Gold Coast Euro-Africans

Gold Coast Euro-Africans

Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Kogin Zinariya (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)

Gold Coast Euro-Africans

Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Accra Anomabu Cape Coast Elmina Keta Saltpond Sekondi-Takoradi Winneba
Harsuna
Turanci | Yaren Ewe | Yaren Fante | Yaren Ga
Addini
Protestantism | Katolika
Kabilu masu alaƙa
African American, Afro-Brazilians, Mutanen Aku. Mutanen Amaro, Americo Liberian, Atlantic Creole, Black British, Black Nova Scotians, Fernandinos, Mutanen Saro, Mutanen Sierra Leone Creole, Signare, Mutanen Tabom, Yammacin Indiya

Gold Coast Euro-Africa sun kasance alƙaluman tarihi na tarihi wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙauyuka na gaɓar teku a Ghana ta mulkin mallaka, wanda ya taso daga ƙungiyoyi tsakanin maza na Turai da matan Afirka daga ƙarshen karni na 15 - shekaru goma tsakanin 1471 da 1482, har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, kusan 1957, lokacin da Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]} A cikin wannan lokaci, yankuna daban-daban na yankin Gold Coast sun kasance suna sarrafa siyasa a lokuta daban-daban daga Portuguese, Jamusawa, Swedes, Danes, Dutch da Birtaniya.^{[1][8][9][10]} Har ila yau, akwai bayanan 'yan kasuwa na wasu ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Faransanci, Italiyanci da Irish, suna aiki a bakin teku, baya ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da 'yan kasuwa na Amurka daga New York, Massachusetts da Rhode Island.^[11] Yuro-Afirka sun kasance masu tasiri a hankali, fasaha, fasaha, kasuwanci da rayuwar jama'a gabaɗaya, suna taka rawa a fagage da yawa na ilimi da mahimmancin jama'a.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][12][13][14][15]} Masana sun yi la'akari da wannan yawan jama'ar Yuro-Afirka na Gold Coast a matsayin "creoles", "mulattos", "mulatofoi" da "owulai" a tsakanin sauran kwatance.^[1][2][16] Kalmar, owula tana ba da ra'ayoyi na zamani na "lafiya, koyo da birni" ko "babban mutum mai albashi" a cikin harshen Ga.^[2][16] Mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin Turawa da 'yan Afirka ta kasance ta 'yan kasuwa ne kuma hanya ce ta bunkasa tattalin arziki da siyasa wato "dukiya da mulki."^[2][17][18] Haɓaka da bunƙasa addinin Kiristanci a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma sun kafa dalilai na zamani dangane da asalin Yuro da Afirka.^[2][19] Wannan samfurin ya haifar da ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga cikakken bikin al'adun ƴan asalin Afirka zuwa ɗaukacin rungumar al'adun Turai.^[16][20]

Asali

'Yan Afirka na Gold Coast galibi 'yan kabilar Anlo Ewe, Fante da Ga - kungiyoyin da ke da tarihi a gabar tekun Ghana.^[1][2][13] Garuruwan da ke da ƙarfin kasancewar Tarayyar Turai da Afirka sun haɗa da Accra, Anomabu, Cape Coast, Elmina, Keta, Saltpond, Sekondi-Takoradi da Winneba. Yawancin 'yan kasashen Turai-Afrika kuma sun mallaki gonaki da ƙauyuka da ke gaba a cikin filaye a filayen birane da yankunan karkara.^[2] Mazaunan Yuro-Afirka a bakin tekun, waɗanda kuma ke da ɗakunan karatu na sirri, yawanci haɗe da ƙirar gine-ginen mulkin mallaka daga tsare-tsaren Palladian, gidajen tsakar gida na Akan na gargajiya, da salon sobrado.^{[11][21][22][23][24][25]} Bikin aure na Yuro da Afirka sun haɗu da al'adar gargajiya tare da ƙa'idodin Kiristanci na Yammacin Turai na auren mace ɗaya, galibi bisa ga ƙa'idodin mulkin mallaka na lokacin.^[1][2] Har ila yau, 'yan kasashen Turai da Afirka sun kulla dangantaka da fitattun iyalai na asali na zuriyar sarauta da manyan mutane, a bakin teku da kuma a yankin Akan.^{[1][2][17][26][27]} Sakamakon haka, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afrika sun kasance "masu shiga tsakani" da "majalisa" wadanda suka karkatar da bangarorin biyu cikin sauki.^[2][28][29] Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na auratayya tsakanin 'yan kasashen Turai-Afirka da kuma bakin haure daga kasashen Afirka a cikin Tekun Atlantika kamar Afro-Brazilians, Indiyawan Yamma da Saliyo Creoles da suka fito daga Nova Scotian Settlers.^{[13][30][31][32][33]} Yawancin waɗannan iyalai na Yuro-Afro-Caribbean har yanzu suna nan.^[31] Har ila yau, akwai bayanan auratayya tsakanin ’yan Afirka-Yuro da ƙungiyoyi daga yankunan Yammacin Afirka na Anglophone kamar Saliyo Creoles daga Freetown, cibiyar kasuwanci da tashar jiragen ruwa a wancan lokacin.^{[16][18][34][35][36][37]} A Ghana bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afurka sun cika cikakkiyar al'adun Ghana don haka masana ba sa ganin su a matsayin rukunin alƙaluman jama'a.

