Kafofin Yaɗa Labarai na korona

Kafofin Yaɗa Labarai na korona
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Murar Mashaƙo 2019
Allon bayani game da korona

Bayar da labarai game da cutar ta COVID-19 ta bambanta ta ƙasa, lokaci da kafofin watsa labarai. Kafofin yada labarai a lokaci guda sun ci gaba da sanar da masu kallo game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu da suka shafi cutar, kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin fahimta ko labarai na karya .

Matsayi da yanayin ɗaukar hoto

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Janairu 2020, cikakken watan farko da aka san barkewar cutar, Time ya rubuta labarai na Turanci 41,000 da ke ɗauke da kalmar "coronavirus", wanda 19,000 suka sanya shi cikin kanun labarai. An kwatanta wannan da cutar Ebola ta Kivu, wacce ke da labarai 1,800 da kanun labarai 700 a watan Agustan 2018. Paul Levinson, wani mai bincike a fannin sadarwa da nazarin kafofin watsa labaru, ya danganta wannan babban bambance-bambance ga koma bayan da aka dauka kan barkewar cutar Ebola a shekarar 2014, tare da damuwa game da sanya ido kan yadda kasar Sin ke yada labaran.[1]

Recode ya ruwaito a 17 Maris cewa, daga 3,000 high-traffic labarai sites, a kusa da 1 bisa dari na buga articles suna da alaka da cuta, amma waɗanda articles janye a kusa da 13 bisa dari na duka ra'ayoyi, tare da subtopics kamar zamantakewa distancing, flattening da kwana da kuma keɓe kai kasancewa sananne musamman. Jimlar adadin labarin da kansa ya yi sama da kashi 30 cikin ɗari a tsakiyar Maris 2020 idan aka kwatanta da tsakiyar Maris 2019.[2]

Wani bincike na kusan kanun labarai 141,000 na Turanci da ke da alaƙa da Coronavirus daga Janairu 15, 2020 zuwa Yuni 3, 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na kanun labarai sun kori ra'ayi mara kyau yayin da kashi 30% kawai ke haifar da kyawawan halaye.[3] Mawallafa sun nuna cewa kanun labarai suna ba da gudummawa ga tsoro da rashin tabbas wanda ke da mummunan sakamako na lafiya da tattalin arziki. Wani binciken ya gano cewa bidiyon labarai na kan layi ba su nuna dabarun magancewa da halayen lafiya ba kamar yadda za su iya.[4] Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa ɗaukar labarai ya haifar da siyasantar da cutar ta[5] kuma an ba da labarin sosai.[6]

Takarda a watan Nuwamba 2020 daga Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasa mai taken "Me yasa Duk Labaran COVID-19 Yake Mugun Labari?" ya gano cewa kashi 91% na labaran da manyan kafafen yada labarai na Amurka suka yi game da COVID-19 suna da sauti mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da kashi 54% na manyan kafofin watsa labarai a wajen Amurka da kashi 65% na mujallun kimiyya.[7]

Batutuwa tare da bayanan karya da labaran karya sun haifar da haɓaka CoVerifi, dandamali wanda ke da yuwuwar taimakawa wajen magance COVID-19 "lalata".[8]

An yi iƙirarin cewa tsawaita da tsawaita ɗaukar cutar na iya ba da gudummawa ga gajiyawar bayanan COVID-19, yana sa ya fi wahalar sadarwa sabbin bayanai.[9]

