Harsunan Khoe

Harsunan Khoe
Linguistic classification	Harsunan Khoisan Khoe–Kwadi ^(en) Harsunan Khoe
Glottolog	khoe1241[1]

Harsunan Khoi / ˈkweɪ / [ ^[2] KWAY sune mafi girma a cikin iyalai waɗanda ba na Bantu ba ’yan asalin Kudancin Afirka. An taɓa ɗaukar su a matsayin reshe na dangin harshen Khoisan, kuma an san su da Tsakiyar Khoisan a wannan yanayin. Ko da yake yanzu an ƙi Khoisan a matsayin iyali, ana riƙe sunan a matsayin ɗan lokaci.

Yaren Khoi mafi yawa kuma sanannen yare shine Khoikhoi (Nama/Damara) na Namibiya . Sauran dangin ana samun galibi a cikin jejin Kalahari na Botswana . Harsunan sun yi kama da ta yadda za a iya samun ingantaccen matakin sadarwa tsakanin Khoikhoi da harsunan Botswana.

Harsunan Khoi sune harsunan Khoisan na farko da Turawa yan mulkin mallaka suka sani kuma sun shahara da dannawa, kodayake waɗannan ba su kai girma kamar na sauran iyalai na Khoisan ba. Akwai manyan rassa biyu na iyali, Khoikhoi na Namibiya da Afirka ta Kudu, da Tshu-Khwe na Botswana da Zimbabwe . Ban da Nama, suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga harsunan ƙasa ko na yanki kamar Tswana .

Tarihi

Tom Güldemann ya yi imanin cewa, manoma da makiyaya da ke magana da yaren Khoe-Kwadi sun shiga Botswana ta zamani kimanin shekaru 2000 da suka gabata daga arewa maso gabas (wato daga yankin Sandawe na zamani), inda da alama sun sami noma daga Bantu da ke fadada., a lokacin da Kalahari ya fi dacewa da noma. Kakannin Kwadi (da kuma watakila Damara ) sun ci gaba da yamma, yayin da waɗanda suka zauna a Kalahari suka mamaye harsunan Juu . Don haka, dangin Khoe yana da tasirin Juu. Waɗannan baƙin kakanni ne ga mutanen Kalahari arewa-maso-gabas (reshen Tshu–Khwe na gabas a cikin harshe), yayin da maƙwabta Juu (ko wataƙila maƙwabtan Kxʼa gabaɗaya) zuwa kudu maso yamma waɗanda suka koma Khoe kakanni ne ga reshen Tshu-Khwe na Yamma.

Daga baya ɓata Kalahari ya haifar da ɗaukar tattalin arziƙin mafarauta tare da kare mutanen Kalahari daga shayewar Bantu da manoma suka yi a kudu.

Wadanda Khoe suka ci gaba da kudu maso yamma sun ci gaba da yin kiwo kuma sun zama Khoekhoe . Sun haɗu da yawa tare da masu magana da harsunan Tuu, suna ɗaukar fasalin harsunansu. Wannan ya haifar da Tu da Kx'a substrata a cikin harsunan Khoekhoe. Yaɗuwar mutanen Nama zuwa Namibiya da ɗaukar abokan ciniki kamar Damara da Haiǁom ya faru ne a ƙarni na 16 da kuma daga baya, a kusan lokacin hulɗa da turawa.

Rabewa

Mafi kusa dangi na dangin Khoe na iya zama yaren Kwadi da ba a taɓa gani ba na Angola . Wannan babban rukuni, wanda aka sake gina karin magana da wasu ƙamus, ana kiransa Khoe-Kwadi . Duk da haka, saboda Kwadi ba shi da cikakkiyar shaidar, yana da wuya a gane waɗanne kalmomin gama gari ne da kuma waɗanne na iya zama lamuni. Bayan haka, dangi mafi kusa yana iya zama keɓewar Sandawe ; Tsarin karin magana na Sandawe yayi kama da na Khoe-Kwadi, amma babu isassun sanannun alaƙa don yin aiki da wasikun sauti na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, dangantakar tana da wasu ƙima mai ƙima, misali idan an yi la'akari da ƙuntatawa na baya-wala, wanda ke aiki a cikin harsunan Khoe amma ba a cikin Sandawe ba.

