Johannes Pfefferkorn | |
---|---|
Rayuwa | |
Haihuwa | Nuremberg, 1469 |
ƙasa | Jamus |
Harshen uwa | Jamusanci |
Mutuwa | Köln, 1523 |
Karatu | |
Harsuna | Jamusanci |
Sana'a | |
Sana'a | marubuci da Malamin akida |
Imani | |
Addini | Cocin katolika |
Dokar addini | Dominican Order (en) |
Johannes Pfefferkorn (asalin sunan Joseph; 1469, Nuremberg - Oktober 22, 1521, Cologne) masanin tauhidi Katolika ne kuma marubuci wanda ya tuba daga Addinin Yahudanci.[1] Pfefferkorn ya yi wa'azi sosai game da Yahudawa kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya lalata kwafin Talmud, kuma ya shiga cikin dogon gwagwarmaya tare da ɗan adam Johann Reuchlin .
An haife shi Bayahude, mai yiwuwa a Nuremberg, [2] Pfefferkorn ya zauna a Nuremberg kuma ya koma Cologne bayan shekaru da yawa na yawo. Bayan ya yi fashi, an daure shi kuma an sake shi a shekara ta 1504. Ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci na Katolika a shekara ta 1505 kuma an yi masa baftisma [2] tare da iyalinsa.[2]
Pfefferkorn ya zama mataimakin tsohon dan majami'ar Dominican a Cologne, Jacob van Hoogstraaten, kuma a karkashin jagorancin Dominicans ya buga takardu da yawa inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya nuna cewa rubuce-rubucen addinin Yahudawa suna adawa da Kristanci.
A cikin Der Judenspiegel (Cologne, 1507), ya bukaci Yahudawa su daina aikin abin da Cocin ya ɗauka riba (ba da kuɗi ba da riba), suyi aiki don rayuwarsu, su halarci wa'azi Kirista, kuma su kawar da littattafan Talmud.[2] A gefe guda, ya yi Allah wadai da tsananta wa Yahudawa a matsayin cikas ga juyowa, kuma, a cikin wata takarda, Warnungsspiegel, ya kare su daga tuhumar kisan yara Kirista don dalilai na al'ada.[2] A Warnungsspiegel, ya yi ikirarin zama aboki na Yahudawa, kuma yana so ya gabatar da Kiristanci tsakanin su don amfanin kansu.[3] Ya bukaci su shawo kan duniyar Kirista cewa Yahudawa ba sa bukatar jinin Kirista don bukukuwansu na addini kuma ya ba da shawarar kwace Talmud da karfi daga gare su.[3] "Dalilan da ke hana Yahudawa zama Kiristoci, "ya rubuta, "su uku ne: na farko, riba; na biyu, saboda ba a tilasta musu halartar majami'u na Kirista don jin wa'azi; kuma na uku, saboda suna girmama Talmud. "[3]
Ya yi tsayayya da Yahudawa saboda wannan aikin, ya kai musu hari a cikin Wie die blinden Jüden ihr Ostern Decisión (1508); Judenbeicht (1508)); da Judenfeind (1509). [2] A cikin littafinsa na uku ya saba wa abin da ya rubuta a baya kuma ya nace cewa kowane Bayahude ya ɗauki shi aiki ne mai kyau don kashewa, ko aƙalla ya yi wa Kirista ba'a; saboda haka ya ɗauki aikin dukan Kiristoci na gaskiya su kori Yahudawa daga duk ƙasashen Kirista; idan doka ta hana irin wannan aikin, ba sa buƙatar yin biyayya da shi: "Aikin mutane su nemi izinin sarakuna su karɓi dukan littattafansu daga Yahudawa sai dai Littafi Mai-Tsarki.... " Ya yi wa'azi cewa ya kamata a ɗauke yara daga iyayensu da suka yi karatu. A ƙarshe, ya rubuta: "Wanda ya sha wahala ga Yahudawa yana yin nufin Allah, kuma wanda ke neman amfaninsu zai haifar da la'ana. " A cikin takarda ta huɗu, Pfefferkorn ya bayyana cewa hanya ɗaya kawai don kawar da Yahudawa ita ce ko dai fitar da su ko bautar da su; abu na farko da za a yi shi ne tattara duk kwafin Talmud da aka samu tsakanin Yahudawa da kuma ƙone su. [3][3]