Ba daidai ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Adadin kantuna da hukumomin da ke rufe cutar ta COVID-19 tabbas za su kasance tushen rashin fahimta da rudani da ke da alaƙa da yada bayanan ƙwayoyin cuta da manufofin ƙasa da na jihohi. Dokta Sylvie Briand, Darakta na Sashen Shirye-shiryen Hatsari na Duniya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, ya ambata cewa daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kalubalen sadarwa shine rawar da kafofin watsa labarun ke takawa. Briand ya bayyana cewa hukumar ta WHO a hankali tana sa ido kan cutar sankara ta coronavirus a kafafen sada zumunta ta hanyar amfani da bayanan sirri.[10] A cewar Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, mashahuran hanyoyin samun labarai ga manya a Amurka sun haɗa da gidajen yanar gizon labarai da kafofin watsa labarun.[11] Har ila yau, an rubuta Twitter a matsayin mafi yawan masu amfani da labaran da aka mayar da hankali a tsakanin sauran kafofin watsa labarun[12] ƙwararriyar Romanian Sofia Bratu[13] gudanar da wani bincike wanda ya yi la'akari da ra'ayin mutane game da tushen labaran karya ta hanyar binciken kusan 5000 'yan Amurka da kuma nazarin bayanai daga The Economist, Gallup, Pew Research Center, YouGov, a tsakanin sauran sanannun kungiyoyin bincike. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa rashin fahimta shine laifi don haɓaka halayen danniya, raguwar lafiyar jiki da ta hankali da ke da alaƙa da damuwa, da ƙarin nauyi akan wuraren kiwon lafiya tare da marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da alamun bayyanar da gaske ko kuma suna nuna alamun cutar a matsayin mummunan sakamako ga magunguna da jiyya na ƙarya. [14][15] Koyaya, Brafu [14] ya ambaci cewa tambayoyin da aka yi ta talabijin tare da waɗanda suka tsira daga COVID-19 na iya taimakawa a zahiri don rage damuwa, firgita, da tsoron mutuwa.

Wasu suna jayayya cewa ɗakunan labarai yakamata su taka rawa wajen tace bayanan da ba daidai ba kafin 'ba shi oxygen'.[16] Duk da yake ba duk labaran karya ne ke jefa lafiya da amincin mutane cikin haɗari ba, bayanan da ke da alaƙa da COVID-19 na iya. Rahoton Niemen ya nuna cewa ya kamata gidajen labarai su yi aiki tare don isar da saƙon da ke da alaƙa da bayanan karya da rashin inganci ta hanyar zabar kanun labarai, kalmomi, da hotuna a hankali.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Misali na labaran karya da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 shine cewa ana iya yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar 5G .[17] Wani kuma, cewa shugabannin gwamnati ne suka kirkiri kwayar cutar da hannu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje[18][19] ko kuma cinye sinadarin chlorine zai magance ko hana cutar.[20] Sauran bayanan da ba a sani ba sun haɗa da cewa Vitamin C da tafarnuwa na iya magance cutar duk da cewa wannan ikirari ba a taɓa tabbatar da shi daga masana kiwon lafiya ba. [21] Bayanan da ba daidai ba ya kuma haifar da nuna wariyar launin fata da nuna kyama ga mutanen Sinawa ta hanyar yin la'akari da cutar a matsayin "cutar Sinawa"[22] ko "Cutar Wuhan" ko "Cutar China".[23] Sakamakon wannan rashin fahimta da yawa shafukan yanar gizo na bincikar gaskiya sun bayyana waɗanda ke amfani da bayanai daga CDC da WHO don ɓoye bayanan gama gari.[24][25][26]

Ta ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kanada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An tabbatar da shari'ar farko ta COVID-19, kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada ta ruwaito, ta kasance ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2020 a cikin wani mutumin Toronto wanda ya yi tafiya kwanan nan zuwa Wuhan, China.[27] An sanar da shari'ar farko a shafin Twitter na Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto.[28]

China

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sha suka sosai kan yadda ta ke tantance girman barkewar cutar. Nan da nan bayan keɓewar farko na Wuhan da biranen da ke kusa, da farko kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin kamar jaridar People's Daily sun ƙarfafa shafukan sada zumunta na neman taimako tsakanin 'yan ƙasa a kan dandamali irin su Weibo.[29] Bayan haka, 'yan jarida da yawa sun buga bayanan binciken da suka saba wa maganganun hukuma da kafofin yada labarai, wanda ke nuna cewa adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a Wuhan ya fi yadda aka ruwaito.[30]

