Indiya Juliana

Indiya Juliana
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Río de la Plata Basin (en) Fassara, 16 century
Ƙabila Guaraní people (en) Fassara
Mutuwa Asunción, 1540s
Yanayin mutuwa hukuncin kisa (dismemberment (en) Fassara)
Sana'a
Sana'a rebel (en) Fassara, makashi da gwagwarmaya

Juliana (esesmai suna [xu 'lja na]), wanda aka fi sani da Indiya Juliana (Spanish don "Juliana Indiya" ko "Julianna Indiya"), shine Sunan Kirista na wata mace Guaraní da ke zaune a sabuwar Asunción da aka kafa, a farkon mulkin mallaka na Paraguay, wanda aka sani da kashe wani mai mulkin mallaka Mutanen Espanya tsakanin 1539 da 1542. esTana daya daga cikin mata da yawa na asali wadanda Mutanen Espanya suka ba da su ko suka sace su, suka tilasta musu su yi aiki da haihuwa. Tun da yankin bai wadata da ma'adanai ba kamar yadda suke tsammani, masu mulkin mallaka sun samar da wadata ta hanyar bautar da tilasta wa 'yan asalin kasar aiki - musamman cin zarafin mata masu shekaru na haihuwa.

Labarin Indiya Juliana ya fito ne gaba asusun 1545 na adelantado[note 1] Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca - wanda ya yi mulki a takaice tsakanin 1542 da 1544 - da kuma na marubucinsa Pero Hernández. A cewar wadannan kafofin, Indiya Juliana ta kashe wani mazaunin Mutanen Espanya mai guba Ñuño de Cabrera - ko dai mijinta ko ubangijinta - da ganye kuma an sake shi duk da cewa ya furta laifin. Lokacin da ya isa Asunción, Cabeza de Vaca an ruwaito ta gano game da shari'arta, har ma ta yi alfahari da ayyukanta ga takwarorinta. A mayar da martani, ya ba da umarnin a kashe ta ta hanyar yanka, a matsayin horo ga laifin da kisa gargadi ga wasu 'yan asalin mata kada su yi haka.

An dauki Juliana ta Indiya a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a Tarihin mata na Paraguay, kuma ta zuga wasu mata su kashe iyayensu an dauke ta daya daga cikin farkon rikodin 'yan asalin zamanin. An fito da nau'o'i da yawa na labarinta tare da ma'anar akida daban-daban. Kodayake ainihin labarinta yawanci iri daya ne, asusun sun bambanta da cikakkun bayanai kamar ranar abubuwan da suka faru, hanyar da ta kashe Cabrera da kuma hanyar da aka kashe ta. Kodayake wasu sun dauki Indiya Juliana a matsayin mai hadin gwiwa na Mutanen Espanya kuma mai gina al'ummar Paraguay, wasu suna da'awar ta a matsayin 'yar tawaye kuma alama ce ta juriya ga mulkin mallaka. Fassara da yawa na zamani sun bayyana ta a matsayin mace ta farko, tare da adadinta da masu gwagwarmaya da malamai ke da'awar. Labarin Indiya Juliana ya kasance batun ayyukan Tarihin tarihi da yawa. Wata titi a Asunción tana dauke da sunanta tun 1992, daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da aka ba su suna bayan wani dan asalin kasar maimakon al'umma gaba daya.

Tarihin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hotuna biyu daga 1599 suna kwatanta tarihin mai binciken Ulrich Schmidl na 1534-1554 a cikin kwandon Río de la Plata, suna nuna 'yan asalin Cario (sama) da kuma yaki tsakanin su da masu mulkin mallaka na Spain (kasa).

