Maida Shuɗi

Maida Shuɗi
political initiative (en) Fassara

Maida Shiɗi ya kasan ce an ƙarɓa sunan da yawa ga wani samarwar data kunshi muhalli, kullum da kuma kasafin kudi da sake fasalin cigaba bayan da COVID-19 cutar AIDS . An sami babban tallafi daga jam’iyyun siyasa, gwamnatoci, masu fafutuka da masana a fadin Tarayyar Turai, [1] Ingila, [2] Amurka, [3] [4] da sauran ƙasashe don tabbatar da saka hannun jari don ɗaga ƙasashe Ana kashe koma bayan tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar yaƙar canjin yanayi, gami da rage kwal, mai, da amfani da gas, da saka hannun jari a tsaftataccen sufuri, makamashi mai sabuntawa, gine-gine masu muhalli, da ayyukan kamfanoni masu ɗorewa ko ayyukan kuɗi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Cigaban Tattalin Arziki ne ke tallafawa waɗannan dabarun. [5] A watan Yuli na 2021, Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa kusan kashi 2% na kudin ceto tattalin arzikin duniya ne za su tsaftace makamashi.[6] Bayanai na OECD sun nuna cewa kashi 17% ne kawai na kuɗin saka hannun jari na COVID-19 da aka ware don "murmurewa kore" har zuwa Maris 2021.[7]

Bayan Fage

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun juyin juya halin masana'antu, kona gawayi, man fetur da iskar gas ya saki miliyoyin tan na carbon dioxide, methane, da sauran iskar gas zuwa cikin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da dumamar yanayi. Zuwa shekarar 2020, matsakaicin zafin duniya ya karu da sama da 1 ° C tun daga matakin farko na masana'antu. Kwamitin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya na Sauyin Yanayi ya lissafa cewa ci gaba da ƙona gawayi, man fetur, da iskar gas zai dumama duniya da tsakanin digiri 0.8 zuwa digiri 2.5, a kowane gigatonnes 1000 na ƙona carbon [8] kuma akwai gigatonnes 2900 a cikin tabbatar reserves. [9] Don haka kona wani yanki na gawayi, man fetur, da iskar gas zai haifar da dumamar yanayin duniya wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona, da kuma taron ɓarna na taro na 6. A karshen shekarar 2019, an sami karuwar aukuwar gobarar daji a Ostiraliya, gandun dajin Amazon a Brazil, da gandun daji na Arctic a Rasha, [10] da kuma karuwar hadarin guguwa a Amurka da Caribbean, da ambaliya. A cikin 2015, mafi yawan ƙasashe sun rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris da ke yin alƙawarin takaita fitar da hayaƙin carbon a duniya don hana hauhawar zafi sama da digiri 2, tare da burin iyakance yanayin zafi zuwa digiri 1.5. Masu fafutuka da 'yan siyasa, musamman matasa, sun zama masu ƙara faɗa a cikin neman " Green New Deal " a cikin Amurka, [11] ko Juyin Masana'antu na Green a Burtaniya, [12] don kawo ƙarshen amfani da burbushin mai a cikin sufuri, makamashi. tsara, noma, gine -gine, da kuɗi. A ƙarshen 2019, EU ta ba da sanarwar Yarjejeniyar Green Green, duk da cewa an ce wannan ya yi nisa da burin kawo ƙarshen amfani da burbushin mai a cikin ƙungiyar nan da 2050. [13]

A farkon 2020, cutar ta COVID-19 ta sa ƙasashe sun kulle tattalin arzikin su, don hana kamuwa da cuta da mutuwa daga yaduwar cutar. Wannan yana buƙatar kasuwancin da yawa su dakatar da aiki, yayin da mutane ke tafiya ƙasa da ƙasa, siyayya kaɗan, kuma suna zama a gida don yin ƙarin aiki. A yawancin ƙasashe wannan ya haifar da wasu asarar aiki, yayin da a Amurka, Ingila, da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙarancin haƙƙin aiki, an sami hauhawar hauhawar rashin aikin yi. Faduwar ayyukan tattalin arziki kuma ya haifar da faduwar iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli . [14] Wannan ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin kamfen su yi kira, kuma 'yan siyasa da gwamnatoci su yi alƙawarin, "murmurewa kore".

