Harshen Ale

Harshen Ale
'Yan asalin magana	69,000 (2007)
Dangin harshen	Afroasiatic (en) ; Cushitic (en) ; Dullay (en) ; Harshen Ale; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Geʽez script (en)
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	gwd
Glottolog	gaww1239

Ale (wanda aka fi sani da Gawwada, Gauwada, Gawata, Kawwad'a, Kawwada) yare ne na Afirka da Asiya da ake magana a kudancin Habasha a cikin bangaren gudanarwa na "Mutanen kudancin, al'ummai, da Kasashe na Yankin" (SPNNR). daga cikin yaren Dullay.^[2]^[3]

Babu wani suna mai girma. AMBORN, MINKER da SASSE ne suka kafa sunan 'Dullay' (1980) kuma sunansa bayan kogin wannan sunan, wanda aka sani da Weyt'o a Amharic. Saboda haka wannan sunan ne mai ban sha'awa, amma kuma ana amfani dashi a hukumance a Habasha. ^[4]

Ƙabilun da ke magana da Dullay suna zaune a yankin da ya kai daga Dutsen Gaedulla-Dobase a kudancin Tafkin Cam zuwa tsaunuka na Hanna-Hamar. A tarihi, mutanen da ke magana da Dullay ba su da wata kalma mai mahimmanci ga kansu, kuma ba su da alama suna nuna kansu a matsayin kabilanci ko ƙungiyar harshe. Lokaci-lokaci, an yi amfani da kalmomi uku a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Na farko, wanda Bender (1971) ya gabatar ya fito ne daga ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa na Amharic. don yankin a wannan lokacin. Na biyu shi ne "Qawko" na Hayward (1978) daga kalmar "mutum" (saw--h-o). Kuma na ƙarshe, Amborn, Linker da Sasse (1980) ne suka gabatar da "Dullay" daga kogin da aka sani a Amharic da Weyt'o, wanda shine ɗayan manyan fasalulluka a waɗannan yankuna. Baya ga wannan dole ne a rubuta, cewa babu wani daga cikin waɗannan sunayen da ke da ma'ana ga masu magana. Don haka duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sunaye ne masu ban sha'awa. Ƙungiyar "Ale" ƙaramar ƙungiya ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi kuma gwamnatin Habasha ta yau ta yi amfani da su.

A cikin tarin yaren Dullay ana iya yin adawa da yamma da gabashin yaren, yankin yamma tare da Ts'amakko da ɓangaren gabas tare da Gawwada, wanda ya mamaye kogin Weyt'o. Harsunan gabas suna zaune a tsaunuka zuwa gabas da arewacin Gawwada.

Sunan Gawwada ya fito ne daga ƙauyen da ke da wannan sunan da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da shi wanda ya ba da sunan yaren. Gawwada da sauran bambance-bambance na Dullay, ban da Ts'amakko, ana magana da su a yankunan tsaunuka a tsawo na kimanin mita 1600-1700. ^[4]

Akwai cibiyoyin yare daban-daban a cikin yankin yaren Dullay. Misali 'Harso-Dobase'. Koyaya, wannan ya bambanta da ɗan kaɗan kuma galibi ana bi da shi azaman ɗayan ɗaya. Akwai kuma Gawwada-Gollango. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a nan fiye da yarukan Harso-Dobase. Sauran bambance-bambance na ALE-Gawwada sune, misali, Dihina, Gergere, Gobeze ko Gorose.

Ga misalin bambanci tsakanin bambance-bambance guda biyu:


Harso-Dobase	Gollango-Gawwada	Fassara
Ƙaddamarwa	Pukka'te	Shugaban
Korse	saakanko	Nama
koto	Hannun hannu	Gidan
Po"-	Ya gudu-	don faɗuwa

Gabaɗaya akwai ɗan bayani game da kabilun da ke magana da Dullay kafin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Babban abin da ya faru a tarihi a cikin sanin zamani na Triebes masu magana da Dullay shine cin nasarar yankinsu da sojojin Menilek na 2 suka yi a cikin 1897/98. Ta hanyar fada, korar mutane da bautar, an kashe yawan jama'a har zuwa yau 1/3 ne kawai na tsoffin jama'a ke zaune a wannan yanki.

Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 1994, akwai masu magana da Gawwada 32,636, kuma jimlar kusan mutane 90,000 da ke magana da bambancin Dullay gabaɗaya. Harshen ^[4] ya fuskantar barazanar halaka.