Halayen al'adu

Ilimi da karatu

An yi la'akari da 'yan Yuro-Afrika da karatunsu, saboda sun ci gajiyar ilimin zamani na Turai irin na Turai a makarantun castle a Christianborg da Cape Coast, dukansu sun bude a karni na sha bakwai, da kuma Elmina Castle wanda aka bude a 1482.^[38] Wannan salon yammacin Turai. ilimi na iya kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin bakin teku da haɗin kai na ilimi zuwa mishan na Furotesta daga al'ummomin Basel da Wesleyan waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ƙauyukan mazauna.^[2][12][39] An fara makarantun katafaren ne tare da amincewar Gwamnonin Turai don yin baftisma da kuma koyar da mazan mulatto na Turai maza da mata na Afirka ta Gold Coast don horar da su a matsayin magatakarda da masu fassara ga ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka da kuma sojoji a cikin garrisons. kewaye da kagaran Turai na bakin teku.^[2][38]

Farkon ƙarni na 'yan Afirka-Euro-Afrika sun tafi Turai don neman ilimi.^[2][39][40] Ko da yake an keɓe su daga manyan mukamai na tsarin mulki na jihohi, ’yan Afirka masu ilimin Yammacin Turai sun kafa ginshiƙan ƙwararrun masu ilimi, masu arziki, birane, ƙwararrun anglophile, tare da haɗin gwiwar burin aikin daular a kan Gold Coast.^[2][40] Zabi na sartorial ga maza da mata na Yuro-Afurka sun haɗa da riguna, manyan huluna da riguna na Victoria, ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ban sha'awa na ƙaƙƙarfan aristocracy.^{[2][15][41][42]} Misalai a cikin wannan rukunin sun haɗa da James Bannerman (1790–1858), John Hansen (wanda ya rasu 1840) na Jamestown da ɗan kasuwa da ɗan siyasa, Henry Richter (1785–1849) na Osu.^[2][43] James Bannerman (1790-1858) shine Laftanar-Gwamnan Kogin Zinariya daga 4 Disamba 1850 zuwa 14 Oktoba 1851.^[2][12][13] Mahaifin James Bannerman ɗan Scotland ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa mace ce ta Fante. Ya auri wata gimbiya Asante, Yaa Hom ko Yeboah, 'yar Asantehene a lokacin, Osei Bonsu, fursunan siyasa da aka kama a lokacin yakin Katamanso a 1826.^[12] Bugu da ƙari, a kan Kogin Gold na Dutch, Carel Hendrik Bartels (1792 - 1850), da dan Cornelius Ludewich Bartels (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1804), Gwamna-Janar na Gold Coast, da wata mace mai suna Fante mulatto, Maria Clericq an aika zuwa Netherlands a lokacin kuruciyarsa don neman ilimi.^[12] Bugu da ƙari, George Lutterodt, ɗan kasuwan mulatto na Ga-Danish mai ilimi kuma abokin mishan Basel, Andreas Riis ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan riko na Danish Gold Coast daga 5 ga Yuli 1844 zuwa 9 ga Oktoba 1844.^{[32][44][45][46][47][48]}