Jamus

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gano shari'o'in farko na COVID-19 a Jamus a cikin Janairu 2020.[31] Takaddama ta barke kan labarin Janairu 2021 wanda jaridar Jamus Handelsblatt ta buga.[32] Labarin ya bayyana cewa allurar AstraZeneca ba ta da tasiri ga tsofaffi,[33] amma da yawa sun amsa cewa jaridar ta ba da bayanan da ba daidai ba.[34]

Sweden

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gano shari'ar farko ta COVID-19 a Sweden a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2020.[35] Mafi yawan ɗaukar hoto na Sweden ya faru ne a farkon Maris.[36] Sweden ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labaru da yawa saboda an yi la'akari da ita tana amfani da nata shirin, 'Swedish Model' na garken garken garken garken. Bincike ya duba yanayin watsa labarai da kuma yadda kafafen yada labarai suka rufe manufofin Sweden. Rachel Irwin, wata mai bincike daga Sweden, ta gano cewa akwai manyan jigogi guda shida: “(1) Rayuwa ta zama al’ada a Sweden, (2) Sweden tana da dabarun rigakafin garken shanu. rashin bin shawarwarin WHO (5) tsarin Sweden yana kasawa kuma (6) 'Yan Sweden sun amince da gwamnati." [37] Ta yi tsokaci cewa ba dukkanin bayanan ba a tsara su daidai ba. Ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Jaridar Likita ta Biritaniya tana mai cewa ɗaukar hoto ya nuna kuskuren manufofin COVID-19 a Sweden kuma ba ta da shirin "kariyar garken garken".[38] Wani labarin ya nuna cewa kamar yadda wasu ƙasashe suka fito da manufofi daban-daban tsarin manufofin Sweden ya tafi daga "ƙarfin hali zuwa pariah".[39]

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Burtaniya, kamar yadda GOV ta ruwaito. UK, Janairu 30, 2020. A cikin bayar da rahoto game da barkewar cutar, jaridun tabloid na Biritaniya irin su The Sun da Daily Mail sun yi amfani da yaren da aka kwatanta da "mai jawo tsoro".[40] A cewar Edelman 's Trust Barometer, 'yan jarida sun kasance mafi ƙarancin amintaccen tushen bayanai game da cutar ta Burtaniya, tare da kashi 43 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka bincikar sun amince da su don ba da rahoton gaskiya, a bayan jami'an gwamnati (48%) kuma "wanda ya fi shafa. kasashe" (46%). Wannan ya kasance duk da kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada sune tushen tushen bayanai game da barkewar cutar a Burtaniya.[41]

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayu 2020 tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Oxford ya nuna cewa jama'ar Burtaniya suna nuna raguwar amincewa ga gwamnati a matsayin tushen bayanai. Kashi 48% ne kawai suka kimanta gwamnati amintacce, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 67% makonni shida da suka gabata. Haka kuma, kashi 38% na mutane suna bayyana cewa sun damu da karya ko yaudarar bayanan coronavirus daga gwamnati, adadi wanda ya kasance kashi 27% kawai makonni shida da suka gabata.[42]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shari'ar farko da aka tabbatar a Amurka, kamar yadda CDC ta ruwaito, ya kasance Janairu 22, 2020.[43] Labaran labarai a Amurka sun fi na sauran ƙasashe,[44] amma kuma ya taimaka haɓaka halayen aminci gami da nisantar da jama'a.[45] Labaran cikin gida sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanar da al'umma ciki har da yankunan karkara.[46]

An yaba wa wasu 'yan jarida a Amurka saboda labarin da suka yi game da cutar ta COVID-19 da suka hada da Ed Yong da Helen Branswell . Daga cikin malaman kafafen yada labarai, an yaba da abubuwa da yawa na kokarin da ‘yan jarida ke yi don daidaitawa da cutar da kuma samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu sauraronsu, amma an soki wasu. Rubutu don The Atlantic, Ed Yong ya lura cewa, yayin da barkewar cutar ta bulla, "ya jawo sabon salo, 'yan jarida sun ba da iskar oxygen don hana zanga-zangar hana kulle-kullen yayin da yawancin Amurkawa suka yi shiru a gida". Ya kuma yi kuskuren cewa "sun rubuta duk wani ƙarin da'awar kimiyya, har ma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko kuma an sake duba takwarorinsu."[47]

