Harshen Aweer

Harshen Aweer
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 bob
Glottolog awee1242[1]
makarantar Asweer

Aweer (Aweera), wanda aka fi sani da Boni (Bon, Bonta), yare ne na Cushitic na Gabashin Kenya.[2][3] Aweer, waɗanda aka sani da sunan "Boni" a tarihi mutane ne masu farauta da tarawa, da al'ada suna rayuwa da farauta, tattarawa, da tattara zuma.[4][5] kakanninsu suna gefen gabar tekun Kenya daga Gundumar Lamu da Ijara zuwa Gundumar Badaade ta Kudancin Somaliya.

A cewar Ethnologue, akwai kusan masu magana da Aweer 8,000. Aweer yana da kamanceceniya da Harshen Garre, [6] [7] [8] duk da haka, masu magana da shi sun bambanta da kabilanci daga masu magana da Garre.

Yanayin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai shawarwari cewa al'ummar magana ta Aweer sune ragowar mazaunan mafarauta na farko na Gabashin Afirka; kodayake wannan ba tare da muhawara ba tsakanin kwararru kuma ba kamar makwabta masu magana da harshen Dahalo ba, babu tabbacin shaida na harshe game da canji daga harshen da ya gabata; an ce mafi kyau cewa yiwuwar wannan canji ya dogara ne akan zato game da matsayinsu a matsayin masu cin abinci ba tare da tabbacin harshe iri ɗaya da aka samu a cikin harsuna makwabta. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin Heine (1982:141), muhawara game da halin da ake ciki na idan Aweer sun sauya ko ba su sauya daga harshen da ya gabata ba kamar haka: [9]

  1. Mutanen da ke magana da yaren da ba na Sam (= wanda ba na Gabashin Omo-Tana ba) ne ke zaune a cikin gandun daji, waɗanda, sakamakon hulɗa tare da makiyaya na Sam a gefen gandun daji. Wannan zai nuna cewa dangantakar Boni da mutanen Sam kawai ta harshe ce; dole ne a nemi asalin al'adunsu tare da waɗancan mafarauta da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji kafin zuwan Sam na Gabas.
  2. Wani ɓangare na Gabashin Sam, watau kakannin Boni, sun shiga cikin gandun daji na bakin teku kuma sun karɓi rayuwar mafarauci-mai tarawa. Irin wannan ci gaba mai yiwuwa ya haifar da yaƙi, hare-haren kaya ko matsalar muhalli, wanda ya tilasta wa mutane iri ɗaya su bar tattalin arzikin dabbobi.

Tosco (1994) [8] ya lura cewa Heine ya yarda da labarin tarihi na biyu, kuma kamar yadda Tosco (1994:155) ya ci gaba da bayyana:

I suppose that the "backwardness" of the cultural and economic way of life of the hunter-gatherers is probably at the very core of these theories: notwithstanding the dangers implicit in any strong association between culture and language, these people are assumed to be "linguistic survivors", because they are—presumably—"cultural survivors". These theories do not take into account that language shift is probably a much more recurrent phenomenon than any romantic association between people and culture leads us to assume.

Bugu da ƙari a cikin wannan takarda, Tosco ya lura cewa akwai al'adun baki tsakanin kabilun Aweer waɗanda suke da su a wani lokaci suna da shanu kuma, sakamakon rasa su (kuma mai yiwuwa matsayinsu na zamantakewa), sun zama masu cin abinci. Ana iya samun irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin Stiles (1988:41-42), kuma yarjejeniyar gaba ɗaya ita ce yayin da ainihin asalin Aweer da yarensu ba a san su ba, mai yiwuwa ne cewa a wani lokaci ba masu cin abinci ba ne. Wani ra'ayi mai fafatawa, kuma watakila daidai yake da shi a cikin wannan yanayin kamar yadda labarin farko na Heine, Tosco (1994:159) ya gabatar da shi wanda ke danganta fitowar Aweer da fadada masu magana da Garre daga arewa maso gabas:

According to Garre traditions, the movement began "from an area located at or near the present-day settlement of Luuq, down the right side of the Jubba river. The expansion took the form of sections of the Garre communities spreading from Afmadow southwards until they reached the Jubba-Tana region, where they "coexisted with Dahaloan hunter-gatherers"; their "impact led the Dahaloan food collectors to give up their Dahaloan tongue for Garre. To this day the Aweer ... speak dialects of Garre. All that remains of their Dahaloan speech is a single community near the coast ..., even the lexicon has been influenced by Garre" (Ali 1985:161ff)[10]. Thus, for Ali the Boni are Dahalo that have been Somalised, just as many centuries before these hunter-gatherers had given up their original (?) Khoisan[11] language and adopted a Cushitic language, i.e. Dahalo.

Daga nan sir- ya lura cewa a cikin wani aiki mai zuwa da za a buga, Tosco (1992), [12] cewa akwai rance na Gabashin Omo-Tana (ko a cikin kalmominsa, "Somali") asalin Dahalo wanda kawai Aweer ko Garre ne zai iya ba da rance, kamar aikatau šir- (IPA: [ʃir-]) 'don kasance a can, don wanzu' wanda ke nuna canjin sauti *k > [ʃ] /_i da aikatau ba a buƙata ba- (IP: [ʔunneːd]) 'to swallower da aka samu a cikin wani canjice] / / / / Garer Sabanin haka, waɗannan na iya zama rance daga Aweer zuwa Dahalo. Ana iya samun irin wannan 'ayi a Nurse (2019). [1]

Fasahar sauti

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan da aka sake ginawa don Proto-Aweer (mataki na ƙarshe na duk yarukan Aweer) kamar haka:

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Labari Dental / Alveolar
 Palato- (alveolar)
Velar Rashin ƙarfi Gishiri
Hanci m n ɲ
Plosive ba tare da murya ba p t c k q ʔ
murya b d ɟ g
fitarwa tʼ cʼ kʼ
fashewa ɗ Sanya Harkokin gaba
Fricative f s ʃ h
Kusanci l j w
Rhotic r, r̪

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Aweer". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Biber, Douglas; Heine, Bernd (1984). "The Waata Dialect of Oromo: Grammatical Sketch and Vocabulary". Language. 60 (4): 992. doi:10.2307/413828. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 413828.
  3. ↑ Stiles, Daniel (2001). "Hunter-Gatherer Studies: The Importance of Context" (PDF). African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue. 26: 41–65. doi:10.14989/68408 – via Kyoto University Research Information Repository.
  4. ↑ Prins, A.H.J. (1960). "Notes on the Boni, a Tribe of Hunters in Northern Kenya". Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research. 1 (3): 25–27.
  5. ↑ Prins, A.H.J. (1963). "The Didemic Diarchic Boni". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 93 (2): 174–85.
  6. ↑ Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  7. ↑ Ethnologue - Garre language
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ (W.J.G. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Ali, Mohammed Nuuh 1985. "History of the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. - 1500 AD: Aspects of Social and Economic Change between the Rift Valley and the Indian Ocean." P.h.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
  11. ↑ Güldemann, T. (Ed.) (2018). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp107 "Since no new versions or evidence for a Khoisan hypothesis have grown out of any more recent scholarship, there is little empirical ground for left for currently propagating such a family."
  12. ↑ Tosco, Mauro. 1992. The classification of Dahalo: another perspective. In Banti, Giorgio (ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Cushitic and Omotic languages, Turin, 16–18 November 1989. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.