus na fyade sun bambanta da iko a Amurka, FBI ta sake fasalin ma'anar don kawar da abin da ake buƙata cewa laifin ya haɗa da wani bangare na karfi.[1]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 ya gano cewa ana iya yin fyade sosai a Amurka.[2] Bugu da ƙari, binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 ya ba da shawarar cewa sassan 'yan sanda na iya kawar da ko rage ƙididdigar fyade daga bayanan hukuma a wani bangare don "halicci mafarki na nasara wajen yaki da aikata laifuka".[3]

A shekarar da aka ruwaito ta ƙarshe, 2013, yawan yaduwar shekara-shekara ga duk hare-haren jima'i ciki har da fyade ya kasance 0.1% (yawan yaduwar kowace shekara yana wakiltar yawan wadanda abin ya shafa a kowace shekara, maimakon yawan hare-hares tunda wasu sun sha wahala fiye da sau ɗaya a lokacin rahoton). Binciken ya hada da maza da mata masu shekaru 12+.[4] Tunda fyade wani bangare ne na duk hare-haren jima'i, yaduwar fyade ya fi ƙarancin ƙididdigar.[5] Daga cikin waɗannan hare-haren, Ofishin Kididdigar Shari'a ya bayyana cewa an ba da rahoton 34.8% ga 'yan sanda, daga 29.3% a shekara ta 2004. [6]

Ma'anar

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A Amurka, a matakin Tarayya, ana amfani da ma'anar rahoton aikata laifuka na FBI (UCR) yayin tattara kididdigar aikata laifukan ƙasa daga jihohi a duk faɗin Amurka. An canza ma'anar UCR game da fyade a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2013 don cire abin da ake buƙata na tilastawa a kan mace da kuma haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan shiga.[1] Sabon ma'anar ya karanta:

Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.

Shekaru 80 kafin canjin 2013, ma'anar UCR game da fyade ita ce "sanin jiki na mace da karfi kuma ba tare da son zuciyarta ba".[7]

A matakin jiha, babu wani takamaiman ma'anar fyade;  maimakon haka, kowace jiha tana da nata dokokin.  Waɗannan ma'anoni na iya bambanta da yawa, amma yawancinsu ba sa amfani da kalmar fyade kuma, a maimakon haka ta yin amfani da cin zarafin jima'i, jima'i na laifi, cin zarafin jima'i, batir jima'i, da dai sauransu.

Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar doka, wanda Sojojin Amurka ke amfani da shi ana samunsa a cikin Dokar Shari'a ta Soja ta Amurka [Title 10, Subtitle A, Babi na 47X, Sashe na 920, Mataki na 120], ya bayyana fyade kamar haka:

(a) Rape. — Any person subject to this chapter who commits a sexual act upon another person by —

(1) using unlawful force against that other person;

(2) using force causing or likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm to any person;

(3) threatening or placing that other person in fear that any person will be subjected to death, grievous bodily harm, or kidnapping;

(4) first rendering that other person unconscious; or

(5) administering to that other person by force or threat of force, or without the knowledge or consent of that person, a drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance and thereby substantially impairing the ability of that other person to appraise or control conduct;

is guilty of rape and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.[8]

Kididdiga da bayanai

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Rashin fyade na shekara-shekara da duk nau'ikan fyade na jima'i ga kowane mutum 100,000, a kasashe daban-daban, 2003-2011

Yaduwa da yawan abubuwan da suka faru

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Binciken Tashin hankali na Kasa akan Mata (NVAWS) ya bayyana cewa an yi wa mata 300,000 da maza 93,000 fyade a kowace shekara tsakanin Nuwamba 1995 zuwa Mayu 1996. Rape yaduwar tsakanin mata a Amurka (kashi na mata da suka fuskanci fyade aƙalla sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu har zuwa yanzu) yana cikin kewayon 15-20% bisa ga binciken daban-daban (Binciken Cin zarafin Kasa akan Mata, 1995, ya sami 17.6%; binciken ƙasa na 2007 don Ma'aikatar Shari'a akan fyade ya sami 18% yaduwar. [9][10] Rashin amfani da shi Dangane da rahoton Maris 2013 daga Ofishin Adalci na Ma'aikatar Shari'a na Amurka, daga 1995 zuwa 2010, ƙididdigar shekara-shekara na fyade mata ko cin zarafin jima'i ya ragu da 58%, daga 5.0 azabtarwa ga kowace 1,000 mata masu shekaru 12 ko sama da haka zuwa 2.1 ga 1,000. Hare-haren da aka yi wa mata matasa masu shekaru 12-17 sun ragu daga 11.3 a kowace 1,000 a 1994-1998 zuwa 4.1 a kowace 1,000 iti 2005-2010; hare-haren a kan mata masu shekaru 18-34 sun ragu a wannan lokacin, daga 7.0 a kowace 1,000 zuwa 3.7 [11]

Rahoton Laifin Uniform na 2018 (UCR), wanda ke auna fyade da aka ruwaito wa 'yan sanda, ya kiyasta cewa akwai fyade 139,380 da aka ruwaitan ga masu tilasta bin doka a cikin 2018. Binciken Laifuka na Kasa na 2016 (NCVS), wanda ke auna hare-haren jima'i da fyade wanda wataƙila ba a ba da rahoton ga 'yan sanda ba, ya kiyasta cewa akwai abubuwan 431,840 na fyade ko fyade a cikin 2015.