Rarraba harshe na iya jera harsunan Khoe dozin ɗaya ko biyu. Saboda da yawa gungu na yare ne, akwai matakin da ya dace wajen raba su. Ƙididdigar kowane gungu yare a matsayin naúrar yana haifar da harsunan Khoe tara:  

• Nama (ƙarshen ƙabilanci Khoekhoe, Nama, Damara ) gungu ne na yare wanda ya haɗa da ǂAakhoe da Haiǁom
• Xiri gungu ne na yare wanda kuma aka sani da Griqua (haɗin kai na Afirka ) ko Cape Hottentot.
• Shua gungu ne na yare wanda ya haɗa da Shwa, Deti, Tsʼixa, ǀXaise, da Ganádi
• Tsoa gungu ne na yare wanda ya haɗa da Cire da Kua
• Kxoe tarin yare ne wanda ya haɗa da ǁAni da Buga
• Naro tarin yare ne
• Gǁana tarin yare ne wanda ya haɗa da Gǀwi . Ana yawan haɗa Haba anan, amma yana iya zama kusa da Naro.
• Tsʼixa : Ndaw ma sləka na, ka sləmay ma Bəla Gazlavay ma Bay ma Bəla Gazlavay ma Bay ma Bəla Khoye.

Sunaye da yawa suna da alaƙa da harsunan Tshu-Kwe, musamman tare da gungu na Gabas. Waɗannan na iya zama wuri, dangi ko sunayen totem, sau da yawa ba tare da wani takamaiman bayanan harshe ba. Misalai sun haɗa da Masasi, Badza, Didi, da Dzhiki . ^[3] A halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a faɗi harsunan da suka yi daidai da waɗanne sunayen da aka ambata a cikin adabin ɗan adam ba, kodayake yawancin za su zama Shua ko Tshua. ^[4]

A galibin yarukan Kalahari Khoe na Gabas, an yi hasarar maƙallan alveolar da palatal, ko kuma ana kan ɓacewa. Misali, yaren arewa na Kua ya rasa maɓallan palatal, amma yaren kudu yana riƙe da su. A cikin Tsʼixa, canjin ya ƙirƙiri sau biyu tare da dannawa palatal vs palatal plosives.

Duba kuma

• Jerin abubuwan sake gina Proto-Khoe (Wiktionary)
• Jerin gyare-gyaren Proto-Central Khoisan (Wiktionary)

Kara karantawa

• Baucom, Kenneth L. 1974. Proto-Central-Khoisan. A cikin Voeltz, Erhard Friedrich Karl (ed.), Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron shekara-shekara na 3 kan ilimin harsunan Afirka, 7-8 Afrilu 1972, 3-37. Bloomington: Cibiyar Bincike don Nazarin Asiya ta ciki, Jami'ar Indiana.

Manazarta

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khoe1241 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. Menan du Plessis (2019) The Khoisan Languages of Southern Africa
3. E. O. J. Westphal, "The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot, and Bantu Linguistic Relationships", Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol.
4. Yvonne Treis, "Names of Khoisan Languages and their Variants"

• Güldemann, Tom da Edward D. Elderkin (2010) 'Game da Alakar Zurfin Zurfafa na Iyalin Khoe.' a cikin Brenzinger, Matthias da Christa König (eds.), Khoisan Languages and Languages: the Riezlern Symposium 2003. Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 17. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
• Canza bayanin martaba lokacin da ake shiga yankin Mafarauta? : Zuwa Tarihin Iyalin Khoe-Kwadi a Kudancin Afirka. Tom Güldemann, takarda da aka gabatar a taron Ilimin Harsunan Tarihi da Jama'ar Mafarauta a Mahangar Duniya, a Cibiyar Max Planck na Ilimin Juyin Halitta, Agusta 2006.