Harsunan Nguni

Harsunan Nguni
Linguistic classification
Glottolog ngun1276[1]

Harsunan Nguni rukuni ne na harsunan Bantu masu alaƙa da ake magana da su a kudancin Afirka ( galibi Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe da Masarautar eSwatini ) ta mutanen Nguni . Harsunan Nguni sun haɗa da Xhosa, Hlubi, Zulu, Ndebele, da Swati . Kiran "Nguni" ya samo asali ne daga nau'in shanun Nguni . Ngoni (duba ƙasa) tsoho ne, ko canzawa, bambance-bambancen.

Wani lokaci ana jayayya cewa yin amfani da Nguni a matsayin lakabi na gabaɗaya yana nuna haɗin kai na tarihi guda ɗaya na mutanen da ake magana a kai, inda a zahiri lamarin ya kasance mai rikitarwa. [2] Amfani da harshe na lakabin (yana nufin ƙungiyar Bantu) yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali.

Ta fuskar editan Turanci, an yi amfani da labaran “a” da “an” da “Nguni”, amma “a Nguni” ya fi yawa kuma za a iya cewa ya fi daidai idan an furta “Nguni” kamar yadda aka nuna. .

Rabewa

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  A cikin wani yanki na Kudancin Bantu, ana amfani da lakabin "Nguni" ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta (a cikin ma'anar harshe) da kuma ta hanyar rubutu (ban da duk wani mahimmanci na tarihi).

Harsunan Nguni suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud, kuma a lokuta da yawa harsuna daban-daban suna fahimtar juna; ta wannan hanyar, harsunan Nguni za su fi dacewa a iya fassara su azaman ci gaba da yare fiye da yadda tarin harsuna daban-daban. Fiye da lokaci guda, an gabatar da shawarwari don ƙirƙirar harshe ɗaya na Nguni.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen masana kan harsunan kudancin Afirka, ana ɗaukar nau'in rarraba harshe "Nguni" bisa ga al'ada zuwa rukuni biyu: "Zunda Nguni" da "Tekela Nguni". [3] [4] Wannan rarrabuwa ta samo asali ne a kan bambance-bambancen sautin sauti tsakanin madaidaitan baƙaƙe na coronal : Zunda /z/</link> da Tekela /t/</link> (haka asalin sunan Swati da kuma sanannen Zulu nau'in Swazi ), amma akwai tarin ƙarin ma'auni na harshe wanda ke ba da damar rarrabuwar kai tsaye a cikin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa biyu na Nguni.

Yaren Tekela

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  • Bhaka [5]
  • Hlubi
  • Lala
  • Nhlangwini
  • Arewacin Transvaal Ndebele (Sumayela Ndebele)
  • Fushi [6]
  • Swazi

Harsunan Zunda

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  • Matabele (Ndebele)
  • Kudancin Ndebele (Ndibele na Kudancin Afirka)
  • Hosa
  • Zulu

Lura: Maho (2009) kuma ya lissafa S401 Old Mfengu † .

Halaye

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Abubuwan da ke biyo baya na harsunan Nguni sune na yau da kullun:

  • Tsarin wasali 5, ta hanyar haɗa jerin kusa da kusa da Proto-Bantu . (Phuthi ta sake samun sabon jerin wasula masu kusanci daga Sotho )
  • Yada manyan sautunan zuwa ga ma'anar antepenultimate.
  • Bambance tsakanin manya da ƙananan sautuna akan prefixes suna, suna nuna matsayi daban-daban na nahawu, tare da wasu lokuta ta hanyar fayyace prefix mai suna augment .
  • Haɓaka baƙaƙe masu sautin numfashi, suna aiki azaman baƙaƙen baƙin ciki .
  • Haɓaka baƙaƙe masu ƙima .
  • Haɓaka latsa baƙaƙe .

Bayanan kwatance

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Kwatanta jimloli masu zuwa:

Harshe "Ina son sabbin sandunanku"
Zulu Ngi-ya-zi-thanda izi-nduku z-akho ezin-tsha
Hosa Ndi-ya-zi-thanda ii-ntonga z-akho ezin-tsha
Northern Ndebele Ngi-ya-zi-thanda i-ntonga z-akho ezin-tsha
Kudancin Ndebele Ngi-ya-zi-thanda iin-ntonga z-akho ezi-tjha
Bhaca Ndi-ya-ti-thsandza ii-ntfonga t-akho etin-tsha
Hlubi Ng'ya-zi-thanda iin-duku z-akho ezinsha
Swazi Ngi-ya-ti-tsanza ti-ntfonga t-akho letin-sha
Mpapa Phuthi Gi-ya-ti-tshadza ti-tfoga t-akho leti-tjha
Sigxodo Phuthi Gi-ya-ti-tshadza ti-tshoga t-akho leti-tjha

Lura: Xhosa ⟨ tsh ⟩ = Phuthi ⟨ tjh ⟩ = IPA [tʃʰ]</link> ; Phuthi ⟨ tsh ⟩ = [tsʰ]</link> ; Zulu ⟨ sh ⟩ = IPA [ʃ]</link> , amma a muhallin da aka ambata a nan /ʃ/</link> an "haɓaka hanci" zuwa [tʃ]</link> . Phuthi ⟨ jh ⟩ = murya mai numfashi [dʒʱ]</link> = Xhosa, Zulu ⟨ j ⟩ (a cikin mahallin nan yana bin hanci [n]</link> ). Zulu, Swazi, Hlubi ⟨ ng ⟩ = [ŋ]</link> .

Harshe "Inglish kadan na fahimta"
Zulu Ngisi-zwa ka-ncane isi-Ngisi
Hosa Ndisi-qonda ka-ncinci nje isi-Ngesi
Northern Ndebele Ngisi-zwisisa ka-ncane isiKhiwa
Kudancin Ndebele Ngisi-zwisisa ka-ncani nje isi-Ngisi
Hlubi Ng'si-visisisa ka-ncani nje isi-Ngisi
Swazi Ngisiva ka-ncane nje si-Ngisi
Mpapa Phuthi Gisi-visisa ka-nci tə-jhə Si-kguwa
Sigxodo Phuthi Gisi-visisa ka-ncinci tə-jhə Si-kguwa

Lura: Phuthi ⟨ kg ⟩ = IPA [x]</link> .

Duba kuma

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  • Ngoni sunan ƙabilanci ne kuma sunan yare na ƙungiyar da ke zaune a Malawi, waɗanda zuriyar Nguni ta Afirka ta Kudu ce mai nisa. Ngoni ya rabu da duk wasu harsunan Nguni bayan gagarumin tashin hankalin siyasa da zamantakewa a kudancin Afirka, mfecane, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1830s.
  • IsiNgqumo wata magana ce da 'yan luwadi na Afirka ta Kudu ke magana da harsunan Bantu ; sabanin Gayle, , argot da 'yan luwadi na Afirka ta Kudu ke magana da harsunan Jamus . IsiNgqumo ya dogara ne akan ƙamus na Nguni.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ngun1276 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Wright 1987.
  3. ↑ Doke 1954.
  4. ↑ Ownby 1985.
  5. ↑ Jordan 1942.
  6. ↑ Donnelly 2009.

Littafi Mai Tsarki

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Kara karantawa

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  • Shaw, EM da Davison, P. (1973) Kudancin Nguni (jeri: Mutum a Kudancin Afirka) Gidan Tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu, Cape Town
  • Ndlovu, Sambulo. 'Sake Gina Kwatancen Fannin Fassarar Fassarar Proto-Nguni'