Garancin mata a Najeriya

Rana Yara mata

Najeriya ce tafi kowacce kasa yawan kaciya a duniya baki daya. Yawancin lokaci 'yan mata masu shekaru 0 zuwa 15 suna fuskantar su. Ya ƙunshi ko dai wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya cire farji ko wani rauni ga al'aurar mace kuma ba shi da wani fa'ida na likita.

Al'adar na da illa ga 'yan mata da mata kuma ana kallon ta a matsayin take hakkin dan Adam. Sakamakonsa ya haɗa da rashin haihuwa, mutuwar mata masu juna biyu, cututtuka, da raguwar jin daɗin jima'i^[1]

.^[2] Ya zuwa 2012, kashi 27% na matan Najeriya masu shekaru 15 zuwa 49 sun yi kaciya.[5] Yayin da a wasu yankuna na Najeriya, yawan FGM ya ragu da rabi a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kamar yadda na 2016, [3] ya zuwa 2022 yana karuwa a tsakanin 'yan mata masu shekaru 0-14, wanda ya sanya Najeriya a matsayin kasa ta uku mafi girma ga FGM a duk duniya. na kashi, a cewar UNICEF. ^[3][4]

A watan Mayun 2015, shugaban kasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ya sanya hannu kan wata doka ta tarayya da ta haramta FGM. Masu adawa da wannan al'adar dai sun bayyana wannan mataki a matsayin wani muhimmin ci gaba a nahiyar Afirka, kasancewar Najeriya ce kasa mafi yawan al'umma kuma ta kafa wani muhimmin tarihi. Sai dai masu fafutuka da masana sun jaddada wajabcin sauya al'adu don kawar da wannan dabi'a gaba daya, domin sabuwar dokar ba za ta iya magance babban matsalar cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata da kuma matsayin mata a Najeriya ba.

tambarin mace a ja

Ra'ayin al'adu

Yawancin masu yin FGM na gargajiya ne ke yin wannan aikin, waɗanda galibi ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya game da tsarin jikin ɗan adam da hanyoyin likitanci.^[5]

Duk da tsananin al'amarin, al'ummomin da wannan al'ada ta yi yawa suna kallonsa a matsayin wani bangare na al'adarsu da al'adunsu. A cikin al'ummomin da ke aiwatar da FGM, yana da alaƙa da kabilanci, al'adu, ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, kuma wani lokaci ana ganinsa a matsayin wajibi na addini. A Najeriya Musulmi da Kirista da Yahudawa ne ke yin ta. Tana da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a tsakanin al'ummomin musulmi, amma ba a ambace ta a cikin Alƙur'ani, littafin musulmi mai tsarki, ko nassosin addini na Kiristanci ko Yahudanci ba; al’adar ta kasance kafin zuwan wadannan addinai a Najeriya. A mafi yawan rubuce-rubucen shari'o'i, 'yan uwa ne (kamar iyaye da kakanni, musamman iyaye mata da kakanni) waɗanda ke yin FGM a kan 'ya'yansu mata da jikoki. Yana da alaka da tabbatar da budurcin ‘ya ‘ya, wanda ake ganin ya zama dole wajen tsara aurenta, da tabbatar da farashin amaryar da ya dace, da kuma daukaka darajar iyali. Ana dai kallon yunkurin kawar da FGM a matsayin barazana ga al'adun Najeriya, musamman a tsakanin tsofaffin matan da aka yi wa wannan al'ada a lokacin samartaka.^[6]

Hakanan yana da alaƙa da ƙara jin daɗin jima'i ga maza da haɓaka haihuwa da iya ɗaukar ciki ga mata, tare da ƙara yiwuwar rayuwar yaro; duk da haka, waɗannan imani ba gaskiya ba ne. Iyalai sau da yawa suna bin al'adar saboda matsin lamba na zamantakewa da tsoron kada a keɓe su daga cikin al'umma. ’Yan matan da ba a yi musu wannan aikin ba, ana ganin ba su cancanci aure ba, kuma ba su da tsarki, kuma hakan haramun ne na zamantakewa. Suna iya fuskantar cin zarafi ko wariya a cikin al'umma. A yawancin lokuta, 'yan mata su kan shiga cikin matsin lamba na tsarawa da na al'umma saboda tsoron wulakanci da kyama daga al'ummarsu, suna yarda da al'ada a matsayin al'ada kuma wajibi ne.^[5]