Da farko dai Shugaba Donald Trump ya zargi kafafen yada labarai irin su CNN da “yin duk abin da za su iya don sanya tsoro a cikin mutane”, sanarwar da mukaddashin shugaban ma’aikatan fadar White House Mick Mulvaney ya yi .[48] Inda mutane ke samun labaransu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halayen mutane da halayen da suka shafi COVID-19.[49] Wani binciken Axios, wanda aka gudanar daga 5 ga Maris 2020 zuwa 9 ga Maris, ya gano cewa kashi 62% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa an yi karin gishiri game da barkewar cutar ta kafofin watsa labarai, idan aka kwatanta da 31% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya da 35% na masu zaman kansu.[50] Wani binciken Pew Research da aka gudanar daga 20 ga Afrilu zuwa 26 ga Afrilu ya gano cewa kashi 69% na masu amsa Amurka sun yi imanin cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun rufe barkewar cutar "da kyau" ko "da ɗan kyau" kuma adadin masu ba da amsa na Amurka waɗanda suka yi imani cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun wuce gona da iri na COVID -Haɗari 19 sun ɗan ragu kaɗan.[51] Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 68% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa kafofin yada labarai sun yi karin gishiri game da hadarin COVID-19, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 48% na dukkan manya na Amurka da kashi 30% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya. [52] Gabaɗaya, ɗaukar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin Amurka ta kasance mafi muni fiye da na sauran sassan duniya - ba tare da la'akari da ko ana ɗaukar tashar labarai ta karkata zuwa dama ko ta hagu ba.[53][54][55][56][57]

Masu ba da ra'ayi da baƙi a kan Fox News, kafofin watsa labaru masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da farko sun yi watsi da barkewar cutar, tare da wasu baƙi suna zargin wasu kafofin watsa labaru da yawa game da cutar saboda dalilai na siyasa.[58] Trump ya kuma yi amfani da hirarraki da kafar sadarwar don inganta kokarinsa na farko na rage cutar.[59][60] Wata mai watsa shiri ta Fox Business , Trish Regan, ta yi iƙirarin a wasanta na Trish Regan Primetime cewa Jam'iyyar Democrat ta ƙirƙiri ɗaukar hoto na COVID-19 da gangan a matsayin "wani ɗabi'a don ƙarfafa sayar da kasuwa", kuma "har yanzu wani yunƙuri ne na tsige shi. shugaban kasa ". Daga baya za a soke shirinta.[61] Tucker Carlson da farko ya ɗauki matsayi mafi mahimmanci game da cutar, yana sukar sauran rundunonin da suka kwatanta shi da mura na yanayi na yau da kullun, kuma ya bayyana a ranar 9 ga Maris cewa "mutanen da kuka amince da su - mutanen da wataƙila kuka zaɓa - sun shafe makonni suna rage abin da ke a fili a sarari. matsala mai tsanani."[62][63][64] Daga baya, masanan cibiyar sadarwa sun fara amincewa da ikirarin cewa hydroxychloroquine magani ne mai inganci don alamun COVID-19,[65] sukar sanya abin rufe fuska don sarrafa yaduwar cutar,[66][67][68] da bayar da ingantaccen ɗaukar hoto ga anti-mai kumburi. - zanga zanga.[69][70]

