Kula da hayaki na motoci shine nazarin rage hayaki da motoci ke samarwa, musamman Injinan konewa na ciki. Abubuwan fitarwa na farko da akayi nazari sun haɗa da hydrocarbons, mahadi masu saurin canzawa, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, kwayoyin halitta, da sulfur oxides. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, an kafa hukumomin sarrafawa daban-daban tare da mai da hankali kan nazarin hayakin motar da tasirin su akan lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Yayin da fahimtar uduniya game da hayakin motoci ya inganta, haka kuma na'urorin da aka yi amfani dasu don rage tasirin su. Bukatun ka'idoji na Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa, wanda aka yi gyare-gyare sau da yawa, sun ƙuntata fitar da motoci mai karɓa sosai. Tare da ƙuntatawa, an fara tsara motoci yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da fitarwa da na'urori daban-daban waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin motoci a tsawon lokaci.
An nuna fitar da abubuwa Masu gurɓata iska da yawa suna da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a da yanayin halitta. Rashin fitarwa wanda shine manyan gurɓataccen damuwa sun haɗa da:
A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, gwamnatoci daban-daban na tarayya, jihohi da kananan hukumomi a Amurka sun gudanar da bincike a cikin hanyoyin gurɓata iska da yawa. Wadannan binciken sun danganta wani bangare mai mahimmanci na gurɓataccen iska ga mota, kuma sun kammala cewa gurɓatawar iska ba ta da iyaka da iyakokin siyasa na gida. A wannan lokacin, irin waɗannan ƙananan ƙa'idodin kula da fitarwa kamar yadda suke a Amurka an gabatar dasu a cikin birni ko, a wasu lokuta, matakin jiha. Ka'idojin cikin gida marasa tasiri an maye gurbinsu da ka'idojin jihohi da tarayya. A shekara ta 1967 Jihar California ta kirkiro Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California, kuma a shekarar 1970, an kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Tarayyar Amurka (EPA). Dukkanin hukumomin, da sauran hukumomin jihohi, yanzu suna ƙirƙirar da aiwatar da ka'idojin fitarwa don motoci a Amurka. An haɓaka irin waɗannan hukumomi da ka'idoji a lokaci guda kuma an aiwatar da su a Kanada, Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da Japan.
Kokarin farko na sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi daga motoci shine tsarin PCV (positive crankcase ventilation). Wannan yana jawo hayaki mai nauyi a cikin hydrocarbons marasa ƙonewa - mai gabatar da hayaki na photochemical - a cikin hanyar shigar da injin don haka ana ƙone su maimakon a sake su batare da ƙonewa ba daga crankcase zuwa cikin yanayi. An fara shigar da iska mai kyau ta hanyar doka a kan dukkan sabbin motocin samfurin 1961 da aka fara siyarwa a California. A shekara mai zuwa, New York ta buƙace shi. A shekara ta 1964, yawancin sabbin motocin da aka siyar a Amurka sun kasance sanye take, kuma PCV da sauri ya zama kayan aiki a duk motocin duniya.
Jihar California ce ta gabatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na farko (tailpipe) don shekarar samfurin 1966 don motocin da aka sayar a wannan jihar, sannan Amurka gaba ɗaya ta biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1968. Har ila yau, a cikin 1966, an kafa gwajin gwajin fitarwa na farko a Jihar California don auna fitarwa a cikin PPM (kashi na miliyan). An cigaba da karfafa ka'idojin shekara-shekara, kamar yadda EPA ta ba da umarni.