A wani misali kuma, rikici tsakanin tsoffin al'adu da sabon tsarin ilimin karatu na Yuro-Afrika ya faru a cikin 1840s, lokacin da ɗan asalin Ga da ya yi baftisma, Frederick Noi Dowuona da farko ya ƙi zama babban jigon Osu Maŋtsɛ, yana ambaton imaninsa na Kiristanci daga karatunsa a Denmark, yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara da koyarwa a Castle Christianborg da kuma haduwarsa da ’yan mishan na farko na Basel da suka isa gabar tekun Gold a 1828.^[2] A 1854 bayan harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi wa Osu kan dokar harajin zabe, Dowuona ya amince da cin zarafi. a zaunar da shi da sharadin ba wa al’adar gargajiya damar sanya tufafin Turawa sannan kuma a kebe shi daga wasu ayyuka da ayyukan ibada, wajen gudanar da aikinsa na sarkin garin.^[2][49]

Shiga cikin maganganun jama'a

Limamai masu tasowa da ajin katikist sun koyar da "mulattos" a cikin darajojinsu.^[50][51] Wani fitaccen malamin cocin Yuro-Afirka da ya yi karatu a Yammacin Turai shi ne fasto kuma masanin tarihi Carl Christian Reindorf wanda aka buga littafinsa mai suna The History of the Gold Coast and Asante a cikin 1895.^[2] Mahaifin Reindorf ya kasance sojan Danish-Ga da ke aiki a ofishin. Barracks na Christianborg Castle, kuma daga baya ya zama wakili ga wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ingila, Joshua Ridley.^[2][52] Kakan Carl Reindorf, Augustus Frederick Hackenburg dan kasuwa ne dan kasar Denmark wanda ya isa gabar tekun Gold a 1739 kuma daga baya ya zama Gwamnan mulkin mallaka, ya bar mukamin a 1748.^[52] A matsayin misali, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, jarida ta farko ta 'yan asalin da aka kafa a gabar tekun Gold ita ce Accra Herald, daga baya aka canza sunan West African Herald, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1857 a cikin British Accra ta hannun lauya mai horar da Ingilishi na Yuro-Afrika Charles Bannerman kuma ɗan'uwansa Edmund, scions na dangin Bannerman na bakin teku a lokacin.^[12][13][53] 'Yan'uwan biyu 'ya'yan James Bannerman ne.^[2] Jaridar ta yi suka game da turawa Turai akan Gold Coast kuma a shekara ta 1859 tana da masu karatu na 310 masu biyan kuɗi.^[13] Ta haka ne adabi ya zama abin dogaro ga ra’ayin jama’a da ba da jawabi.^[13]

Ra'ayin zamantakewa

Litattafan baka sun nuna cewa mazan mulatto na bakin teku sun yi kaurin suna na rashin zaman lafiya a aure da lalata duk da cewa addinan ƙasar sun halatta auren mace fiye da ɗaya.^[2][13] Wani ɗan mishan na Basel ya lura cewa mazan Yuro-Afurka galibi suna “ƙasasshe rabin-rabi...raguwa da sha’awa” a ƙoƙarinsu na nishaɗi ko yin nishaɗi.^[2] 'Yan kasuwan Turai da Afirka sukan yi bukukuwan gargajiya kamar Homowo na Ga mutanen Accra wanda ke da abubuwan busa ganga, raye-raye da shaye-shaye.^[13] Yawancin mutanen Yuro-Afurka, ko da yake sun yi baftisma kuma aka tabbatar da su a cikin coci, sun kasance Kiristanci kuma sun jagoranci “salon zaman duniya mai ƙarfi” wanda ya yi hannun riga da salon rayuwar Pietistic Basel da Mishan na Wesleyan na Victoria waɗanda tasirin ruhaniya ya kai ga bakin teku.^[2] Kamar takwarorinsu na 'yan kasuwa, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afurka a cikin sana'o'in farar fata sukan yi cudanya da mazauna Turai a bakin teku, suna yin "shaye-shaye, caca da fashe-fashe na tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci."^[2]