Dangane da binciken da Jami'ar Cambridge ta buga a watan Mayu 2020, ɗaukar hoto na hannun dama na COVID-19 ya taimaka sauƙaƙe yaduwar rashin fahimta game da cutar.[71]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "How News Coverage of Coronavirus in 2020 Compares to Ebola in 2018". Time (in Turanci). 7 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  2. ↑ Molla, Rani (17 March 2020). "It's not just you. Everybody is reading the news more because of coronavirus". Recode. Vox Media. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Aslam, Faheem; Awan, Tahir Mumtaz; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Kashif, Aisha; Parveen, Mahwish (2020-07-08). "Sentiments and emotions evoked by news headlines of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (in Turanci). 7 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1057/s41599-020-0523-3. ISSN 2662-9992. S2CID 220398688.
  4. ↑ Basch, Corey H.; Hillyer, Grace Clarke; Erwin, Zoe Meleo-; Mohlman, Jan; Cosgrove, Alison; Quinones, Nasia (August 2020). "News coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic: Missed opportunities to promote health sustaining behaviors". Infection, Disease & Health (in Turanci). 25 (3): 205–209. doi:10.1016/j.idh.2020.05.001. PMC 7229940. PMID 32426559.
  5. ↑ Abbas, Ali Haif (2020-07-03). "Politicizing the Pandemic: A Schemata Analysis of COVID-19 News in Two Selected Newspapers". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique (in Turanci): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s11196-020-09745-2. ISSN 0952-8059. PMC 7332744. PMID 33214736.
  6. ↑ Hart, P. Sol; Chinn, Sedona; Soroka, Stuart (October 2020). "Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 News Coverage". Science Communication (in Turanci). 42 (5): 679–697. doi:10.1177/1075547020950735. ISSN 1075-5470. PMC 7447862.
  7. ↑ Sacerdote, Bruce; Sehgal, Ranjan; Cook, Molly (2020-11-23). "Why Is All COVID-19 News Bad News?". National Bureau of Economic Research (in Turanci). doi:10.3386/w28110. S2CID 229469159.
  8. ↑ Kolluri, Nikhil L.; Murthy, Dhiraj (March 2021). "CoVerifi: A COVID-19 news verification system". Online Social Networks and Media (in Turanci). 22: 100123. doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100123. PMC 7825993. PMID 33521412 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Skulmowski, Alexander; Standl, Bernhard (2021). "COVID-19 information fatigue? A case study of a German university website during two waves of the pandemic". Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1002/hbe2.260.
  10. ↑ "A Voice from the frontline: the role of risk communication in managing the COVID-19 Infodemic and engaging communities in pandemic response". Journal of Communication in Healthcare. 13 (1): 6–9. 2020-01-02. doi:10.1080/17538068.2020.1758427. ISSN 1753-8068. S2CID 221054943.
  11. ↑ Jurkowitz, Mark; Mitchell, Amy; Shearer, Elisa; Walker, Mason (January 24, 2020). "U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided". Pew Research Center's Journalism Project.
  12. ↑ Samfuri:Cite arxiv
  13. ↑ Samfuri:Cite arxiv
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Empty citation (help)
  15. ↑ Garfin, Dana Rose; Silver, Roxane Cohen; Holman, E. Alison (May 2020). "The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure". Health Psychology. 39 (5): 355–357. doi:10.1037/hea0000875. ISSN 1930-7810. PMC 7735659. PMID 32202824. S2CID 214629743.
  16. ↑ "What Role Should Newsrooms Play in Debunking COVID-19 Misinformation?". Nieman Reports. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  17. ↑ Ahmed, Wasim; Vidal-Alaball, Josep; Downing, Joseph; Seguí, Francesc López (2020). "COVID-19 and the 5G Conspiracy Theory: Social Network Analysis of Twitter Data". Journal of Medical Internet Research (in Turanci). 22 (5): e19458. doi:10.2196/19458. PMC 7205032. PMID 32352383.
  18. ↑ Mian, Areeb; Khan, Shujhat (2020-03-18). "Coronavirus: the spread of misinformation". BMC Medicine. 18 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01556-3. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 7081539. PMID 32188445.
  19. ↑ "COVID: No, Coronavirus Wasn't Created in a Laboratory. Genetics Shows Why". American Council on Science and Health (in Turanci). 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  20. ↑ Reimann, Nicholas. "Some Americans Are Tragically Still Drinking Bleach As A Coronavirus 'Cure'". Forbes (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  21. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  22. ↑ Wen, Jun; Aston, Joshua; Liu, Xinyi; Ying, Tianyu (2020-02-16). "Effects of misleading media coverage on public health crisis: a case of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China". Anatolia (in Turanci). 31 (2): 331–336. doi:10.1080/13032917.2020.1730621. ISSN 1303-2917. S2CID 213455169.