Samun daidaiton jinsi da karfafawa dukkan mata da 'yan mata shi ne burin ci gaba mai dorewa na biyar (SDG) amma a Najeriya tana fuskantar matsaloli da dama saboda kudurori daban-daban da ba su dace da akidar addini da al'adun mafi yawan al'ummar Najeriya ba don haka. rashin cancanta a sanya shi a matsayin dokar Najeriya..^[7]

Bayanai sun nuna cewa yawancin mutane sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a kawo karshen FGM, amma sun ambaci matsin lamba na zamantakewa don ci gaba da yin aiki tare da 'ya'yansu mata. Musamman maza ba sa son wannan al'ada kuma ba za su so ta ci gaba ba. Ra'ayin mutane kan ko ya kamata a ci gaba da yi wa mata kaciya ko kuma a kawo karshen su ya dogara da yawa kan matsayinsu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Yayin da talakawa da marasa ilimi maza za su so a ci gaba da yi wa mata kaciya, masu arziki da ilimi za su so a daina. Daga cikin mata masu shekaru 15 zuwa 49 da aka yi zabe tsakanin 2004 da 2015, kashi 64% na son kawo karshen wannan al'ada.^[8]

Masu rajin kare hakkin bil adama sun yi imanin cewa haramcin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2015 zai yi tasiri ga sauran kasashen Afirka—yankin da al’adar ta yi yawa a cikinsa-saboda karfin tattalin arziki da siyasar Najeriya a cikin nahiyar.^[1]

Aikin mata nagona

Nau'o'in da aka yi

Kaciya mace al'ada ce da ta samo asali daga al'adun Afirka, ita ce cire ƙwararriyar mace gaba ɗaya ko gaba ɗaya saboda al'ada ko addini. A al’adance ana yinta ne domin kara wa mace aure domin za a kiyaye ta da aure. Idan aka yi wa mata kaciya mata ba za su iya yin jima'i ba, hakan yana tabbatar da cewa ba a yi jima'i kafin aure ba. Ana kuma yin hakan a wasu lokuta don inganta zamantakewar iyalan da aka yiwa ’ya’yansu mata domin ana nufin suna da ‘ya’yan budurwowi. A cikin shari'ar addini, babu wata shaida da ke nuna an yarda da kaciya da yanke mata. Ba shi da asali na addini.

'Yan Najeriya suna yin wadannan nau'o'in yankan mata / yankan mata: ^[9]

• Nau'in I, clitoridectomy: Cire murfin clitoral da aƙalla ɓangaren clitoris. Wannan kuma ana kiransa kaciya na al'ada. idan aka yi la’akari da shi, ana ƙwanƙwasa ƙwarjin don haifar da zubar jini. Wannan shine mafi ƙarancin nau'in cutarwa kuma baya haifar da lahani na dogon lokaci.
• Nau'i na II, sunna: Cire cikakken ƙwanƙori da ɓangaren ƙananan labia. Wannan Cikakkiyar Cike da Cikakkun Kwantar Daji da Ƙwararriyar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararru. Gaba ɗaya ba ya lalacewa.
• Nau'in III, infibulation: Cire clitoris, ƙananan labia, da manyan labia. Wannan kuma ya shafi dinke buɗaɗɗen farji da ƙaramin rami don yin fitsari da jinin haila.
• Nau'i na IV: Sauran nau'ikan FGM da ba a bayyana ba na iya haɗawa da huda, miƙewa, cauterization, ko saka ganye a cikin farji. A wannan yanayin, ana cire al'aurar mace ta waje tare da yanke mafi yawan manyan labia ko gogewa. Ana dinka sauran labban manyan baki da buda baki tare

Cutar sankarau ta fi zama ruwan dare a kudancin kasar, kuma mafi munin hanyoyin, kamar infibulation, sun zama ruwan dare a arewa. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kayan aiki kamar wuƙaƙen dafa abinci da fashe-fashe gilashi don yin yanke. Ba a saba ba su ba kafin amfani. Wannan aiki ne mai karfi kuma ana yin shi tare da wanda aka azabtar da mata da yawa a cikin al'umma..^[10]

Sakamakon Yankewar Mata

A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Kaciyar mata ba ta da wani fa'ida na gaske ga lafiyar jiki. Yana da gajeriyar haɗari da haɗari na kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci wanda ke shafar 'yan mata da mata waɗanda dole ne a yi aikin. Yana haifar da mummunan tasiri ga tsarin haihuwa na mace kuma yana keta haƙƙin ɗan adam su ma.