Da yake ya gamsu cewa babban tushen zalunci na Yahudawa ya kasance a cikin littattafansu, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kama su kuma ya hallaka su.[2] Ya sami shawarwari daga yawancin masallatai na Dominican ga Kunigunde, 'yar'uwar Sarkin sarakuna Maximilian, kuma ta hanyar tasirinta ga sarki da kansa. A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1509, Maximilian, wanda ya riga ya kori Yahudawa daga yankunansa na Styria, Carinthia, da Carniola, ya umarci Yahudawa da su isar da Pfefferkorn duk littattafan da ke adawa da Kiristanci; [2] ko lalata duk wani littafi na Ibrananci ban da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananiya (Tsohon Alkawari). [1] Pfefferkorn ya fara aikin kwacewa a Frankfort-on-the-Main, [2] ko kuma mai yiwuwa Magdeburg; daga nan sai ya tafi Worms, Mainz, Bingen, Lorch, Lahnstein, da Deutz.[2]
Ta hanyar taimakon Mai jefa kuri'a da Babban bishop na Mainz, Uriel von Gemmingen, Yahudawa sun nemi sarki ya nada kwamiti don bincika zargin Pfefferkorn. Wani sabon umarni na mulkin mallaka na 10 Nuwamba 1509, ya ba da jagorancin dukan al'amarin ga Uriel von Gemmingen, tare da umarni don samun ra'ayoyi daga Jami'o'in Mainz, Cologne, Erfurt, da Heidelberg, daga mai tuhuma Jacob van Hoogstraaten na Cologne, daga firist (kuma tsohon rabbi) Victor von Carben, da kuma daga Johann Reuchlin.[2] Pfefferkorn, don tabbatar da aikinsa kuma ya ci gaba da samun kyakkyawar niyyar sarki, ya rubuta In Lob und Eer dem allerdurchleuchtigsten grossmechtigsten Fürsten und Herrn Maximilian (Cologne, 1510). [2] A watan Afrilu ya sake kasancewa a Frankfort, kuma tare da wakilin Elector na Mainz da Farfesa Hermann Ortlieb, ya gudanar da sabon kwace.[2]
Van Hoogstraaten da Jami'o'in Mainz da Cologne sun yanke shawara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1510 game da littattafan Yahudawa.[2] Reuchlin ya bayyana cewa kawai waɗancan littattafan da ke bayyane (kamar Nizachon da Toldoth Jeschu) za a lalata su.[2] Mai jefa kuri'a ya aika da duk amsoshin da ya samu a ƙarshen Oktoba ga sarki ta hanyar Pfefferkorn . [2] Reuchlin ya ba da rahoton goyon bayan Yahudawa; a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1510 sarki ya dakatar da umarninsa na 10 ga Nuwamba 1509 kuma an mayar da littattafan ga Yahudawa a ranar 6 ga Yuni.[1]
Yakin da ya biyo baya tsakanin Pfefferkorn da Reuchlin ya nuna gwagwarmaya tsakanin Dominicans da 'Yan Adam. Ta haka ne aka sanar da shi game da kuri'un Reuchlin Pfefferkorn ya yi farin ciki sosai, kuma ya amsa da Handspiegel (Mainz, 1511), inda ya kai hari ga Reuchlin ba tare da tausayi ba.[2] Reuchlin ya koka wa Sarkin sarakuna Maximilian, kuma ya amsa harin Pfefferkorn tare da Augenspiegel, wanda Pfeffer Korn ya buga Brandspiegel.[2] A watan Yunin 1513, sarki ya yi shiru ga bangarorin biyu.[2] Pfefferkorn duk da haka ya buga a cikin 1514 sabon jayayya, Sturmglock, a kan Yahudawa da Reuchlin.[2] A lokacin jayayya tsakanin Reuchlin da masu ilimin tauhidi na Cologne, matasa 'yan Humanists da suka goyi bayan Reuchlin sun kai hari kan Pfefferkorn a cikin <i id="mwrw">Epistolæ obscurorum virorum</i>.[2] Ya amsa da Beschirmung, ko Defensio J. Pepericorni contra famosas et criminales obscurorum virorum epistolas (Cologne, 1516), Streitbüchlein (1517). [2] A cikin 1520, Paparoma Leo X ya bayyana Reuchlin da laifi tare da hukunta Augenspiegel, kuma Pfefferkorn ya rubuta a matsayin furcin nasararsa Ein mitleidliche Klag (Cologne, 1521). [2] Diarmaid MacCulloch ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa The Reformation: A History (2003) cewa Desiderius Erasmus wani abokin adawar Pfefferkorn ne, a kan dalilin cewa shi Bayahude ne mai tuba sabili da haka ba za a iya amincewa da shi ba.
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