  23. ↑ Wen, Jun; Aston, Joshua; Liu, Xinyi; Ying, Tianyu (2020-02-16). "Effects of misleading media coverage on public health crisis: a case of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China". Anatolia (in Turanci). 31 (2): 331–336. doi:10.1080/13032917.2020.1730621. ISSN 1303-2917. S2CID 213455169.
  24. ↑ "COVID-19 Fact Check". COVID-19 Fact Check (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  25. ↑ "COVID-19 Archives". FactCheck.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  26. ↑ "PolitiFact | Coronavirus". www.politifact.com. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  27. ↑ "COVID-19: A Canadian timeline | Canadian Healthcare Network" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  28. ↑ Glauser, Wendy (2020-02-18). "Communication, transparency key as Canada faces new coronavirus threat". Canadian Medical Association Journal (in Turanci). 192 (7): E171–E172. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1095846. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 7030882. PMID 32071113.
  29. ↑ "How the Coronavirus Outbreak Played out on China's Social Media". The Diplomat. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  30. ↑ "Critics Say China Has Suppressed And Censored Information In Coronavirus Outbreak". NPR (in Turanci). 8 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  31. ↑ "Germany: coronavirus cases change". Statista (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  32. ↑ "Handelsblatt", Wikipedia (in Turanci), 2021-01-29, retrieved 2021-02-19
  33. ↑ "Einen Moment bitte, die Ausgabe wird geladen..." epaper.handelsblatt.com. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  34. ↑ Boytchev, Hristio (2021-02-12). "Why did a German newspaper insist the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine was inefficacious for older people—without evidence?". BMJ (in Turanci). 372: n414. doi:10.1136/bmj.n414. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 33579678 Check |pmid= value (help).
  35. ↑ "Sweden: COVID-19 reports 2020". Statista (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  36. ↑ "Sweden: COVID-19 reports 2020". Statista (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  37. ↑ Irwin, Rachel Elisabeth (December 2020). "Misinformation and de-contextualization: international media reporting on Sweden and COVID-19". Globalization and Health (in Turanci). 16 (1): 62. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00588-x. ISSN 1744-8603. PMC 7356107. PMID 32660503.
  38. ↑ Irwin, Rachel E (2020-08-03). "Misleading media coverage of Sweden's response to covid-19". BMJ (in Turanci). 370: m3031. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3031. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 32747388.
  39. ↑ Simons, Greg (2020-11-12). "Swedish Government and Country Image during the International Media Coverage of the Coronavirus Pandemic Strategy: From Bold to Pariah". Journalism and Media (in Turanci). 1 (1): 41–58. doi:10.3390/journalmedia1010004. ISSN 2673-5172.
  40. ↑ Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin (14 February 2020). "Coronavirus: how media coverage of epidemics often stokes fear and panic". The Conversation. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  41. ↑ Tobitt, Charlotte (20 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Public distrust journalists despite relying on news media for daily updates, survey shows". Press Gazette. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  42. ↑ Fletcher, Richard; Kalogeropoulos, Antonis; Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (2020-06-01). "Trust in UK Government and News Media COVID-19 Information Down, Concerns Over Misinformation from Government and Politicians Up" (in Turanci). Rochester, NY. SSRN 3633002. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  43. ↑ Calgary, Open. "United States COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by State over Time | Data | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". data.cdc.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  44. ↑ Goldstein, Steve. "U.S. media is far more pessimistic in covering the coronavirus pandemic than anyone else". MarketWatch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  45. ↑ Jiang, Xiaoya; Hwang, Juwon; Shah, Dhavan V.; Ghosh, Shreenita; Brauer, Markus (2021-01-13). "News Attention and Social-Distancing Behavior Amid COVID-19: How Media Trust and Social Norms Moderate a Mediated Relationship". Health Communication (in Turanci): 1–10. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1868064. ISSN 1041-0236. PMID 33438450.
