Harshen Xam

Harshen Xam
ǀXam
no value
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 xam
Glottolog xamm1241[1]

ǀXam , a cikin Ingilishi kamar yadda / ˈkɑːm / KAHM KAHM wani yare ne da ba a taɓa gani ba (ko wataƙila tarin harsuna) na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ǀXam-ka ǃʼē ke magana a da. Yana daga cikin reshen ǃUi na harsunan Tuu kuma yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da yaren Nǁng moribund . Yawancin aikin ilimi a kan ǀXam ya yi ta Wilhelm Bleek, masanin harshe na Jamus na karni na 19, wanda ya yi nazarin nau'o'in ǀXam da ke magana a Achterveld, da (tare da Lucy Lloyd ) wani magana a Strandberg da Katkop yayin da yake aiki tare da ǁKábbo, Diaǃkwāin. ǀAǃkúṅta, ƃKwéite̥n ta ƁKēn, ǀHaꞌƁkassʼō da sauran masu magana. [2] Ƙungiyar da ta tsira ta ǀXam ta fito ne daga labarun da aka bayar da kuma ƙamus da aka rubuta daga waɗannan mutane a cikin Tarin Bleek da Lloyd.

Suna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bututu a farkon sunan "ǀXam" yana wakiltar latsa hakori, kamar interjection na Ingilishi tsk, tsk! ana amfani da su don nuna tausayi ko kunya. ⟨ x ⟩ yana nuna alamar latsa mara murya mara sauti .

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran harsunan Khoisan, akwai ɗan bambanci wajen fassara sunan, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana ganinsa tare da sauƙaƙan bambance-bambancen rubutu ǀKham, da kuma nau'i na nahawu daban-daban, ǀKhuai .

Dokokin

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Güldemann (2019) ya lissafta waɗannan rukunan a matsayin isassun shedar shaida don gano su ǀXam.

Lakabi Mai bincike Kwanan wata Asalin Bayanan kula
Ƙausa Krönlein 1850s Ƙananan Kogin Orange = D. Bleek lakabin SVIa.
Ƙusa Lloyd 1880 Kogin Orange ta Tsakiya
Ƙaddamarwa W. Bleek 1866 Achterveld = Tambarin Bleek SI.
Ƙaddamarwa W. Bleek/Lloyd 1870s Karoo (Strandberg-Katkop) = Tambarin Bleek SI.
Ƙau W. Bleek 1857 Colesberg
Ƙau W. Bleek 1857 Burghersdorp
Ƙau Lloyd 1880 Aliwal North

Nǀusa a fili yake ǀXam, amma Güldemann ya haɗa da ƙa'idodin eaastern ǃUi guda uku (wanda ke faɗaɗa zuwa Lesotho) a ƙarƙashin kalmar "Wider ǀXam".

Fassarar sauti

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Consonants

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Idan aka kwatanta da sauran harsunan Tuu kamar Taa, ǀXam yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na baƙaƙe musamman maƙallan dannawa, inda akwai jerin rakiyar dannawa guda 8 kawai, ƙasa da ta Gabas ǃXoon Taa's 18. Ƙirar baƙar fata ta farko ta ǀXam, gami da tasha mai banƙyama, daɗaɗaɗɗen kai, da affricates gami da dannawa mai ƙima, an jera su a ƙasa.

ǀHam baƙaƙe
M M
Labial Alveolar Dorsal Glottal Labial Dental Na gefe Alveolar Palatal
Nasal plain m n ŋ ᵑʘ ᵑǀ ᵑǁ ᵑǃ ᵑǂ
<small id="mwnQ">Glottalized</small> ᵑʘˀ ᵑǀˀ ᵑǁˀ ᵑǃˀ ᵑǂˀ
<small id="mwrw">Jinkirin buri</small> ᵑʘh ᵑǀh ᵑǁh ᵑǃh ᵑǂh
M tenuis ( p ) t k ʔ ᵏʘ ᵏǀ ᵏǁ ᵏǃ ᵏǂ
murya b d ɡ ᶢʘ ᶢǀ ᶢǁ ᶢǃ ᶢǂ
Haɗin kai <small id="mw7w">Mai sha'awa</small> t͡sʰ k͡x ʘ͡kʰ ǀ͡kʰ ǁ͡kʰ ǃ͡kʰ ǂ͡kʰ
Tashin hankali tx ~ t͡sx ʘ͡kx ǀ͡kx ǁ͡kx ǃ͡kx ǂ͡kx
Kwakwalwa mai ma'ana tʼ ~ t͡sʼ k͡xʼ ʘ͡kxʼ ǀ͡kxʼ ǁ͡kxʼ ǃ͡kxʼ ǂ͡kxʼ
Ƙarfafawa s x h
Sonorant w ɾ ~ l j

Wasula

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Ana lura da sautunan wasali guda biyar kamar [i e a o u]</link> kuma ana samun su tare da nasalization [ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ]</link> , pharyngealization [ḭ ḛ a̰ o̰ ṵ]</link> , da glottalization [iˀ eˀ aˀ oˀ uˀ]</link> .

Jawabin haruffan tatsuniyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bleek ya lura cewa wasu fitattun dabbobi a cikin tatsuniyar xam suna da salon magana na musamman. Misali, Tortoise yana maye gurbin dannawa da labial ba dannawa ba, Mongoose yana maye gurbin dannawa da ts, tsy, ty, dy da sauransu, kuma Jackal yana amfani da danna "baƙi" labial dannawa, "wanda ke kaiwa ga labial labial click ʘ, dangantaka. a cikin sauti mai kama da wanda palatal danna ǂ ɗauka zuwa cerebral danna ǃ". Watan, da kuma watakila Kurege da Anteater, har ma suna amfani da danna "mafi yawan furtawa" a maimakon duk dannawa ya ceci bilabial. Sauran canje-canjen da aka lura sun haɗa da jawabin Blue Crane, wanda ya ƙare farkon syllable kusan kowace kalma tare da /t/.

"Rashin magana game da danna dabba da hanyoyin yin magana Bushman"

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Jackal yana da lebur danna lebe.
  • Wani irin danna gefe a tsakiyar baki. (yana nufin jackal?)
  • Watan yana da haɗin gwiwar harshe yana jujjuya sama yana komawa rufin baki. Wannan danna yana da nau'in dannawa na palatal tare da shi.
  • Zakin yayi magana tare da danna (?) gefe da kuma (?) guttural da shi.
  • Kurayen yana da dannawa lebur.

Taken Afirka ta Kudu

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An yi amfani da Xam don taken Afirka ta Kudu kan rigar makamai da aka karbe a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2000:

ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke</link>

Ma'anar da ake nufi shine mutane daban-daban sun haɗu ko, a kan ma'auni na gama gari, Haɗin kai a Bambance-bambance . Fassarar kalma-da-kalma mutanen da suka bambanta suna haduwa. Duk da haka, ba a san ko waccan magana ta kasance mai ban mamaki ba a cikin ǀXam. Domin ya bace, ǀXam baya ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma goma sha biyu na Afirka ta Kudu . Masu magana da shi na ƙarshe sun mutu a cikin 1910s. [3]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Xam". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Güldemann (2011)
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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