Juliana tana daya daga cikin 'yan matan Cario da za a ambata a cikin tushen mulkin mallaka tare da sunan (Kirista). Binciken Mutanen Espanya na farko don kafa kauyuka a Paraguay an motsa su ne ta hanyar kuskuren gaskata cewa yanki ne na arzikin ma'adinai, musamman zinariya. A shekara ta 1537, Juan de Salazar da Espinoza ne ya kafa sansanin soja Nuestra Señora de la Asunción a bakin tekun Kogin Paraguay.[2][3] Bayan gamuwarsu da Mutanen Guaraní na yankin, Mutanen Espanya sun kafa yarjejeniya tare da caciques[bayanin 3] da aka rufe tare da isar da mata. [4][5] Da farko, ba da mata ga masu mulkin mallaka an yi shi ne a ƙarƙashin tsarin cuñadazgo, ra'ayi wanda shugabannin Guaraní suruka kirkiro yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da amfanin juna, yayin da ya canza mai karba zuwa suruki ko suruki. Tun da yadda Mutanen Espanya ke bi da Guaraní ba su da ma'amala amma mamayewa, ba da dadewa ba wadannan musayar farko sun biyo bayan tashin hankali na 'yan asalin kasar, tare da aƙalla yanayi uku da aka rubuta a cikin 1538-1539, 1542-1543, da 1545-1546. [6] Halin da shari'ar Juliana ta Indiya ta faru an kira shi "aljanna ta Muhammadu" (Spanish: "Paraíso de Mahoma"), yana nufin mulkin "mai lalata" na bautar jima'i wanda aka sanya mata 'yan asalin a cikin shekarun 1540.[7][8][9] A cikin wani asusun daga shekara ta 1541, mai mulkin mallaka Domingo Martínez de Irala ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa mata 300 na asali suna zaune a Asunción, waɗanda mutanen Cario suka ba su hidima ga Mutanen Espanya.[10]

A shekara ta 1541, an watsar da mazaunin Mutanen Espanya na farko na Buenos Aires - wanda aka gina a bakin tekun Rio de la Plata - a fuskar hare-hare daga 'yan asalin kasar, kuma mazaunanta sun koma Asunción, wanda Irala ta kafa shi a matsayin birni a kan abin da ya kasance sansanin soja. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kauyen ya sami adadi mafi girma na Mutanen Espanya kuma ya zama cibiyar mulkin mallaka na Mutanenaniya na kudancin rabin Kudancin Amurka.[6][2] Bayan gano cewa yankin a zahiri ba shi da zinariya, masu mulkin mallaka sun fahimci cewa za su iya samarwa da tara dukiya ta hanyar tilasta aiki da bautar 'yan asalin ƙasar, musamman cin zarafin mata masu shekaru masu haihuwa.[3][4][6] An yi fice da 'yan asalin kasar da aka sani da rancheadas, inda aka cire mata daga al'ummominsu kuma aka tilasta musu su yi aiki ga masu mulkin mallaka. [6][5] Rikicin rancheadas ya fara maye gurbin farkon lokacin cuñadazgo a kusa da 1543, kuma ya zama gama gari bayan shekaru biyu.[6] Matan 'yan asalin kasar, wadanda aka bautar da su a matsayin bayin da uwaye na Mestizos, da sauri suka zama kayan kasuwanci.[3] Daga nan Asunción ta zama cibiyar fitar da bayi na asali, samar da kasuwar fataucin mutane tsakanin birnin da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portugal ta São Vicente a bakin tekun Brazil.[3]

Da yake zaune a Asunción, Irala ya kasance yana mulkin Gwamnatin New Andalusia - wanda ke kula da mulkin mallaka na Río de la Plata Basin - tun 1538, wanda takwarorinsa suka zaba bayan gwamnan da aka nada Juan de Ayolas ya bace a cikin balaguro. Lokacin da labarin yiwuwar mutuwar Ayolas ya kai gaba-linkid="143" href="./Cortes_Generales" id="mwvg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cortes Generales">Kotun Mutanen Espanya, an kira mai binciken Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca adelantado na biyu na Gwamnatin, ya isa Asunción a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1542, kuma ya karbi iko daga Irala.[11] Bayan isowa, Cabeza de Vaca "ya yi kokari ya kafa tsari da horo tsakanin sojoji da mazauna Asunción, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai kare [mutane na asali]. [11] Bayan wani balaguron da ya gaza neman hanyar zuwa Peru a 1542, rashin jin dadi tsakanin mazauna Mutanen Espanya ya haifar da makirci da Irala ya jagoranci a kansa a 1544, ya sake zabar shi a matsayin gwamna. An kama Cabeza de Vaca tare da uzuri na kasancewa da yawa "mai ba da izini ga 'yan asalin", kuma an tura shi Spain a matsayin fursuna.[12] Ayyukan rancheadas sun zama gama gari tare da gwamnatin Irala ta biyu, tare da mai bincike Guillaume Candela yana bayyana su kamar haka: "ba tare da wata shakka ba shine mafi kyawun al'adun al'adu na cin nasara. Dukkanin kauyuka sun rasa dakarun haihuwa, don haka suna nuna alamar rauni a rayuwar mutanen da abin ya shafa [ 'yan asalin kasar].

