Harshen Defaka
| Harshen Defaka | |
|---|---|
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
afn |
| Glottolog |
defa1248[1] |
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Defaka yare ne mai haɗari kuma mai banbanci Na Najeriya wanda ba a tantance shi ba. Ana magana da shi a cikin Opobo-Nkoro LGA na Jihar Rivers, a cikin Defaka ko Afakani unguwar garin Nkọrọ da Ịwọma Nkọrọ . Ƙananan adadin masu magana da Defaka, tare da gaskiyar cewa wasu harsuna sun mamaye yankin da ake magana da Defaki, suna gefen yaren kusa da halaka a kowace shekara. Gabaɗaya rarraba shi a cikin reshen Ijoid na iyalin Nijar-Congo. Koyaya, shawarar Ijoid tana da matsala. [2] (2012) ya lura cewa "Defaka tana da ƙididdigar waje da yawa kuma tana iya zama reshe mai zaman kanta ko mai zaman kanta na Nijar-Congo wanda ya zo ƙarƙashin tasirin Ịjọ".
Mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A kabilanci, mutanen Defaka sun bambanta da Nkoroo, amma sun yi kama da al'adun Nkoroo har ya zama harshensu shine kawai alamar Defaka. Amfani da yaren Defaka duk da haka yana saurin komawa baya don jin daɗin yaren Nkoroo, yaren Ijaw . A zamanin yau, yawancin masu magana da Defaka tsofaffi ne, kuma ko da a cikin waɗannan, Defaka ba a cika magana ba — adadin yawan masu magana da Defaka ya kasance mafi yawan 200 a zamanin yau (SIL / Ethnologue 15th ed.). An samu raguwar amfani da Defaka a garin Nkoroo fiye da yankin Iwoma. Tunda harsunan da ke tsakanin Defaka da Nkoroo suna da alaƙa da juna, yana da wuya a tantance ko wane harshe ne ke tasiri ga ɗayan. [3] Duk yaran sun girma suna magana Nkoroo ( harshen Ijo ) a matsayin yaren farko. Harshen Defaka na gaba da aka fi amfani da shi shine Igbo, saboda tasirin siyasar Opobo tun zamanin da ake cinikin kogunan mai . Igbo ya kasance harshen koyarwa a yawancin makarantu a yankin kuma har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin harshen kasuwanci na yanki .
Rabewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harshen Defaka yana nuna kamanceceniya da yawa na ƙamus tare da Ijọ, wasu suna musayar wasiƙun sauti na yau da kullun da wasu kamanceceniya na rubutu tare da proto-Ijọ. Misali, duka harsunan biyu suna da tsari-abu-fi'ili na asali tsarin kalma, wanda in ba haka ba yana da wuyar gaske a cikin dangin yaren Nijar-Congo, ana samun su ne kawai a cikin rassan Mande da Dogon .
- a ebere ko̘ a okuna ɓááma (the dog SUBJECT the fowl kill:PAST) The dog killed the fowl (Defaka)
- obiri ɓé o̘ɓó̘kō̘ ɓé ɓám̄ (dog the fowl the kill:PAST) The dog killed the fowl (Ịjọ, Kalaɓarị dialect)
Har ila yau, Defaka yana da tsarin jinsin jima'i da ke bambanta tsakanin namiji, mace, da kuma tsaka-tsakin karin magana na mutum 3rd; wannan ya sake zama nakasassu a tsakanin yarukan kudu maso tsakiyar Nijar-Congo ban da Ịjoid da Defaka.
- "Kan ta"
- o toɓo 'kansa'
- ye tóɓo 'kainsa'
Yayin da wasu kamanceceniya na ƙamus da ƙila za a iya danganta su ga rance (kamar yadda Defaka ya kasance yana hulɗa da Ijọ fiye da shekaru 300), saƙon sauti yana nuni zuwa ga dangantaka (dan nisa).[ana buƙatar hujja]
Fassarar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kusan duk Defaka masu yare biyu ne a cikin Nkpọrọ, kuma da alama furucin ya yi daidai da wannan yaren.
Sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Defaka yana da sautuna biyu, kuma . Akan dogayen wasula da diphthongs, da kuma kalmomin da ba su da tushe. kuma contours faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai raguwa wanda zai iya bayyana tsakanin manyan sautunan, kuma wanda shine ragowar ƙananan sautin da aka rufe. Duk da haka, Shryock et al. sun kasa auna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin alamun farar , , kuma - downstep - , duk waɗannan suna da faɗuwar faɗuwa, suna nuna cewa za a iya samun ƙarancin sautukan kalmomi fiye da haɗakar sautunan sila. Koyaya, waɗannan duka sun bambanta a fili da matakin-fita da kuma tashi-fito .
Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasan wasali na Ijoid ya ruguje a Defaka, kamar yadda ya faru a Nkọrọ. Akwai wasulan baka guda bakwai, /i ɪ e a ɔ o u/</link> , ko da yake /e/</link> da /ɔ/</link> ba a saba gani ba. Akwai wasulan hanci guda biyar, /ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ/</link> . Duk na iya faruwa dadewa. Dogayen wasulan aƙalla sun ninka tsawon gajeren wasali.
Consonants
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar </br> ~ palatal |
Velar | Labial </br> maras kyau | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | (ƙaddam) | |
| M | ɓ | ||||
| M | pb | td | ku ɡ | kɡp ɡ͡b | |
| Haɗin kai | d͡ʒ ~ z | ||||
| Ƙarfafawa | fv | s ~ ku | |||
| Na gefe </br> kusanta |
l | ||||
| Taɓa ~ tsakiya </br> kusanta |
ﾾ ~ ɹ | j | w |
Yawancin abubuwan da ba su da murya su ne tenuis . Duk da haka, /k͡p/</link> yana da ɗan lokaci mara kyau mara kyau. Wato, an fara yin magana da ɗan lokaci kafin a fito da baƙon, kamar yadda a Turanci “murya” ke tsayawa kamar b. Wannan shine yanayin tsayawar labial-velar. /ɡ͡b/</link> , a gefe guda kuma, an cika su da murya, kamar yadda sauran abubuwan da ke hana murya. Shryock et al. bincika tasha prenasalised [mb nd ŋɡ ŋɡ͡b]</link> a matsayin gungu na baƙar fata tare da /m/</link> . [d͡ʒ]</link> ya bambanta da [z]</link> , tare da wasu masu magana suna amfani da ɗaya, wasu ɗayan, wasu kuma ko dai, ya danganta da kalmar.
/j/ and /w/ may be nasalised before nasal vowels.
Ƙarƙashin ɓawon burodi /k/</link> & /ɡ/</link> za a iya ba da shi zuwa /x/</link> ko /ɣ/</link> tsakanin wasali.
Tap /ɾ/</link> ana furta shi azaman kusanta, [ɹ]</link> , ta wasu masu magana. Yana faruwa ne kawai tsakanin wasulan da kuma a ƙarshen kalmomi.
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Jerin kalmomin Defaka (Wiktionary)
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Defaka". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- Blench, Roger (2000, rev. 2003) 'Mutuwar Harshe a Yammacin Afirka' (takardar da ba a buga ba da aka bayar a Zagaye na Zagaye akan Harshe Hatsari, Bad Godesborg, Fabrairu 12-17, 2000).
- Jenewari, Charles EW (1983) 'Defaka, Dangin Harshe Mafi Kusa da Ijo', a cikin Dihoff, Ivan R. (ed.) Hanyoyi na Yanzu ga Harsunan Afirka Vol 1, 85 – 111.
- Shryock, A., Ladefoged, P., & Williamson, K. (1996/97) 'Tsarin sauti na Defaka', Journal of West African Languages, 26, 2, 3 – 27.
- Williamson, Kayi. 1998. Defaka ya sake duba. Tsarin ladabtarwa da yawa game da tarihin Afirka, wanda Nkparom C. Ejituwu ya shirya, Babi na 9, 151-183. Port Harcourt: Jami'ar Fatakwal Press.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Defaka in UNESCO
- Lissafin kalmomi da rikodi a The UCLA Phonetics Lab.
- Defaka wanda aka yi niyya ta hanyar shawarwari don rubuta harsunan da ke cikin haɗari.
- Defaka da Nkoroo wani aiki ne don rubuta Defaka da Nkoroo