Hadari, na gajeren lokaci

Lokacin da Kaciyar Mata ta faru, haɗarin farko shine firgita. Ba hanya ce mai dacewa ga jikin mace ba don haka yawan zafin jiki zai iya sa mace ta shiga cikin damuwa. Har ila yau, zubar da jini mai yawa zai faru wanda zai iya haifar da zubar jini saboda an yanke ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ko jini ba daidai ba. Matsalolin fitsarin ma na iya faruwa saboda a wasu lokuttan da suka wuce kima ana dinka labia majora tare. Wannan yana toshe buɗewar mafitsara kuma yana sanya fitsari cikin wahala sosai kuma wani lokacin ba zai yiwu ba. Matsalolin fitsari kuma na iya kasancewa saboda kumburin nama da zafi a cikin urethra. Yawancin cututtuka sun daure su faru saboda yadda tsarin ke faruwa. Kaciyar mata ana yin ta ne a cikin rashin tsafta, ta yin amfani da abubuwa masu kaifi mara kyau don yin yankan. Saboda wadannan yanayi, 'yan mata da mata suna kamuwa da cututtuka kamar ciwon raunuka da kuma cututtuka na dogon lokaci kamar Human Immunodeficiency Virus wanda ke haifar da amfani da gurbataccen abu.^[11]

A hankali, Kaciyar mata na iya zama tsine wa mutum. Yana da wuya ya haifar da damuwa na tunani ga mutumin da ya kamata ya sha shi. A cikin yara, asarar amincewa da amana na iya faruwa. Yara ba za su ƙara amincewa da mutanen da ya kamata su kula da su da kuma kare su ba saboda zafin da aka yi. Sanin kowa ne cewa dattijai mata ne ke yin yankan al'aurar mata a cikin al'umma. Waɗannan su ne mutanen da galibi ke kula da yaran don haka yaran za su iya danganta masu kula da su da zafi. Raɗaɗi da raunin da ke tafiya tare da yanke da yankewa na iya haifar da baƙin ciki mai tsanani.^[12]

Hadari, na Tsawon Lokaci

Dogon lokaci, Kaciyar mata da yankewa yana da babban tasiri akan lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa na mace. Daga cikin kowane nau'in katsewa, nau'in da ke da mafi ƙarancin tasiri na dogon lokaci shine infibulation Type III. Haihuwar yara tana faruwa nan da nan idan al'aurar mace ta faru. A cikin infibulation, ana cire clitos da manyan labia da qanana sannan a dinka budadden farji tare. Saboda wannan rufewar, kusan babu wata dama ta haihuwa ko da yake ana kiyaye jima'i kafin aure. Ba za a iya sake haifuwa ba. Hakanan akwai raunuka daban-daban masu ɗorewa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa kamar na yau da kullun na al'aura da cututtuka na haifuwa, cysts da raunin tabo na iya tasowa. Saboda dinkin budadden farji tare, ana iya samun tarin kwararar jinin haila a farji da fitsari. Wannan yana haifar da manyan cututtuka da cututtuka^[13]

Yunkurin fafutuka

Kungiyoyin da ke neman kawo karshen FGC / M a Najeriya sun hada da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, UNICEF, Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa ta Ilimin Gynaecology da Obstetrics, Tarayyar Afirka, Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka, hadin gwiwar masu ba da shawara kan tashin hankali da Majalisar Jama'a.^[9][3] da kuma Justice, Development and Peace Movement (JDPM) na diocese na Katolika na Oyo.

Kungiyar ‘Yan Kaciya ta Najeriya (CDAN) — kungiyar da mambobinta ke yin kaciya a Najeriya, ta yi kira da a kawo karshen wannan al’ada ta hanyar samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na gwamnati da tattalin arziki ga masu yiwa mata kaciya.^[14]

A watan Mayun 2015 tsohon shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da ta haramta yi wa mata kaciya da yanke mata har abada. Dokar Hana Cin Hanci da Jama'a (VAPP) tana da nufin haramta kaciyar mata ta dindindin ta hada da hukunci. Mutanen da aka kama suna aikata laifin suna daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar Naira dubu dari. Ko da sabuwar dokar, har zuwa shekarar 2015 ana ci gaba da yi wa mata kaciya a jihohi shida. Dokar ta VAPP wani martani ne a duk fadin kasar da tsohon shugaban kasar ya yi kan yadda ake yi wa mata kaciya a kullum. A cikin 2018, wani taron da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mata da Asusun Kula da Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) da Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka shirya, tare da sauran abokan hadin gwiwa don taimakawa wajen inganta canjin ra'ayi ga mata a Afirka. Da take karin haske kan jigogi irinsu fataucin mutane, harin kunar bakin wake, kaciya/yanke da jima'i da cin zarafin mata a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ms. Itua, daya daga cikin masu gabatar da shirin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna muhimmancin da mata ke taka rawa a kasashensu ta ce " A matsayina na macen Afirka, na yi imanin cewa burina shi ne in yi aiki tare da sauran mata wajen samar da wayar da kan jama'a tare, mu kara karfi wajen sauya labarin da ke fitowa daga Afirka. "^[15][15]