Labari na asali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hoton adelantado[note 1] Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, wanda ya gaba da Indiya Juliana a cikin asusun 1545 da aka gabatar wa Majalisar Indiya.

Kodayake nassoshin tarihi game da Indiya Juliana suna da takaice, sun kafa wani abu mai karfi tare da wakilcin mata Guaraní na yau da kullun a farkon tushen mulkin mallaka na yankin Río de la Plata. Babban tushe ya fito ne daga wani asusun da Cabeza de Vaca ya gabatar wa Majalisar Indiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1545 a matsayin shaidar shari'a, [13] wanda aka sani da Comentarios. Rubutun ya rubuta shi ne a zahiri daga marubucin Cabeza de Vaca Pero Hernández, a bukatar tsohon. Da ya dawo Spain a matsayin fursuna a shekara ta 1545, Cabeza de Vaca ya shiga cikin takaddamar shari'a tare da Majalisar Indiya wanda ya kai kusan shekaru takwas, inda ya sami hukunci mai tsanani. A shekara ta 1555, Bayani ya warware matsalolinsa na shari'a da tsaftace hotonsa, kuma bayan ya sami izinin sarauta, Cabeza de Vaca ya buga La relación y comentarios del gobernador Álvar Núñez cabeza de vaca de lo acaecido en las dos jornadas que hizo a las Indias, wanda ya tattara Comentarios tare da asusun da ya gabata daga 1542 da aka sani da Naufragios . [14] Koyaya, ya zaɓi ya watsar da India Juliana daga littafin, tare da wasu bangarorin asusun da suka tabbatar da amfani da tashin hankali, don "guje wa duk wata sanarwa da ke ba da damar karantawa sau biyu". Sashe na "XLII" na asali na 1545 ya karanta:

A lokacin da na isa [Asunción], an sanar da ni cewa wani dan Indiya mai suna Juliana, ɗan asalin ƙasar da aka ambata, ya sa guba ga wani Kirista mai suna Ñuño de Cabrera, kuma Domingo de Irala ya riƙe ta a kurkuku kuma ya gurfanar da ita, kuma bayan ya tabbatar da laifin ta hanyar ikirarin Juliana, yana cewa saboda kishi ta ce Nuño de Cabrer da ya mutu, kuma ya yi masa shari'a da ita kawai ya yi watsi da ita ga sauran laifin, kuma ya ce ta San Ira, ya sake ya ce ta sananne ya bar mata, ya ce ta, ya ce:[15]

Wani bayani da ya gabata game da shari'ar Juliana - ko da yake ba tare da ambaton sunanta ba - wani asusun da Hernández ya rubuta, wanda aka rubuta a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1545, [16] inda ya yi tir da laifukan da aka aikata a cikin Gwamnatin tun bayan bacewar gwamnan Ayolas. A cikin sassan biyu na rubutun, Hernández ya ambaci shari'ar Indiya Juliana:

... wata mace Kirista ta Indiya ta kashe Nuño Cabrera, maigidanta, maƙwabcin Cazalla, tare da ganye, kuma Pero Díaz, magajin gari, ya kama ta kuma ya ci gaba; Indiya ta furta laifin, kuma bisa ga bukatar Sancho de Salinas, dan uwan marigayin, an saki Indiya, kuma ta tafi ba tare da hukunci ba. (...) Gwamnan ya ci gaba da cin zarafin mace 'yar Indiya wacce ta sashi ubangijin ta da ganye kuma ta umarci a kama ta kuma an daure ta kuma saboda ikirarin abin da ke cikin tsari na farko da aka tara tare da na biyu an yanke mata hukuncin kisa kuma an raba ta.[16]