A shekara ta 1974, Ka'idodin fitarwa na Amurka sun karfafa ta yadda dabarun de-tuning da aka yi amfani da su don saduwa dasu suna rage ingancin injiniya sosai kuma ta haka ne kara yawan amfani da man fetur. Sabbin ka'idojin fitarwa na shekara ta 1975, da kuma karuwar amfani da man fetur, sun tilasta kirkirar mai canzawa don bayan magani na iskar gas. Wannan bazai yiwu batare da man fetur dake akwai, saboda ragowar gubar ta gurɓata platinum catalyst. A cikin 1972, Janar Motar ya ba da shawarar ga Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka da kawar da man fetur na shekara ta 1975 da kuma daga baya. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambaton] Samar da rarraba man fetur ba tare da gubar ba babban ƙalubale ne, amma an kammala shi cikin nasara a cikin lokaci don motocin shekara ta 1975. Dukkanin motocin zamani yanzu an sanye su da masu canzawa don kara rage hayakin motoci.
Ya kai ga shekara ta 1981 a Amurka, masana'antun motocin fasinja sun fuskanci ƙalubalen a cikin tarihin suna saduwa da sabbin ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki, yadda za a cika buƙatun ƙuntatawa na Dokar Tsabtace Air (Amurka) ta hanyar gyare-gyaren 1977. Misali: don fuskantar wannan ƙalubalen, Janar Motors ya kirkiro sabon "Cibiyar Tsarin Kula da Ruwa" (ECS) da farko a Ginin Injiniya na AC Spark Plug a Flint, Michigan. Manufarta ita ce "Suna da alhakin gaba ɗaya don ƙira da cigaban tsarin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira da ƙirar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta ƙuƙwasawa ta ƙuɓɓugar ƙuƙuta ta ƙuƙa ta ƙuƙe-ƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar ƙuƙwararru ta ƙuƙi ta ƙuɗe-ƙwallo ta ƙuchuwar ƙuƙa ƙuƙwar ƙuɓɓuka ta ƙuura ta ƙuɗwalwa ta ƙyuwa ta ƙyuƙwalwar ƙaura ta ƙyuwar ƙuƙi"
A cikin 1990, anyi wa Dokar Tsabtace Iska (CAA) gyare-gyare don taimakawa wajen kara daidaita hayakin mota. A cikin gyare-gyaren, ka'idojin man fetur na mota sun zama masu tsauri ta hanyar iyakance yawan sulfur da aka bada izini a cikin man fetur. Har ila yau, gyare-gyaren sun buƙaci canjin tsari don ƙirƙirar man fetur don tabbatar da cewa akwai ƙananan hayaki na hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoX (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), kwayoyin halitta (PM), da kuma kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa (VOCs). Canje-canjen da akayi wa CAA sun kuma buƙaci amfani da man fetur mai guba don rage hayakin CO.[3]
A cikin shekaru, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta cigaba da aiwatar da sabbin ka'idoji don rage hayaki mai cutarwa ga motoci. Wasu daga cikin mahimman ka'idojin sabuntawa sune kamar haka.
A shekara ta 1922, an kara gubar zuwa man fetur a matsayin wakili na antiknock. Ba har zuwa 1969, kusan shekaru hamsin bayan haka ba, binciken yafara nuna mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya dake da alaƙa da gubar a matsayin gurɓataccen abu. Duk da yawan tasirin kiwon lafiya da aka gano, ba'a aiwatar da bukatun ka'idoji don rage matakan gubar a cikin man fetur ba har zuwa 1983. A hankali, kasashe sun fara haramta amfani da gubar a cikin man fetur gaba ɗaya daga shekarun 1986 zuwa 2021. Japan ce ta farko data haramta gubar a cikin man fetur a shekarar 1986, tare da Arewa da Kudancin Amurka da ke biyowa tare da kusan kowace ƙasa a cikin nahiyoyi biyu da ke haramta gubba a shekarar 1998. Afirka ita ce sabuwar data haramta gubar a cikin man fetur tare da yawancin ƙasashe da aka haramta a 2004 da 2005 kuma ta ƙarshe, Aljeriya, wacce bata haramta shi ba har zuwa 2021.[4]
Hukumomin da ake tuhuma da aiwatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki sun bambanta daga iko zuwa iko, harma a cikin ƙasa ɗaya. Misali, a Amurka, alhakin gaba ɗaya na EPA ne, amma saboda buƙatu na musamman na Jihar California, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ce ke sarrafa hayaki a California. A Texas, Hukumar Jirgin Kasa ta Texas tana da alhakin daidaita hayaki daga injunan konewa masu arziki na LPG (amma ba injunan konewar masu arziki na man fetur ba).