  46. ↑ Kim, Eunji; Shepherd, Michael E.; Clinton, Joshua D. (2020-09-08). "The effect of big-city news on rural America during the COVID-19 pandemic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 117 (36): 22009–22014. doi:10.1073/pnas.2009384117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7486744. PMID 32820075.
  47. ↑ Yong, Ed. "How the Pandemic Defeated America". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  48. ↑ Karni, Annie (28 February 2020). "Trump Criticizes Media for Coverage of Coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  49. ↑ "Cable TV and Coronavirus: How Americans perceive the outbreak and view media coverage differ by main news source". Pew Research Center's Journalism Project (in Turanci). 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  50. ↑ "Republicans are twice as likely as Democrats to view coronavirus coverage as exaggerated". Axios. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  51. ↑ Jurkowitz, Mark; Mitchell, Amy (2020-05-06). "Fewer Americans now say media exaggerated COVID-19 risks, but big partisan gaps persist". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  52. ↑ Jurkowitz, Mark; Mitchell, Amy (2020-05-06). "Fewer Americans now say media exaggerated COVID-19 risks, but big partisan gaps persist". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  53. ↑ Sacerdote B, Sehgal R, Cook M. (November 2020). "Why Is All COVID-19 News Bad News?" (PDF). NBER Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w28110. Retrieved May 24, 2021.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  54. ↑ Goldstein, Steve (November 23, 2020). "U.S. media is far more pessimistic in covering the coronavirus pandemic than anyone else". MarketWatch. New York, NY. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  55. ↑ Colvin, Geoff (November 29, 2020). "U.S. news coverage of COVID has been more negative than in other countries, researchers find". Fortune. New York City, NY. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  56. ↑ Lamparski, John (March 24, 2021). "Bad News Bias". The New York Times. New York, NY. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  57. ↑ Altaffer, Mary (March 24, 2021). "Covid coverage by the U.S. national media is an outlier, a study finds". The New York Times. New York, NY. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  58. ↑ Smith, David (13 March 2020). "Fox News accused of downplaying coronavirus as it moves to protect staff". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  59. ↑ Walters, Joanna; Aratani, Lauren; Beaumont, Peter (5 March 2020). "Trump calls WHO's global death rate from coronavirus 'a false number'". The Guardian.
  60. ↑ Devlin, Hannah; Boseley, Sarah (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus facts: is there a cure and what is the mortality rate of the virus?". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  61. ↑ Grynbaum, Michael M. (2020-03-14). "Fox Business Benches Trish Regan After Outcry Over Coronavirus Comments". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  62. ↑ Connelly, Joel (2020-03-18). "The Fox News switcheroo on COVID-19: A virus no longer downplayed". seattlepi.com. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  63. ↑ "On Fox News, suddenly a very different tune about the coronavirus". The Washington Post. 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  64. ↑ Gabbatt, Adam (17 March 2020). "'We have a responsibility': Fox News declares coronavirus a crisis in abrupt U-turn". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  65. ↑ Rupar, Aaron (2020-03-24). "Fox News's coronavirus coverage slid back off the rails spectacularly on Monday night". Vox (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  66. ↑ Srikanth, Anagha (2020-07-08). "Tucker Carlson wrongly claims coronavirus prevention measures aren't backed by science". TheHill (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  67. ↑ "Trump baffles Sweden with crime comment, says it was based on TV report". Reuters. 2017-02-19. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  68. ↑ Gertz, Matt (2020-07-01). "How Fox News helped turn masks into another culture war flashpoint". Media Matters for America (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  69. ↑ Gertz, Matt (2020-04-16). "Fox News is promoting protests against social distancing measures: "God bless them"". Media Matters for America (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  70. ↑ "Fox News Gets Push-Back For Supporting Anti-Shutdown Protests". NPR.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  71. ↑ Motta, Matt; Stecula, Dominik; Farhart, Christina (2020-05-01). "How Right-Leaning Media Coverage of COVID-19 Facilitated the Spread of Misinformation in the Early Stages of the Pandemic in the U.S." Canadian Journal of Political Science (in Turanci). 53 (2): 335–342. doi:10.1017/S0008423920000396. ISSN 0008-4239 – via Cambridge University Press.