Labarin Cabeza de Vaca game da Indiya Juliana ya yi niyyar fallasa "rashin jituwa" da manufofin Irala suka haifar a cikin mulkin mallaka, musamman lalata da Mutanen Espanya da 'yan asalin mata, da kuma ba da izini ga waɗannan halaye, yana nuna "mafi girman ɗabi'a da iyawar wayewa".[4] A cewar mai bincike Gabriela Schvartzman, "magana game da kishi da dangantakar soyayya da Juliana ke da ita da dan uwan mijinta wanda shi ma abokantaka ne da Irala shine makircin da ke ba da damar wannan fassarar. " [4] Schvartzmen ya kuma lura cewa labarin yana da "daidaitaccen hali na biyu" wanda ya shafi rashin girmama mata ga tsarin jima'i da masu mulkin mallaka suka sanya. Ta hanyar rubuta cewa Indiya Juliana ta gaya wa sauran mata cewa ita kadai ce mai ƙarfin zuciya da ta yi ƙarfin hali ta kashe ubangijinta, Cabeza de Vaca ta nuna cewa wannan ya sa ta yi alfahari da tabbatarwa, [4] kuma ta bukaci wasu su yi haka. [7] A wannan ma'anar, mai bincike Silvia Tieffemberg ta ji cewa ramuwar gayya "ta tsallake shingen kabilanci da jinsi a lokaci guda".[13]

Ra'ayoyin Masana Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da asalin labarin Cabeza de Vaca, nau'o'i daban-daban da suka sabawa labarin Indiya Juliana sun fito a tsawon lokaci, wasu daga cikinsu ta hanyar ayyukan tarihi wasu kuma ta hanyar ayyukan wallafe-wallafen.[4][7] Dangane da matsayin akidar, wasu jawabai suna nuna ta a matsayin jarumi da kuma gunkin juriya na asali, yayin da wasu ke bayyana ta a matsayin mai gina al'ummar Paraguay da kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga hadin gwiwa tare da Mutanen Espanya.[4] Kodayake fassarar sun bambanta da cikakkun bayanai kamar shekarar abubuwan da suka faru (tsakanin 1539 da 1542), yadda ta kashe Cabrera ko kuma hanyar da aka kashe ta, ainihin labarin gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne: ta kashe mijinta kuma ta bukaci wasu mata su yi haka, wanda aka kama ta kuma daga baya aka kashe ta a matsayin gargadi don sauran ba su bi ta misalinta ba.[4] Wasu maganganun kishin kasa - a dama da hagu na siyasa - suna jaddada "halin yaƙi" na Indiya Juliana wanda, "a cikin salon 'jarumai na ƙasarsu', yana amfani da takobi ko wuka don kashe abokin gaba na Mutanen Espanya da kare darajar al'ummar Paraguay, amma ba na mutanen Guaraní ba".[4] Masanin tarihin Argentina Enrique na Gandía ya ambaci asusun Cabeza de Vaca a cikin littafinsa na 1932 Indios y conquistadores en el Paraguay, wanda masanin tarihin Paraguay Carlos Pastore ya ambaci shi a cikin La lucha por la tierra en Paraguay (1972), inda ya bayyana "maƙaryaci na Indiya Juliana". [4]

Bisa ga gaskiyar cewa ta bukaci wasu 'yan asalin mata su kashe iyayensu, ana daukar Indiya Juliana a matsayin jarumi na Guaraní wanda ya jagoranci tashin hankali na' yan asalin mata da mulkin Mutanen Espanya.[17][18][19] Tawayen Indiya Juliana za a iya ɗauka a matsayin daya daga cikin farkon rikodin 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka yi wa mulkin Mutanen Espanya.[20][21][22] Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan fassarorin sun bayyana Indiya Juliana a matsayin 'yar Cacique, kamar yadda matan da aka ba su a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar farko tsakanin 'yan asalin da masu cin nasara.[4][23][22] A cikin littafinsa na 1963 Formación histórica de la Nación Paraguaya, farfesa na Argentina Oscar Creydt ya ambaci "hawan mata bayin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Indiya Juliana, wanda ya mutu a matsayin jarumi, an kashe shi". Masanin tarihin mata na Paraguay Idalia Flores de Zarza ya kuma bayyana tashin hankali da kisa na Indiya Juliana a cikin aikinta na 1987 La mujer paraguaya: protagonista de la historia, 1537-1870. Matar Paraguay: jarumi a cikin tarihin, 1537-1870. Tomo I, kodayake ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta mutu ta hanyar ratayewa.[4]