Harsuna biyu da harsuna da yawa sun yadu a yankin yaren Dullay. Mutane galibi suna magana da Amharic da farko, wanda yanzu shine harshen hukuma a Habasha kuma ana magana da shi kuma ana amfani da shi a ofisoshin hukuma da sauransu. Musamman bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an kafa mafi ƙarancin gwamnati ta zamani, kuma daga waɗannan lokutan ne za'a iya tsara Gawwada-Amharic mai ƙarfi. Harshen harshe yana ƙaruwa bayan faduwar daular. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa akwai rance mai yawa na Amharic, wanda mai yiwuwa yana tashi, tare da karatu da rubutu da kuma harsuna biyu da aka riga aka ambata, saboda Amharic shine kawai harshe wanda mutane ke da damar yin amfani da ƙamus na zamani a cikin batutuwa kamar siyasa, Kiristanci ko fasaha. Harshen ne da ake koyar da ilimi kuma duk hanyoyin ƙungiya na hukuma suna faruwa. Karɓar kalmomin karɓa daga harsunan Turai (yaci ko Italiyanci) suma zasu sami su cikin Gawwada ta hanyar yanzu ta hanyar tsarin mulki na yanzu."Wani harshe da mutane ke magana akai shine Konso da sauran bambance-bambance na Konsoid. A mafi yawan lokuta, ba a rubuta bambance-bambance na Dullay ba.

Tsarin zamantakewa yana kewaye da dangin da ke yin exogamy. Wadannan dangin suna da ƙwarewa daban-daban da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru, tsire-tsire, da dabbobi. Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna nuna iko daban-daban, kamar ikon sarrafa ruwan sama da haɓaka yawan shanu. Wasu dangin sun ƙware a taba, yayin da wasu ke da iko na musamman da ke da alaƙa da batutuwan soyayya ko zaman lafiya. Kodayake dangin ba sa yin tasiri na tattalin arziki dangane da ƙasa ko ayyukan, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara aure kuma suna aiki a matsayin babban rukunin zamantakewa da ke da alhakin haihuwar al'umma da adanawa. Kowace dangi tana karkashin jagorancin siyasa da addini (polo-h-o).

Fasahar sauti

Tsarin sauti ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin 22 da wasula 10. Harshen sun haɗa da 12 plosives, biyar fricatives, daya affricate, daya trill da uku approximants. Har ila yau, akwai ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda bakwai.

Kodayake kalmomin yawanci suna ƙare da wasali, duk ƙayyadaddun suna iya faruwa a farkon, a tsakiya da ƙarshen kalma.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Ga zaɓin sautin sautin daban-daban:

1. Magana, maganganu:

/p/, dakatarwar huhu ta bilabial, wanda aka fahimta kamar haka:

[p] dakatar da huhu na bilabial mara murya lokacin da geminate (/pp/)

[b] (akalla a wani bangare) muryar bilabial pulmonic stop kalma-da farko, muryar tsakanin alkawura da kuma a cikin rukuni

[ƙaddamar da] dakatarwar bugun jini ta bilabial, kalma-ƙarshe

[β], da wuya; muryar bilabial fricative a cikin matsayi na intervocalic

/t/, dakatarwar huhu ta alveolar kamar haka:

[t] dakatar da ƙwayar huhu mara murya lokacin da geminate (/tt/)

[d] (akalla a wani bangare) murya mai suna aleveolar pulmonic stop kalma-da farko, murya tsakanin wasula da kuma a cikin rukuni;

/k/, dakatarwar huhu, wanda aka fahimta kamar haka:

[k] murya mara murya, lokacin da geminate (/kk/)

[g] (akalla a wani bangare) murya mai suna velar pulmonic stop kalma-da farko, murya tsakanin wasula ad a cikin ɗakunan;

[Kā] da ba a sake shi ba tare da sautin murya na farko;

[g] voiced velar pharyngealised tsayawa kafin /i/, duka simpleton da geminate

/q/, dakatarwar huhu, wanda aka fahimta kamar haka:

[q] dakatarwar huhu mara murya, a sarari lokacin da geminate (/qq/)

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Ale". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
↑ Tosco, Mauro (2021). A Grammar of Gawwada. A Cushitic Language of South-West Ethiopia.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Ale". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)

[:02-3] Tosco, Mauro (2021). A Grammar of Gawwada. A Cushitic Language of South-West Ethiopia.

[:12-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content

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