A yankunan karkara da dama na Najeriya, ana ci gaba da yi wa mata kaciya. A wadannan sassa na Najeriya ilimi ba ya cikin sauki. Yana da muhimmanci a ilmantar da ‘yan Najeriya yadda ya kamata a kan illolin da kaciyar mata ke haifarwa. Bisa ga binciken, ilimin kiwon lafiya yana tasiri sosai game da halin mutane game da FGM. Tare da ilimi, ana sanar da mutane game da dokar VAPP da kuma yadda al'ummar kasar za su firgita a kan al'ummomin da har yanzu ba su fahimci illar da ke tattare da kaciyar mata ba.

Sauran kungiyoyin Najeriya da ke ci gaba da fada da kare 'yan mata da mata daga yankan mata sune:

• Cibiyar Kula da Darajar Jama'a da Ci gaban Yara Archived 2024-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Cibiyar Nazarin Mata
• Cibiyar Nazarin Mata da Shiga tsakani

Dubi kuma

• Mata a Najeriya
• Rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a Najeriya

Bayani

Bayanan da aka ambata

1. Topping, Alexandra (2015-05-29). "Nigeria's female genital mutilation ban is important precedent, say campaigners". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
2. "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the United States: Updated Estimates of Women and Girls at Risk, 2012" (PDF). Public Health Reports. Mar 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
3. Muteshi, Jacinta K.; Miller, Suellen; Belizán, José M. (2016-01-01). "The ongoing violence against women: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting". Reproductive Health. 13: 44. doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0159-3. ISSN 1742-4755. PMC 4835878. PMID 27091122.
4. "UNICEF warns FGM on the rise among young Nigerian girls".
5. Siddhanta, Ankita; Sinha, Atreyee (December 2016). "Attitude and perception towards female circumcision: A study of vulnerability among women in Kenya and Nigeria". The Journal of Family Welfare. 62 (2): 35–48. Retrieved 2018-12-17 – via www.researchgate.net.
6. Agusiobo, Benedicta (2018-10-04). "EDUCATION OF THE GIRL-CHILD IN NIGERIA FOR A JUST, PEACEFUL, HARMONIOUS SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT". International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (in Turanci). 5 (4): 768–786. ISSN 2148-225X.
7. Ayodeji Makinde, Olusesan (2017). "Rejection of the Gender and Equal Opportunities Bill in Nigeria: A setback for sustainable development goal five". Gender in Management. 32 (3): 234–240. doi:10.1108/gm-02-2017-0023.
8. "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A global concern" (PDF). United Nations Children’s Fund. UNICEF. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
9. Okeke, TC; Anyaehie, USB; Ezenyeaku, CCK (2012-01-01). "An overview of female genital mutilation in Nigeria". Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research. 2 (1): 70–3. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.96942. PMC 3507121. PMID 23209995.
10. Slack, Alison T. (November 1988). "Female Circumcision: A Critical Appraisal". Human Rights Quarterly. 10 (4): 437–486. doi:10.2307/761916. JSTOR 761916.
11. "Health risks of female genital mutilation (FGM)". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-25.
12. Omigbodun, Olayinka; Bella-Awusah, Tolulope; Groleau, Danielle; Abdulmalik, Jibril; Emma-Echiegu, Nkechi; Adedokun, Babatunde; Omigbodun, Akinyinka (February 2020). "Perceptions of the psychological experiences surrounding female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) among the Izzi in Southeast Nigeria". Transcultural Psychiatry (in Turanci). 57 (1): 212–227. doi:10.1177/1363461519893141. ISSN 1363-4615. PMID 31870245. S2CID 209462830.
13. Slack, Alison T. (1988). "Female Circumcision: A Critical Appraisal". Human Rights Quarterly. 10 (4): 437–486. doi:10.2307/761916. ISSN 0275-0392. JSTOR 761916.
14. "How CDAN proposes to end Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria - Ventures Africa". Ventures Africa (in Turanci). 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
15. "Nigerian women artists unite at UN to change perceptions of women and Africa". UN News (in Turanci). 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-12-17.