Sauran binciken gwamnati, irin su binciken cin zarafin jima'i na mata na kwaleji, suna sukar NCVS bisa ga cewa ya haɗa da kawai waɗancan ayyukan da aka ɗauka a matsayin laifuka ta wanda aka azabtar, kuma suna ba da rahoton yawan cin zarafi mafi girma.[12] Kimanin daga wasu tushe yawanci suna ba da rahoton matakan da suka fi girma na fyade da cin zarafin jima'i fiye da ko dai NCVS ko UCR. Wani binciken da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka suka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya gano cewa kimanin 1 cikin mata 5 da 1 cikin maza 71 (an 'yi ƙarin 1 cikin maza 21 don shiga' wani) sun sami yunkurin ko kammala fyade a rayuwarsu.[13] Bambance-bambance a cikin samfurori na binciken, ma'anar fyade da cin zarafin jima'i, da kalmomin tambayoyin binciken na iya taimakawa ga waɗannan bambance-bambancen, kuma babu wata yarjejeniya game da hanya mafi kyau don auna fyade da fyade. Dukansu NCVS da UCR an yi imanin cewa sun rage yawan fyade da cin zarafin jima'i da ke faruwa.

Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, kashi 21.8% na fyade na Amurka na mata da aka azabtar da su fyade ne na ƙungiyoyi.[14]RAINN, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, mafi girma a Amurka, ta ruwaito: kowane sakan 68, ana cin zarafin Ba'amurke.[15]

Canji a cikin nau'in aikata laifuka

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[ana buƙatar hujja]

A cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, fyade yana raguwa. Dangane da Binciken Laifuka na Kasa, an daidaita yawan cin zarafin shekara-shekara na kowane mutum ya ragu daga kusan 2.4 ga kowane mutum 1000 (shekaru 12 da sama) a cikin 1980 (wato, mutane 2.4 daga kowane mutum 1000 12 da haihuwa an yi musu fyade a cikin 1980) zuwa kusan 0.4 ga kowane mutum 1,000 a cikin 2003, raguwar kusan 85%. Akwai dalilai da yawa da za a iya yi game da wannan, gami da dokoki masu tsauri da ilimi game da tsaro ga mata.  

Yawan jama'a na maharan da wadanda abin ya shafa

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Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya kuma tattara shari'o'in bayanai da suka shafi wadanda abin ya shafa da masu aikata laifukan jima'i:

Masu aikata laifukan jima'i da wadanda abin ya shafa kididdigar (Bayani: FBI)
Shekara Masu laifi Wadanda aka azabtar
Maza Mata Ba a sani ba Maza Mata Ba a sani ba
2012[16][17] 65,071 (Ba a tilasta) 5,859 (Ba a Tilasta)
3,853 (Ba a tilasta) 541 (Ba a Tilasta)
1,517 (Ba a tilasta) 86 (Ba a ba da izini)
11,471 (Na tilasta) 629 (Ba na tilasta)
61,486 (Ba a tilasta) 5,859 (Ba a ba da izini)
175 (Ba a tilasta) 5 (Ba a ba da izini)
2013[18][19] 62,280 (Ba a tilasta) 5,396 (Ba a Tilasta)
3,846 (Na tilasta) 530 (Ba na tilasta)
1,486 (Mai tilasta) 77 (Ba Mai tilasta)
10,961 (Ba a tilasta) 643 (Ba a Tilasta)
58,981 (Ba a tilasta) 5,511 (Ba a Tilasta)
202 (Mai tilasta) 9 (Ba Mai tilasta)
2014[20][21] 62,393 (Na tilasta) 4,804 (Ba na tilasta)
4,034 (Ba a tilasta) 498 (Ba a ba da izini)
1,678 (Ba a tilasta) 51 (Ba a Tilasta)
10,821 (Ba a tilasta) 590 (Ba a ba da izini)
59,875 (Ba a tilasta) 4,888 (Ba a Tilasta)
232 (Ba a tilasta) 6 (Ba a ba da izini)
2015[22][23] 66,545 (Ba a tilasta) 4,712 (Ba a Tilasta)
4,391 (Ba a tilasta) 473 (Ba a Tilasta)
2,069 (Na tilasta) 52 (Ba na tilasta)
11,463 (Na tilasta) 520 (Ba na tilasta)
64,202 (Ba a tilasta) 4,836 (Ba a Tilasta)
225 (Ba a tilasta) 3 (Ba a ba da izini)
2016[24][25] 73,249 (Ba a tilasta) 4,588 (Ba a Tilasta)
4,580 (Ba a tilasta) 516 (Ba a ba da izini)
2,174 (Na tilasta) 74 (Ba na tilasta)
12,146 (Ba a tilasta) 637 (Ba a ba da izini)
71,180 (Ba a tilasta) 4,723 (Ba a Tilasta)
285 (Ba a tilasta) 6 (Ba a ba da izini)
2017[26][27] 79,635 (Ba a tilasta) 4,859 (Ba a Tilasta)
4,887 (Ba a tilasta) 516 (Ba a Tilasta)
2,448 (Ba a tilasta) 69 (Ba a Tilasta)
12,632 (Ba a tilasta) 682 (Ba a Tilasta)
78,308 (Ba a tilasta) 4,922 (Ba a ba da izini)
268 (Ba a tilasta) 9 (Ba a ba da izini)
2018[28][29] 91,838 6,002 3,024 14,365 91,219 324
2019[30][31] 105,030 6,920 3,230 16,263 104,720 348