Sanannen Gold Coast Yuro-Afirka

• James Bannerman - Laftanar-Gwamnan Gold Coast daga 4 Disamba 1850 zuwa 14 Oktoba 1851
• Carel Hendrik Bartels - alƙali, jami'in gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Elmina kuma mai ciniki a kan Yaren Gold Coast
• George Emil Eminsang - Lauyan Gold Coast
• Frederik Willem Fennekol - masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa
• Regina Hesse - mace majagaba malami kuma shugabar makaranta a Gold Coast
• Henry van Hien - Jagoran kishin kasa na Gold Coast
• Jacob Huydecoper - jami'in diflomasiyyar Gold Coast
• Frans Last - Babban mai shigar da kara a Kotun Koli ta Gabashin Dutch, dan kwamandan Friedrich Last da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Yuro Elisabeth Atteveldt.
• Willem Essuman Pietersen - ɗan kasuwan Gold Coast kuma masanin ilimi
• Christian Jacob Protten - Mishan Moravia, masanin harshe, mai fassara da kuma malami a cikin Christianborg a Danish Gold Coast a cikin 1700s.
• Emmanuel Charles Quist - Barista, alkali kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Afirka na farko kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Ghana na farko.
• Carl Christian Reindorf - Fasto na Basel kuma masanin tarihi na majagaba
• Hendrik Vroom - dan kasuwa da mai gudanarwa

Ƙungiyoyin Tarayyar Turai da Afirka

• James Bannerman (1790–1858), jami'in Biritaniya a Burtaniya Gold Coast, ɗan uwa Fante kuma uba ɗan Biritaniya daga Scotland. An auri wata gimbiya Ashanti.
• Carel Hendrik Bartels (1792-1850) ɗan Cornelius Ludewich Bartels ne, Gwamna-Janar na Kogin Zinare na Yaren mutanen Holland da mulatto na gida Maria Clericq.
• Cornelius Ludewich Bartels (?-1804), Bajamushe jami'in Kamfanin Dutch West India Company. Yana da 'ya'ya maza tare da mace ta Gold Coast kuma tare da rabin 'yar Holland, rabin 'yar Afirka Maria Clericq. Zuriyarsa tana da rawar da ta dace a Ghana.
• Willem Bosman (1672-bayan 1703), ɗan kasuwan Holland. Sunan dan Ghana Bossman ana tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga yaran Bosman tare da matan sa na Afirka.
• Jan Niezer (1756-1822), ɗan kasuwa a cikin Yaren Zinare na Yaren mutanen Holland. Dan mataimakiyar likita Bajamushe kuma mace 'yar Afirka.
• Christian Jacob Protten (1715–1769), mishan a cikin Danish Gold Coast. Dan sojan Danish kuma gimbiya Ga.
• Willem George Frederik Derx (1813-1890), ma'aikacin farar hula na Holland. Aure Jacoba Araba Bartels.
• Willem Jan Derx (1844-1913), Mataimakin Admiral na Dutch. Ɗan Willem George Frederik Derx da Jacoba Araba Bartels.
• Willem Huydecoper (1788-1826), ɗan kasuwa a cikin Yaren Gold Coast, ɗan Darakta Janar Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper, da Amba Quacoea, macen Fante.
• Anthony van der Eb (1813-1852), ma'aikacin farar hula na Holland. Ta yi aure Efua Henrietta Huydecoper daga baya Manza Henrietta Bartels.

Zaɓaɓɓun zuriyar Euro-Afirka

• Frederick Nanka-Bruce, likitan likitancin Gold Coast
• Frederick Bruce-Lyle, alkalin Ghana
• William Bruce-Lyle, alkalin Ghana
• John Asamoah Bruce, hafsan sojojin saman Ghana
• King Bruce, mawaki dan Ghana
• Vida Bruce, 'yar tseren Ghana
• Harriet Bruce-Annan, 'yar Ghana mai tsara shirye-shirye da jin kai
• Thomas Hutton-Mills Jr., Lauyan Gold Coast
• Edmund Bannerman, Lauyan Gold Coast kuma ɗan jarida
• Charles Odamtten Easmon, likitan fida na farko dan Ghana
• Herman Chinery-Hesse, injiniyan kwamfuta kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ghana
• Hugh Quarshie, ɗan wasan Birtaniya dan Ghana

Hotuna

• 
  Carel Hendrik Bartels
• 
  Willem Bosman
• 
  W. G .F. Derx
• 
  W. J. Derx
• 
  Christian Jacob Protten
• 
  Carl Christian Reindorf

Manazarta

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