Harshen Yawalapití

Harshen Yawalapití
'Yan asalin magana	8 (2006)
Dangin harshen	abu; abstract entity (en) ; languoid (en) ; language (en) ; human language (en) ; indigenous language (en) ; Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) ; indigenous language of South America (en) ; Harsunan Arawak; Paresi–Waura (en) ; Yawalapiti; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	yaw
Glottolog	yawa1261

Yapitiwala (Jaulapiti) yare ne na Arawacin kasar Brazil . Agavotaguerra (Agavotoqueng) an ruwaito suna magana da wannan harshe. Masu magana da yaren suna zaune a ƙauyen da ke gefen kogin Tuatuari, wani yanki na Kogin Kuluene, wanda ke cikin kudancin yankin Xingu Indigenous Park (Upper Xingu), a jihar Mato Grosso .

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Yapitiwala da Waurá, yaren Arawakan na wannan rukuni, suna da irin wannan kayan aiki. Ana rarraba manyan sassan a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

Sautin wakoki
	Biyuwa	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci	m	n		ɲ
Plosive	p	t		(c)	k	ʔ
Rashin lafiya		ts		tʃ
Fricative			Ƙari ga hakaʐ	ʃ		h
Hanyar gefen		l		ʎ
Mai motsi		r̥
Flap		ɾ
Semivowel	w				j

Babu murya ko affricates a cikin harshe. Maganar [c] ta bayyana a matsayin allophone na /k/ wanda ke faruwa a gaban Wasula ta gaba /i/, misali [puˈluka] "ƙauye" vs. [naˈciɾu] "ɗan uwata". Har ila yau, fricative /ʂ/ yana cikin bambancin kyauta tare da takwaransa da aka furta da /ī/ bi da bi, misali [iˈʂa ~ iˈī] "canoe".

Har ila yau, akwai wasu ƙuntatawa na phonotactic waɗanda ke nuna irin nau'ikan consonants da aka ba su izinin bayyana a wasu matsayi a cikin kalma. Misali, sautunan /tʃ, l, ɾ/ ba za su iya faruwa ba kafin wasula /ɨ/, kuma biyun na ƙarshe an ƙuntata su ga matsayi na tsakiya. A cikin irin wannan hanyar, ana lura da ruwa /ʎ/ ne kawai a matsayi na tsakiya kuma ba a taɓa gani ba kafin /a/ . Amma ga murya mara murya, shi ne kawai ɓangaren rhotic da aka ba da izinin bayyana a kowane matsayi kuma kafin kowane wasali. Ana samun sautin /w/ a matsayi na farko, na tsakiya da na ƙarshe, yayin da /j/ ba ya faruwa a matsayi na ƙarshe.

Tsayar da ƙwaƙwalwa ta atomatik ce a cikin kalmomin da suka fara ko suka ƙare a cikin wasali, watau kalma kamar /u/ "ruwa" ana furta shi azaman [ˈʔuʔ].

Sautin sautin

Harshen Yawalapiti yana da wasula na baki da na hanci, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

Sautin sautin
	A gaba		Tsakiya		Komawa
	Magana	hanci	Magana	hanci	Magana	hanci
Babba	i	ĩ	ɨ	ɨ̃	u	ũ
Ƙananan			a	ã

Kodayake wasula na hanci galibi suna faruwa kafin ko bayan sassan hanci, misali [ˈĩmi] "mai na pequi" ko [ˈmũnu] "termite", akwai lokuta da ake samun su a cikin yanayin da ba na hanci ba, misali [hã ~ hĩ] (ƙananan ƙwayoyin). Sautin sauƙi na iya samar da diphthongs daban-daban, galibi /iu, ui, ia, ai, au, ua, ɨu, uɨ/ .

Sabanin Waurá, Yawalapiti ba shi da sauti /e/ . Wannan shi ne saboda Proto-Arawak *e ya samo asali ne a matsayin /ɨ/ yayin da, a lokaci guda, Proto-Arawas *i da *ɨ sun haɗu wanda ya haifar da /i/ a Yawalapiti.

Fonotactics

Kalmomin a Yawalapiti na iya zama na nau'in V, CV kuma, kawai a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe, (C) Vʔ. Matsi na iya fadawa a kan na ƙarshe ko a kan sashi na ƙarshe na kalma.

Yanayin Yanayi

Masu rarrabawa da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga

Kamar sauran Harsunan Arawak, Yawalapiti yana da haɗuwa kuma yana amfani da ƙididdiga, musamman ƙididdiga. Za'a iya raba ƙididdigar ƙididdiga zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: masu rarrabawa da ƙididdigas masu rarrabawa.

Babban masu rarrabawa da aka samu a Yawalapiti suna nufin siffar wani abu ko wasu halaye na shi, kamar rubutu, tsawon da matsayi.

rarraba	ma'anar ma'ana
-ja	ruwa
-ti	tsawo
-ta	zagaye ko ƙwallo
-ka	shimfiɗa
-pana	siffar ganye
-lu	Rufewa

Wadannan morphemes suna haɗe da adjectives lokacin da suke nufin sunan da ke buƙatar mai rarrabawa, kamar a cikin misali mai zuwa. Ana amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ga sunayen asali don samar da sabbin sunayen fili. Wani lokaci, duk da haka, ba a san ma'anar asalin ba.

Masu mallaka

Magana da maganganu na baki suna shiga tsakani wajen samar da jimloli masu mallaka, kuma suna iya nuna batun ko abu na kalma. Saitin prefixes na Yawalapiti yayi kama da na sauran harsunan reshen Arawakan.

Abubuwan mallaka da na mutum
	Kafin sautin
	Mai banbanci	Yawancin mutane
Mutum na farko	n-, ni-	a-, aw-
Mutum na biyu	p-, pi-	i-
Mutum na uku	in-	in- ... -pa
	Kafin ƙwayoyin
	Mai banbanci	Yawancin mutane
Mutum na farko	nu-	a-
Mutum na biyu	hi-, ti-	i-
Mutum na uku	i-	i- ... -pa

a cikin sau farko da aikatau, ana amfani da siffofin ni- da pi- akai-akai tare da tush da ke farawa a cikin u, yayin da prefix aw- ya bayyana a hankali a gaban a. A cikin sunaye da aikatau da ke farawa da consonant, nau'in ti- yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da tushen ya fara da h (a duk sauran lokuta, ana amfani dashi hi-). Mutum na uku jam'i a zahiri wani circumfix ne wanda aka kafa ta hanyar prefix na mutum na uku da kuma -pa. Low">m">k da sun da suka fara da p, k, t, m, n, w da j an canza su ta hanyar prefix na mutum na biyu ko jam'i, sautunan su na farko suna ƙarƙashin canje-canje masu zuwa.

p → ɾ

k → tʃ

t → ts

m → ɲ

n → ɲ

w → Ø

j → Ø

Thus, for example, -kuʃu "head" becomes hi-tʃuʃu "your head" (but nu-kuʃu "my head"), -palaka "face" becomes hi-ɾalaka "your face" (but nu-palata "my face") and -jakanati "saliva" becomes hi-akanati "your saliva" (but nu-jakanati "my saliva").

Baƙo ga prefixes masu mallaka, sunayen da za a iya ba da su suna karɓar suffixes masu mallaki, kamar yadda yake ga uku "kibiya", wanda ya zama n-uku-la "kibiya ta", p-uku- la "kibiya nata", in-uku-la "kibiya nasa / ta", da dai sauransu.

manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Yawalapití". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Yawalapití". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

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