Yawancin masana tarihi na zamani gabaɗaya suna amfani da waɗannan tushen littattafai, gami da 'yan Argentina Felipe Pigna da Loreley El Jaber . [4] Masanin tarihi Roberto A. Romero - wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafinsa na 1995 La revolución comunera del Paraguay - ya sanya lamarin a cikin 1542, yana rubuta cewa: "Mata Guaraní sune masu gabatarwa na babban makircin da aka yi wa masu mulkin mallaka na Spain, karkashin jagorancin Indiya Juliana (...). Ta kashe mijinta na Mutanen Espanya Ñuño Cabrera kuma ta fita tafiya a kan titunan birnin, ta sa 'yan asalin su yi haka tare da mazaunansu na Turai don kawo karshen dukkan masu cin nasara. [7] An mamaye makircin kuma (...) jarumar Guaraní ta mutu ta hanyar ratayewa. Pigna ya sadaukar da wani sashi ga Indiya Juliana a cikin littafin tarihin mata na 2012 Mujeres que tenían que ser, inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ta yanke kan Cabrera a ranar Alhamis 1539 kuma ta sa sa sa sahabanta su bi misalinta, dukansu sun ƙare da azabtarwa da ratayewa.[17]

Fassara na baya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Labarin Indiya Juliana ya kasance batun ayyukan almara da yawa.[4] Marubucin Uruguay Eduardo Galeano ya ambaci shari'arta a cikin littafinsa na 1982 Memoria del fuego . [8] A cikin gajeren labarinsa "Primeras Letras. Alhamis Santo, 1539", Helio Vera ya nuna Indiya Juliana a matsayin yarinya mara kyau da ta ƙaunaci Juan de Salazar kuma ta bayyana tawaye na 'yan asalin 1539 da aka shirya don Maundy Alhamis, ta ci amanar mutanenta.[24] Wannan hangen nesa na Indiya Juliana an bayyana shi a matsayin "Guaraní Malinche". [7] A cikin "¡Arde Juliana, arde!", wani ɗan gajeren labari na Gloria Muñoz, an kuma saita shari'ar Juliana a ranar Alhamis, amma a cikin 1540; a ciki, ta haifar da tawaye na 'yan asalin mata, kodayake wasu sun koma baya kuma an ƙone ta a kan gungume.[7] Wasu fassarorin kuma suna da'awar cewa an fille mata kai. [4] [22]

Ɗaya daga cikin gaskiyar da aka sanya mafi ganuwa shine cewa Indiya Juliana ta kashe Nuño de Cabrera ta hanyar guba, tare da sassan baya da ke nuna cewa yana da takobi ko wuka, ta hanyar yanke kansa, ko ta hanyar amfani da makamansa.[4] An danganta guba da al'ada da mata a Tsohon Duniya kuma, a yankin Río de la Plata, an yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata a cikin kibiyoyi na mayaƙan Guaraní da Timbú. Schvartzman ya lura: "Ta kashe shi da ciyawa, tare da ganye daga duwatsu, waɗanda kakanninta suka yi amfani da su dubban shekaru don warkarwa, amma waɗanda, dangane da kashi, suma suna da amfani don kashewa. (...) Ba ta kashe shi da karfi ba, ta kashe shi tare da iliminta, wanda bayan duk shine mafi girman ikon mata a kowane lokaci. "[4]

Wasu fassarori sun sanya shakku game da wanzuwar tarihi na Indiya Juliana, [4] [23] suna la'akari da ita a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki a cikin hanyar Anahí, [7] yarima mai ban mamaki na Guaraní. [25] Duk da haka, an watsar da waɗannan da'awar, kamar yadda rubuce-rubucen zamani na Cabeza de Vaca da Hernández suka ba da labarin wanzuwarta.[4] Da yake tunani game da wannan, Schvartzman ya rubuta:

IMaganar da ta tabbatar da ainihin rashin wanzuwar Indiya Juliana, ko kuma cewa tambayar wannan gaskiyar bisa ga rashin wanzuwa ko jahilci na amintaccen takardun tarihi ko rubuce-rubuce, an gabatar da shi azaman hujja don rashin ganuwa na juriya na asali, musamman na mata. Ya karfafa ra'ayin cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Mutanen Espanya da 'yan asalin ƙasar, a lokacin cin nasara da mulkin mallaka, dangantaka ce ba tare da rikici ba, zaman lafiya har ma da ƙauna. (...) Labarin Juliana a matsayin mai cin amana ga mutanenta ko kuma yana ƙaunar mai zalunta ba shi da tushen tarihi na goyon baya, don haka zai zama almara wanda ke ɗauke da maganganun mulkin mallaka da na ubanni. Ba neman Indiya Juliana ba, ko kuma ba neman ta isa ba, alamomi ne da ke auna sha'awar gano ta, a cikin sa ta ganuwa, a ƙarshe sun zama matsayi na siyasa ga waɗanda ke aiki a fagen bincike na tarihi da zamantakewa, da kuma waɗanda ke aiki daga ƙungiyoyin mata da mata.[4]

