Harshen Tshwa
| Harshen Tshwa | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
hio |
| Glottolog |
tshw1239[1] |
Tsoa, Tshwa ko Tshuwau, wanda aka fi sani da Kua da Hiechware, wani yanki ne da ake magana da yaren Kalahari Khoe na Gabas wanda dubban mutane ke magana a Botswana da Zimbabwe.
Daya daga cikin yare shine Tjwao (wanda a da ake rubuta 'Tshwao'), yaren Khoisan daya tilo a ƙasar Zimbabwe, inda "Koisan" harshe ne da aka amince da shi a hukumance a cikin kundin tsarin mulki
Yaruka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsoa–Kua tarin yare ne, wanda har yanzu ba a yi nazari sosai ba amma da alama ya haɗa da:
- Tsoa, wanda kuma aka sani da Hiechware da kuma sauran nau'o'in haɗin gwiwar Hio-, Hie-, Hai- + Chwa, Tshwa, Chuwau, Tshuwau + -re, -ri; kamar yadda Sarwa, Sesarwa (sunan Tswana), Gǁabake-Ntshori, Tati, da Kwe-Etshori Kwee. Tshwao na Zimbabwe yana nan.
- Kua, kuma ya rubuta Cua da Tyhua. Wato duka Tsoa da Kua ana iya furta su da wani abu kamar [tʃwa]</link> , kuma ba a bayyane yake cewa yaruka ne daban-daban ba.
- Cire Cire [tʃire tʃire]</link> , ana magana a yankin Nata a Botswana.
Fassarar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙididdiga mai zuwa na yaren Kua:
Yaren Cire-cire (ba a ambata ba) yana da abubuwan ƙira masu zuwa:
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Na gefe | Bayan-<br id="mwAbA"><br><br><br></br> alveolar | Velar | Uvula | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danna | hanci | ᵑǀ | ( ᵑǃ ) | ᵑǁ | ( ᵑǂ ) | ||||
| mara murya | ᵏǀ | ( ᵏǃ ) | ᵏǁ | ( ᵏǂ ) | |||||
| murya | ᶢǀ | ( ᶢǃ ) | ᶢǁ | ( ᶢǂ ) | |||||
| m | ǀʰ | ( ǃʰ ) | ǁʰ | ( ǂʰ ) | |||||
| glotalized | ᵑǀˀ | ᵑǁˀ | |||||||
| dangantaka | ( ǀqχ</link> ) | ( ǁqχ</link> ) | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| M | mara murya | p | t | k | q | ʔ | |||
| murya | b | d | ɡ | ||||||
| Haɗin kai | mara murya | tʃ | |||||||
| murya | dz | dʒ | |||||||
| Mai sassautawa | mara murya | s | ʃ | χ | |||||
| murya | z | ||||||||
| Kusanci | l | ||||||||
Maƙallan suna da rarraba mara daidaituwa: Kalmomi goma sha biyu ne kawai ke farawa da ɗaya daga cikin dannawa na palatal ( ǂ ), kuma waɗannan ana maye gurbinsu da dannawar haƙora ( ǀ ) tsakanin ƙananan masu magana. Kalmomi rabin dozin ne kawai ke farawa da ɗaya daga cikin dannawar alveolar ( ǃ ), da ƙarin rabin dozin fiye da ɗaya daga cikin dannawar da aka shafa. Waɗannan ƙananan sautuka ana sanya su a cikin baƙaƙe a cikin ginshiƙi.
| gaba | baya | |
|---|---|---|
| babba | i ĩ | u ũ |
| tsakiyar | e | o |
| ƙananan | a ã | |
Akwai sautuna biyu, babba da ƙasa, da ƴan lokuta na tsakiyar sautin.
A cikin yaren arewacin Kua, kamar sauran harsunan Kalahari Khoe na Gabas, jerin latsawa na palatal sun zama tasha. Kudancin Kua ya riƙe maɓallin palatal, amma tasha na haƙori ya yi zafi, kamar yadda suke a cikin Gǀui da ǂʼAmkoe . Don haka Arewacin Kua yana da /ɟua/</link> 'ash' da /d̪u/</link> 'eland', yayin da kudancin Kua yana da ᶢǂua</link> 'ash' da /d̪ʲu/</link> (ko watakila /ɟu/</link> ) 'Eland'. [2]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littafi Mai Tsarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Vossen, Rainer (ed.). 2013 a. Harsunan Khoesan . London & New York: Routledge.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tshwa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Gerlach, Linda (2015) "Phonetic and phonological description of the Nǃaqriaxe variety of ǂʼAmkoe and the impact of language contact". PhD dissertation, Humboldt University, Berlin