Yawancin bincike da bayar da rahoto game da fyade sun mai da hankali kan nau'ikan fyade na namiji da mace. Ba a yi bincike sosai game da fyade na namiji da na mace ba, kuma kusan babu wani bincike da aka yi game da fyaye na mace.

Wani rahoto na 1997 daga Ofishin Kididdiga na Shari'a na Amurka ya gano cewa kashi 91% na wadanda aka yi wa fyade mata ne kuma kashi 9% maza ne, kuma kashi 99% na wadanda aka kama don fyade maza ne.[32]: 10 Koyaya, waɗannan kididdigar sun dogara ne akan rahotanni na "shigawar tilasta". Wannan adadin ya cire lokuta inda aka "sa maza su shiga" wani mutum, wanda aka tantance su daban a karkashin "mugunta na jima'i". Denov (2004) ya bayyana cewa martani na al'umma game da batun mata masu aikata laifin jima'i "ya nuna karkatar da mata a matsayin masu cin zarafin jima'in da za su iya aiki don rufe ainihin girman matsalar".

[33] Wani bincike na 2014 da Ofishin Kididdigar Shari'a na kwalejin kwalejin kididdigar fyade daga bayanan binciken cin zarafin jama'a na kasa da aka tattara daga 1995 zuwa 2013, kuma ya nuna cewa fyade a koleji ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga launin fata.

Binciken Abokin Hulɗa na Kasa da Cin zarafin Jima'i na 2010 ya gano cewa an yi wa 13.1% na 'yan mata mata, 46.1% na mata masu jima'i, da 17.4% na mata masu luwadi fyade, an yi musu fyade, ko kuma an bi su.[34]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Frequently Asked Questions about the Change in the UCR Definition of Rape". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  2. ↑ National Research Council. Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013.
  3. ↑ Yung, C. R. (2014). How to Lie with Rape Statistics: America's Hidden Rape Crisis. Iowa Law Review, 99(1197).
  4. ↑ Langton, Lynn; Truman, Jennifer L. (14 September 2014). "Criminal Victimization, 2013". p. 5. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Langton, Lynn; Sinozich, Sofi (14 December 2014). "Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Among College-Age Females, 1995–2013" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  6. ↑ Langton, Lynn; Truman, Jennifer L. (14 September 2014). "Criminal Victimization, 2013". p. 7. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "Rape Addendum". fbi.gov. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  8. ↑ "10 U.S. Code § 920 - Art. 120. Rape and sexual assault generally". LII / Legal Information Institute (in Turanci). 2011-05-18. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  9. ↑ Tjaden, Patricia; Thoennes, Nancy (November 1998). "Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence against Women: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Research in Brief" (PDF) (in Turanci). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  10. ↑ Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Resnick, Heidi S.; Ruggiero, Kenneth J.; Conoscenti, Lauren M.; McCauley, Jenna (July 2007). "Drug-facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study" (PDF). National Criminal Justice Reference Service. United States Department of Justice. pp. 43–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  11. ↑ Berzofsky, Marcus; Krebs, Christopher; Langton, Lynn; Planty, Michael; Smiley-McDonald, Hope (7 March 2013). "Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010". Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  12. ↑ Fischer, Bonnie S.; Cullen, Francis T.; Turner, Michael G. (December 2000). "Sexual Victimization of College Women" (PDF). NCJRS.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  13. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ↑ Horvath, Miranda et al. Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape. Routledge 2013, page 15.
  15. ↑ "Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics". RAINN.
  16. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category". FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  17. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category". FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  18. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category". FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  19. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category". FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  20. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  21. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  22. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  23. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  24. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  25. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  26. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  27. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  28. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  29. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  30. ↑ "Offenders sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  31. ↑ "Victims sex by offense category" (PDF). FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  32. ↑ Greenfeld, Lawrence A. (February 1997). "Sex Offenses and Offenders" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice. p. 3. NCJ-163392. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  33. ↑ Sinozich, Sofi; Langton, Lynn. "Rape and sexual assault victimization among college-age females, 1995-2013" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics (in Turanci). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  34. ↑ Walters, M.L.; Chen, J.; Breiding, M.J. (January 2013). "The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation" (PDF). CDC.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 2018-06-22.