Kyauta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Escuela India Juliana, Kungiyar mata 'yan asalin ƙasar Paraguay mai suna bayan ɗan tawaye na Guaraní. Masu gwagwarmayar mata da malamai na zamani sun yi ikirarin cewa ita ce ta.

A yau, ana da'awar adadi na Indiya Juliana a matsayin mai kare tarihi na 'yan asalin ƙasar, da kuma alamar' yancin mata.[19] Marubutan zamani da yawa suna la'akari da Indiya Juliana a matsayin mace ta farko, kuma kungiyoyin mata da yawa, makarantu, dakunan karatu da cibiyoyin inganta mata na asali a Paraguay an sanya musu suna bayan ta.[26][7][27] Marubucin Andrés Colmán Gutiérrez na Última Hora ya lura cewa an "suna ɗauke da ita a matsayin tutar" a cikin zanga-zangar shekara-shekara na Ranar Mata ta Duniya da Ranar Kasa da Kasa don kawar da tashin hankali a kan Mata, kuma ya bayyana ta a matsayin "watakila jarumiyar asalin Guaraní ta farko, tawaye da al'adun namiji da na ubanni, wanda ya musanta labarin hukuma game da nasarar Mutanen Espanya a Paraguay".[7] Masana kimiyya da masu fafutuka na Paraguay sun dawo da adadi na Indiya Juliana a matsayin babban abu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin "farfado da asalin mata da mata" a Kudancin Amurka, wanda aka nufa ya nisanta daga hangen nesa na Yurocentric. Haka ya faru a Ecuador tare da Dolores Cacuango da Tránsito Amaguaña; a tsakiyar yankin Andes tare da Bartolina Sisa da Micaela Bastidas; kuma a Argentina tare da María Remedios del Valle da Juana Azurduy.[28]

Gwamnatin Asunción ta kafa titin Indiya Juliana a shekarar 1992.[1] Yana daya daga cikin ƙananan tituna a cikin birni mai suna bayan wani ɗan asalin ƙasar maimakon dukan al'umma, tare da wasu adadi kamar caciques Arecayá da Lambaré, da kuma bawan Indio Francisco . [1] Kodayake an yanke shawarar sanya sunan titin bayan wani ɗan asalin ƙasar, ƙudurin ya kasance mai kawo rigima, tunda ya yaba wa Indiya Juliana tare da haɗin gwiwa a matsayin jagora ga masu mulkin mallaka, game da ita a matsayin "mahaifiyar al'adu" a ma'anar taimakawa haɗin kai tsakanin al'adun biyu.

An dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a Tarihin mata na Paraguay, [23] [18] [29] an kira hoton Indiya Juliana a cikin kayayyakin mabukaci kamar T-shirts ko giya.[30][19][20] A cikin 2020, an daidaita labarinta a cikin littafi mai ban dariya wanda gidan wallafe-wallafen Paraguay Servilibro ya fitar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin "Mundo guaraní".[31] Farfesa María Gloria Pereira ne ya rubuta shi kuma Daniel Ayala Medina ne ya kwatanta shi, wasan kwaikwayo ya nuna ta a matsayin jarumi Guaraní da ke adawa da mulkin Mutanen Espanya, kuma yana amfani da sunan Arapy a matsayin sunanta na asali, wanda ke nufin "duniya", "duniya ", " sarari " ko "firmament " a cikin Harshen Guaraní.[7] Mawallafin mawaƙa na Paraguay Claudia Miranda ya haɗa da waƙa game da Indiya Juliana a cikin kundi na farko na studio na 2020 Las brujas, wanda aka yi tare da goyon bayan kungiyar Centro de Documentación y Estudios (Spanish for "Center for Documentation and Studies" [CDE]). [32]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Adelantado". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named peter
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Candela, Guillaume (August 16, 2020). "Asunción y los pueblos indígenas en el siglo XVI". La Nación (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved December 14, 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "asuncion" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 Schvartzman, Gabriela (September 19, 2020). "Relatos sobre la India Juliana. Entre la construcción de la memoria y la ficción histórica". Periódico E'a (in Sifaniyanci). Atycom. Retrieved December 12, 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ea" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Candela, Guillaume (2018). "Reflexiones de clérigos y frailes sobre las deportaciones indígenas en la conquista del Paraguay entre 1542 y 1575" [Reflection of clergymen and friars about indigenous deportations in the conquest of Paraguay between 1542 and 1575]. Chungará (in Sifaniyanci). Arica: Universidad de Tarapacá. 50 (2). doi:10.4067/S0717-73562018005000701. ISSN 0717-7356. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via SciELO. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "rancheadas" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named encuentro
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 Colmán Gutiérrez, Andrés (December 5, 2020). "En busca de la India Juliana". Última Hora (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved December 12, 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "busca" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "galeano" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Laterza Rivarola, Gustavo (September 27, 2009). "La mujer en la Conquista y el Paraíso de Mahoma". ABC Color (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  10. ↑ Candela, Guillaume (2014). "Las mujeres indígenas en la conquista del Paraguay entre 1541 y 1575". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos (in Sifaniyanci). Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales. doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.67133. ISSN 1626-0252. Retrieved January 18, 2022 – via OpenEdition Journals.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named libro
  12. ↑ Cervera, César (August 17, 2021). "El lado más desconocido de Cabeza de Vaca, el conquistador español que recorrió Norteamérica". El País (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pensar
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ElJaber48
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pero" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pigna" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Mujer paraguaya, valerosa desde siempre". La Nación (in Sifaniyanci). February 24, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "valerosa" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Santos, Natalia (September 25, 2021). "Heroica: Remeras con historia y valentía femenina". El Nacional. Editorial RD. Retrieved January 16, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "elnacional" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Aquino González, Romina (February 20, 2020). "Las Kuña: cerveza como símbolo cultural". Última Hora (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved January 16, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cerveza" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Lezcano, Carlos (September 26, 2018). "La insistente idea de rebelarse ante las injusticias". El Litoral (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Viveros, Diana (April 28, 2011). "Personajes históricos del Paraguay: India Juliana". Periódico E'a (in Sifaniyanci). Atycom. Retrieved January 19, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "viveros" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Colmán Gutiérrez, Andrés (March 4, 2014). "50 mujeres que hicieron historia". Última Hora (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved September 14, 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "50mujeres" defined multiple times with different content
  24. ↑ Vera, Helio (1998). "Primeras letras. Jueves Santo, 1539". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien (in Sifaniyanci). Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Midi (PUM). 70 (70): 299–305. ISSN 2272-9828 – via Persée.
  25. ↑ Machado, Sandy (October 30, 2020). "La leyenda de la flor de ceibo". La Vanguardia (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  26. ↑ Rivara, Lautaro (2019). "Martina Chapanay y los elementos de feminismo práctico". Analéctica (in Sifaniyanci). Buenos Aires: Arkho Ediciones. 5 (34). doi:10.5281/zenodo.4295992. ISSN 2591-5894. Retrieved January 16, 2022 – via Zenodo.
  27. ↑ Eá (March 13, 2015). "Paraguay: Luchas de mujeres por la igualdad en el espejo del tiempo" (in Sifaniyanci). Sudamérica Rural. Instituto para el Desarrollo Rural de Sudamérica (IPDRS). Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fem21
  29. ↑ "Las mujeres que hicieron historia en Paraguay". ABC Color (in Sifaniyanci). February 24, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Homenaje a mujeres protagonistas de la historia paraguaya en Teatro Documental "Huellas de pétalo y metal"" (in Sifaniyanci). Municipalidad de Asunción. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  31. ↑ "India Juliana protagoniza nuevo libro de historietas". ABC Color (in Sifaniyanci). October 31, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
  32. ↑ Emancipa Paraguay (November 18, 2020). "Claudia Miranda, cantautora feminista presentó "Las Brujas"". Periódico E'a (in Sifaniyanci). Atycom. Retrieved January 16, 2022.

Bayanan littattafai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  •  

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafiIndiya Julianada kumaMutanen Guaranía cikin Wikimedia Commons
  • Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena (a cikin Mutanen Espanya), Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yan asalin Paraguay


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "note", but no corresponding <references group="note"/> tag was found