Yayin da aka shirya shirye -shirye da yawa na farfadowa don yaƙar matsalar tattalin arziƙi, muryoyin sun yi kira da a haɗa dabarun rage sauyin yanayi. Aiwatar da ƙa'idodin kore a cikin fakitin dawo da tallafi na ayyukan da ke haɓaka tsaka -tsakin carbon sun kasance manyan da'awa. Dangane da haka, an tsara “koren murmurewa” a matsayin dama maimakon raba nauyi, kamar yadda hanyar dawowar mai dorewa ba kawai tana haifar da ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska ba amma tana iya tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki da ɗorewa. A cikin jawabai na baya, an ƙirƙira waɗannan tasirin sakamako masu kyau kamar haɗin gwiwa . Dangane da IPCC, ana iya bayyana fa'idar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin: "sakamako mai kyau wanda manufa ko ma'auni da aka ƙulla da manufa ɗaya zai iya haifar da wasu manufofin, ba tare da la'akari da tasirin da ke tattare da jindadin jama'a gaba ɗaya".[15] Matakai daban-daban na iya samun tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa. Bayar da kuzari masu sabuntawa na iya haɓaka aikin yi da haɓaka masana'antu. Dangane da kasar da yanayin turawa, maye gurbin cibiyoyin samar da makamashin kwal da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa na iya ninka ninki biyu na ayyuka ta kowane matsakaicin karfin MW.[16] Bayan tasirin tattalin arziƙi, dabarun rage sauyin yanayi na iya haɓaka fa'idodin haɗin gwiwa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi. Tura kananan hanyoyin sadarwa na hasken rana na iya inganta hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ga yankunan karkara[17] da kuma maye gurbin makamashin da ke amfani da gawayi tare da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa na iya rage yawan mutuwar da ba a jima ba sakamakon gurbata iska.[18]

Bayar da shawarwarin kore

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shawarwari don "murmurewa kore" sun bambanta sosai gwargwadon masu ba da shawara.

A cikin Amurka, gungun masana da masu fafutuka da ke aiki a manufofin canjin yanayi sun gabatar da "kore mai motsawa don sake gina tattalin arzikinmu" a cikin Maris 2020, wanda ya haɗa da shawarwari daga 'yan takara daban -daban a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2020 . [4] An gabatar da shawarar da aka gabatar a matsayin jerin manufofin da suka shafi filayen takwas, gidaje da kayayyakin more rayuwa na jama'a, sufuri, kwadago da masana'antun kore, samar da makamashi, abinci da aikin gona, muhalli da kore kayayyakin more rayuwa, manufofin kirkire -kirkire, da manufofin kasashen waje. An saita mafi ƙarancin matakin tallafinsa a kashi 4% na GDP na Amurka, ko kusan dala biliyan 850 a shekara, har zuwa nasarar cin nasarar cikakken ɓarna da rashin aikin yi a ƙasa da kashi 3.5%. [4]

A cikin Burtaniya, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar "murmurewa mai ɗorewa da jurewa," kuma ta ba da sanarwar fan miliyan uku don gina ginin a cikin Yuli. [19] Sabanin haka, a farkon watan Yuli, wata kungiyar masana ilimi da tunani ta ba da shawarar "Dokar Mayar da Green" wacce za ta yi niyya a fannoni tara na gyaran doka, kan sufuri, samar da makamashi, aikin gona, burbushin halittu, ƙaramar hukuma, yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa, kuɗi da gudanar da kamfanoni., aiki, da saka jari. Wannan yana da burin kafa ayyuka a kan dukkan hukumomin gwamnati da masu gudanar da aikin don kawo karshen amfani da duk kwal, man fetur da iskar gas "cikin sauri kamar yadda ake iya aiwatar da fasaha," tare da tsauraran matakai idan har yanzu babu sauran hanyoyin fasaha. [20]

A watan Yuni na 2020, gwamnatin Jamus ta yi alƙawarin dawo da kore tare da tallafin € 40 biliyan (£ 36 biliyan ko dalar Amurka biliyan 45) a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin dawo da billion biliyan 130. [21]

A watan Yulin 2020 Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da babban asusu na farfadowa na billion 750 biliyan, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Next Generation EU (NGEU), don tallafawa kasashe membobin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta kashe. Babban burin sauyin yanayi na kashi 30% zai shafi jimlar kashe kuɗi daga NGEU bisa ƙa'idar yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Paris . [22]

A watan Fabrairu na 2021, masu sharhi kamar Majalisar Dangantakar Ƙasashen waje sun lura cewa ban da manufofin sauyin yanayi da ake samu a Amurka ta hannun wanda ya lashe zaɓen farko na Democrat da Shugaba Joe Biden,[23][24] sauran manyan ƙasashe masu ƙarfin tattalin arziki kamar China, Indiya, kuma Tarayyar Turai ta kuma fara "aiwatar da wasu manufofin da Green New Deal ta tsara."[25][26]

