Hakkin Jihohi

Hakkin Jihohi
Bayanai
Yana haddasa	Yaƙin basasar Amurka

A cikin tattaunawar siyasa ta Amurka, haƙƙin jihohi Ikon siyasa ne da aka gudanar wa gwamnatocin jihohi maimakon Gwamnatin tarayya bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ke nuna musamman ikon da aka lissafa na Majalisa da Kwaskwarima ta goma. Ikon da aka lissafa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki sun haɗa da Ikon tarayya na musamman, da kuma ikon da aka raba tare da jihohi, kuma duk waɗannan ikon sun bambanta da ikon da aka tanada - wanda ake kira haƙƙin jihohi - wanda jihohi ne kawai ke da shi. Tun daga shekarun 1940, ana amfani da kalmar "yancin jihohi" sau da yawa a matsayin kalma mai nauyi ko ƙaho na kare saboda amfani da shi don adawa da rarrabewar launin fata da aka ba da izini na tarayya kuma, kwanan nan, auren jinsi ɗaya da haƙƙin haihuwa

Tarihi

Daidaita ikon tarayya da waɗancan ikon da jihohi ke riƙewa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Ma'anar Mafi Girma na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka an fara magance su ne a cikin batun McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Hukuncin Kotun da Babban Alkalin John Marshall ya yanke ya tabbatar da cewa dokokin da gwamnatin tarayya ta karɓa, yayin da take amfani da ikonta na kundin tsarin mulki, gabaɗaya suna da mahimmanci a kan duk dokokin da suka sabawa da gwamnatocin jihohi suka karɓa. Bayan McCulloch, batutuwan shari'a na farko a wannan yanki sun shafi ikon tsarin mulki na Majalisa, da kuma ko jihohin suna da wasu iko ga cire gwamnatin tarayya, koda kuwa Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai iyakance su a fili ga jihohi ba.^[1][2]

Ma'anar Maɗaukaki

Sashe na Mafi Girma na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ce:

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. (Emphasis added.)

A cikin The Federalist Papers, mai ba da shawara game da tabbatarwa Alexander Hamilton ya bayyana iyakokin da wannan sashi ya sanya a kan gwamnatin tarayya da aka tsara, yana kwatanta cewa ayyukan gwamnatin tarayya suna da ɗaurewa ga jihohi da mutanen da ke ciki kawai idan aikin yana bin ikon da aka ba shi ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, da kuma haɗa ayyukan da suka wuce waɗannan iyakoki a matsayin "marasa kuma babu karfi":

But it will not follow from this doctrine that acts of the large society which are not pursuant to its constitutional powers, but which are invasions of the residuary authorities of the smaller societies, will become the supreme law of the land. These will be merely acts of usurpation, and will deserve to be treated as such.^{[Ana bukatan hujja]}

Rikici zuwa 1865

A cikin lokacin tsakanin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka da tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, jihohin sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tarayya mai rauni da kuma karamar hukuma mai ƙarfi, bisa ga Dokokin Tarayyar. Dokokin sun ba gwamnatin tsakiya kadan, idan akwai, ikon yin watsi da ayyukan jihar. Kundin Tsarin Mulki daga baya ya karfafa gwamnatin tsakiya, yana ba ta izinin yin amfani da ikon da aka ɗauka ya zama dole don yin amfani da ikonta, tare da iyaka mai rikitarwa tsakanin matakan gwamnati guda biyu. A yayin da akwai wani rikici tsakanin jihar da dokar tarayya, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya warware rikici ^[1] ta hanyar Sashe na Mafi Girma na Mataki na VI don goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya, wanda ya ayyana dokar tarayya a matsayin "Mafi Girma Dokar Ƙasa" kuma ya ba da cewa "Alƙalai a kowace Jiha za a ɗaure su ta haka, duk da haka, Duk da haka, Sashe na Maɗaukaki yana aiki ne kawai idan gwamnatin tarayya tana aiki ne don bin ikon kundin tsarin mulki, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin rubutun "aikin ainihin sashe na kanta".

Ayyukan Baƙi da Tawayen

Lokacin da 'yan Tarayya suka zartar da Ayyukan Alien da Sedition a cikin shekara ta 1798, Thomas Jefferson da James Madison a asirce sun rubuta Kentucky da Virginia Resolutions, wanda ke ba da sanarwa ta musamman don tallafawa haƙƙin jihohi kuma ya yi kira ga majalisun jihohi da su soke dokokin tarayya marasa bin doka. (Sauran jihohi, duk da haka, ba su bi tsari ba kuma da yawa sun ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa jihohi na iya soke dokar tarayya.) Bisa ga wannan ka'idar, ƙungiyar tarayya ƙungiya ce ta jihohi, kuma idan gwamnatin tsakiya ta yi nisa sosai kowace jiha tana da damar soke wannan dokar. Kamar yadda Jefferson ya ce a cikin Kentucky Resolutions:

An yanke shawarar, cewa jihohi da yawa da suka hada da Amurka, ba su da haɗin kai a kan ka'idar mika wuya mara iyaka ga gwamnatinsu gaba ɗaya; amma ta hanyar yarjejeniya a ƙarƙashin salon da taken Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka da kuma gyare-gyare, sun kafa gwamnati gaba ɗaya don dalilai na musamman, an ba da izini ga wannan gwamnati wasu ƙayyadaddun iko, suna ajiye kowace Jiha ga kanta, sauran haƙƙoƙin haƙƙinta ga sauran gwamnatocin su; kuma cewa duk lokacin da gwamnati gaba ɗaya tana ɗaukar ikon da ba ta ba, ayyukan ba ta da izini, ba ta da kanta, ba, ba ta dace da wannan jam'iyya ɗaya, ba, ta da kanta ba ta da ita, ba ta yarda da kanta, kuma ba ta da wannan jamʼa, ba ta zama ɗaya, ba ta ba ta da ikon ta da kanta: Wannan jam'iyya ba ta da iko, ba ta amincewa, ba ta kasance ba ta da kansa, ba ta doka, kuma ba da kanta, ta da ita ba ta da wata ƙungiya, ba ta haɗa kai, kuma ba, ba da kanta:Kowace jam'iyya tana da daidaitattun 'yanci don yin hukunci da kanta, da kuma keta doka kamar yadda yanayin da ma'auni na gyarawa.

Kentucky da Virginia Resolutions, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Ka'idodin '98, tare da Rahoton goyon baya na 1800 na Madison, sun zama takardu na ƙarshe na Jam'iyyar Democrat-Republican ta Jefferson.^[3] Gutzman ya yi jayayya cewa Gwamna Edmund Randolph ya tsara zanga-zangar da sunan matsakaici.^[4] Gutzman ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin shekara ta 1798, Madison ya goyi bayan haƙƙin jihohi don kayar da dokokin ƙasa waɗanda ya kiyaye su barazana ne ga jamhuriya. A lokacin 1831-33, Nullifiers na Kudancin Carolina sun ambaci Madison a cikin kare haƙƙin jihohi. Amma Madison ya ji tsoron cewa karuwar goyon baya ga wannan rukunan zai lalata ƙungiyar kuma ya yi jayayya cewa ta hanyar tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki jihohin sun canja ikon mallakar su ga gwamnatin tarayya.^[5]

Magoya bayan haƙƙin jihohi, kamar John Randolph na Roanoke, ana kiransu "Tsohon Jamhuriyar Republican" a cikin shekarun 1820 da 1830. ^[6]

Tate (2011) ya yi sukar wallafe-wallafen babban littafi na John Taylor na Caroline, New Views of the Constitution of the United States . Tate ya yi jayayya cewa an tsara shi azaman tarihin tarihi wanda aka tsara akan dabarun lauyoyin Whig na ƙarni na 18. Taylor ya yi imanin cewa shaidar daga tarihin Amurka ta ba da tabbacin ikon mallakar jihar a cikin ƙungiyar, a kan muhawara na masu kishin ƙasa kamar Babban Alkalin Amurka John Marshall . ^[7]

Wani rikici na haƙƙin jihohi ya faru ne game da Yaƙin 1812. A Taron Hartford na 1814-15, 'Yan Tarayya New England sun nuna adawa da yakin Shugaba Madison, kuma sun tattauna rabuwa da Tarayyar. A ƙarshe sun dakatar da kira don rabuwa, amma lokacin da rahotonsu ya bayyana a lokaci guda kamar labarin babban nasarar Amurka a Yaƙin New Orleans, 'yan Tarayya sun lalace a siyasa.^[8]

Rikicin sokewa na 1832

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke ci gaba a kan ƙungiyar, daga kusan 1820 ta hanyar yakin basasa, shine batun kasuwanci da haraji. Da yake dogara sosai da cinikayya ta duniya, kusan dukkanin aikin noma da fitarwa da kayayyaki na Kudu sun shigo da mafi yawan kayan aikinta daga Turai ko kuma sun samo su daga Arewa. Arewa, akasin haka, tana da Tattalin arzikin masana'antu na cikin gida wanda ke kallon cinikin kasashen waje a matsayin gasa. An dauki shingen kasuwanci, musamman haraji na kariya, a matsayin mai cutarwa ga tattalin arzikin Kudancin, wanda ya dogara da fitarwa.

manazarta

1. "The United States Constitution - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net". Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Constitution" defined multiple times with different content
2. Orbach, Callahan & Lindemmen, "Arming States' Rights: Federalism, Private Lawmakers, and the Battering Ram Strategy", Arizona Law Review (2010)
3. Empty citation (help)
4. Gutzman, Kevin R. C. (2004). "Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism". Review of Politics. 66 (3): 469–97. doi:10.1017/S0034670500038870. JSTOR 4149191. S2CID 145724474.
5. Gutzman, Kevin R. (1995). "A troublesome legacy: James Madison and "The principles of '98'". Journal of the Early Republic. 15 (4): 569–89. doi:10.2307/3124014. JSTOR 3124014.
6. Empty citation (help)
7. Tate, Adam (2011). "A Historiography of States' Rights: John Taylor of Caroline's New Views of the Constitution". Southern Studies. 18 (1): 10–28.
8. James M Banner, To the Hartford Convention: the Federalists and the origins of party politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (1970)