Tarayyar Turai tana da iko kan ka'idojin hayaki a cikin kasashe membobin EU; duk da haka, kasashe membobinsu dayawa suna da nasu hukumomin gwamnati don aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji a cikin kasashensu. A takaice dai, Tarayyar Turai ta samar da manufofin (ta hanyar saita iyakoki kamar ma'aunin fitarwa na Turai) kuma kasashe membobin suna yanke shawarar yadda zasu fi dacewa da aiwatar dashi a cikin ƙasarsu.
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin muhalli sune "ƙasudin da aka bada iko" don wasu daga cikin ƙasashe masu kafa su suyi hulɗa dashi daban ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnati da aka kafa don magance batutuwan muhalli:
Koyaya, yawancin manufofi na Burtaniya suna ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA) kuma har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin EU.
Ba a gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na fitarwa a kan motocin diesel ba a lokacin MOTs a Arewacin Ireland har tsawon shekaru 12, duk da cewa ana buƙatar doka.
Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga masu zanen tsarin su hadu da bukatun fitarwa ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin kayan haɓaka (platinum da / ko palladium) saboda farashin da batutuwan samarwa.Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Gudanar da Shirin Janar Motors "ta kasance "don bin shirye-shiryen aiki da Cibiyoyin Shirin (GM) suka kafa. Abubuwa na musamman ga Cibiyar Nazaren Shirin Shirin Sharar" (sun kasance):
Cibiyar ("Emissions Control Systems Project Center") (tana da) ayyuka bakwai da za a yi, irin wannan tsarin fitarwa, wanda ke wuce duk dokokin Tarayyar Tarayya da Tattalin Arziki da aka sanya shi cikin samarwa.
Wadannan sune don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mota zuwa:
Za a aiwatar da tsarin (ya kamata) a aiwatar dashi a cikin shekaru uku. A cikin shekara ta 1979. Motocin California tare da injuna 2.5, 2.8 da 3.5 lita zasu sami tsarin CLCC. A cikin shekara ta 1980, motocin da aka siyar a California da injunan lita 3.8 da 4.3 da aka siƙa a cikin tarayya zasu sami CLCC, kuma a ƙarshe a cikin shekara ta 1981 duk motocin fasinja za su sami tsarin. Motocin aiki masu sauƙi da matsakaici na California na iya amfani da tsarin c-4. Duk da yake tsarin 1979 da 1980 suna da kama da juna, tsarin 1981 (tsara ta biyu) zai bambanta da cewa yana iya haɗawa da ƙarin tsarin sarrafa injiniya (watau, lokacin hasken lantarki, kula da saurin aiki, da dai sauransu)
An sanya tsarin kula da fitarwa a karkashin ci gaba C-4.Wannan yana tsaye ne don Kwamfuta mai sarrafawa mai sarrafawa. Tsarin C-4 ya ƙunshi tsarin Closed Loop Carburetor Control (CLCC) da Throttle Body Injection (TBI).""
An inganta ingancin injiniya a hankali tare da ingantaccen ƙirar injiniya, ingantaccen lokacin kunnawa da ƙonewar lantarki, ingantaccen ma'aunin man fetur, da kuma sarrafa injiniyar kwamfuta.
Cigaban injiniya da fasahar abin hawa suna ci gaba da rage guba na hayaki da ke barin injin, amma waɗannan kawai an tabbatar dasu basu isa ba don cimma burin hayaki. Sabili da haka, fasahar cire guba wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na kula da hayaki.
Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin kula da fitarwa na farko da aka haɓaka shine allurar iska ta biyu. Asalin, anyi amfani da wannan tsarin don yin amfani da iska a cikin tashar fitarwa ta injin don samar da iskar oxygen don haka hydrocarbons da ba a ƙone su ba kuma an ƙone su a cikin fitarwa zasu gama ƙonewa. Ana amfani da allurar iska yanzu don tallafawa aikin oxidation na mai sauyawa, da kuma rage hayaki lokacin da aka fara injiniya daga sanyi.Bayan farawa mai sanyi, injin yana buƙatar cakuda iska-mai mai wadata fiye da abin da yake buƙata a zafin jiki na aiki, kuma mai canzawa ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata har sai ya kai ga zafin jiki. Iska da akayi amfani da ita a sama na mai sauyawa yana tallafawa konewa a cikin bututun fitarwa, wanda ke hanzarta dumi mai saurin zafi kuma yana rage adadin hydrocarbon daba a ƙone shi ba wanda aka fitar daga bututun.
A Amurka da Kanada, injuna da yawa a cikin 1973 da sabbin motoci (1972 da sabbin a California) suna da tsarin dake bada hanya mai ma'auni na fitarwa a cikin hanyar shiga a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayin aiki. Ka fitar da ƙonewa ko tallafawa konewa, don haka yana narkar da cajin iska / man fetur don rage yawan yanayin zafi na ɗakin konewa. Wannan, bi da bi, yana rage samar da NO<sub id="mw8w">x</sub>.
Mai canzawa shine na'urar da aka sanya a cikin bututun fitarwa, wanda ke canza hydrocarbons, carbon monox, da NOx zuwa iskar gas mai rauni ta amfani da haɗuwa da platinum, palladium da rhodium a matsayin masu haɓaka.[11]
Akwai nau'ikan mai sauyawa guda biyu, mai sauyawa biyu da mai sauyawa uku. Masu canzawa biyu sun kasance sananne har zuwa shekarun 1980, lokacin da masu canzawa uku suka maye gurbin su a kan mafi yawan injunan mota. Dubi labarin mai canzawa don ƙarin bayani.
Rashin hayaki shine sakamakon tururin man fetur da ke tserewa daga tsarin man fetur na abin hawa. Tun daga shekara ta 1971, duk motocin Amurka suna da tsarin man fetur da aka rufe wanda baya fitowa kai tsaye zuwa yanayi; umarni don tsarin irin wannan ya bayyana a lokaci guda a wasu hukunce-hukunce. A cikin tsarin al'ada, tururi daga tankin mai da kwano na carburetor (a kan motocin carbureted) ana tura su zuwa kwano dake dauke da carbon mai kunnawa. Ana narkar da tururi a cikin kwandon, kuma a lokacin wasu hanyoyin aiki na injiniya ana jawo iska mai kyauta cikin kwandon.
Wasu jihohin Amurka suna amfani da fasahar dake amfani da infrared da ultraviolet haske don gano hayaki yayin da motoci ke wucewa a kan hanyoyin jama'a, don haka kawar da buƙatar masu su je cibiyar gwaji. Ana amfani da gano hasken haske marar ganuwa na iskar gas a cikin manyan birane, [12] kuma ya zama sananne a Turai. [13]
Sakamakon gwajin fitarwa daga motoci daban-daban a lokuta da yawa ana tattara su don kimanta aikin fitarwa na nau'ikan motoci daban'daban, ingancin shirin gwaji da sauran ka'idojin da suka shafi fitarwa (kamar canje-canje ga tsarin man fetur) da kuma tsara tasirin fitarwa na mota akan lafiyar jama'a da muhalli.
Exhaust emissions can be reduced by making use of clean vehicle propulsion. The most popular modes include hybrid and electric vehicles. As of Disamba 2020[update], China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars with 4.5 million units, representing 42% of the world's stock of plug-in cars.[14][15]