A cikin bazara 2021, Biden ya gabatar da Tsarin Ayyukan Jojiya na Amurka da Tsarin Iyalan Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da ƙa'idodin dawo da kore waɗanda suka haɗa da saka hannun jari a kamawa da adana carbon, makamashi mai tsafta, da Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Jama'a kwatankwacin Hukumar Kula da Jama'a . Shirye -shiryen sun sami suka daga masu ci gaba waɗanda ke kallon su da sauran manufofin canjin yanayi na Biden ba su da babban buri.[27][28][29][30]

Sabuntawar Yuli 2021 ga Gargadin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya ga Bil Adama ya gano kashi 17% na kudaden saka hannun jari na COVID-19 wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa an raba su zuwa "murmurewa kore" tun daga Maris 2021 don rashin isa, yana mai gargadin cewa sabbin manufofin canjin yanayi yakamata su kasance na tsare-tsaren dawo da COVID-19, waɗanda su ma suna buƙatar tushen tushen tushen, maimakon alamu, tare da buƙatar canje-canje na tsarin sama da siyasa kuma nan da nan, raguwar iskar gas ɗin da za a fifita.[30][7]

Tattalin arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban burin shi ne dawo da tattalin arziƙi da gyara lalacewar yanayi da muhalli a lokaci guda.

Bayanan kula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 'Boosting the EU's green recovery: Commission invests €1 billion in innovative clean technology projects' (3 July 2020)
  2. ↑ 'Building back a green and resilient recovery' (8 July 2020) gov.uk. E McGaughey, M Lawrence and Common Wealth, 'The Green Recovery Act 2020 Archived 2020-07-15 at the Wayback Machine', proposed UK law, and pdf
  3. ↑ e.g. Tom Steyer, 'A fair, green recovery for all Californians Archived 2021-10-19 at the Wayback Machine'; New York City, COVID-19 Green Recovery.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 D. Aldana Cohen, D. Kammen, J. Brave NoiseCat, et al, A green stimulus to rebuild our economy, Medium, March 22, 2020
  5. ↑ M Holder, 'OECD and UN institutions demand green economic recovery from Covid-19' (5 June 2020) Business Green
  6. ↑ "Key findings – Sustainable Recovery Tracker – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Gregg, Jillian W; Lenton, Timothy M; Palomo, Ignacio; Eikelboom, Jasper A J; Law, Beverly E; Huq, Saleemul; Duffy, Philip B; Rockström, Johan (28 July 2021). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021". BioScience: biab079. doi:10.1093/biosci/biab079. hdl:1808/30278.
  8. ↑ IPCC, ipcc.ch, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report (2014) 62
  9. ↑ C McGlade and P Ekins, ‘The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2oC’ (2015) 517 Nature 187, Figure 1
  10. ↑ F Pearce, ‘Long Shaped By Fire, Australia Enters a Perilous New Era’ (16 January 2020) YaleEnvironment360
  11. ↑ e.g. Bernie Sanders, Green New Deal.
  12. ↑ See Green New Deal Group, A Green New Deal (July 2008)
  13. ↑ European Environmental Bureau, 'EU plans multi-billion euro ‘green recovery’ but falls short in crucial areas' (27 May 2020) eeb.org. Friends of the Earth Europe, 'EU Green Deal: fails to slam on the brakes' (11 December 2019)
  14. ↑ S Evans, 'Analysis: Coronavirus set to cause largest ever annual fall in CO2 emissions' (9 April 2020) Carbon Brief. F Harvey, 'Steep fall in emissions during coronavirus is no cause for celebration' (19 May 2020) Guardian
  15. ↑ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415416. ISBN 978-1-107-41541-6.
  16. ↑ IASS/Green ID (2019). "Future skills and job creation through renewable energy in Vietnam. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" (PDF).
  17. ↑ IASS/TERI (2019). "Secure and reliable electricity access with renewable energy mini-grids in rural India. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" (PDF).
  18. ↑ IASS/CSIR (2019). "Improving health and reducing costs through renewable energy in South Africa. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" (PDF).
  19. ↑ F Harvey, 'Treasury's 'green recovery' not enough, say campaigners' (7 July 2020)Guardian
  20. ↑ E McGaughey, M Lawrence and Common Wealth, 'The Green Recovery Act 2020 Archived 2020-07-15 at the Wayback Machine', proposed UK law on website, and pdf. See 'The Guardian view on a post-Covid-19 recovery: not much building back greener' (7 July 2020) Guardian, "Mr Johnson has talked of a “new deal” and he could take up the suggestion by the Common Wealth thinktank to legislate for a green recovery act to drive an economic revival with renewable energy at its core."
  21. ↑ JS Murray, 'Green Recovery: Germany unveils plans for €40bn climate spending surge' (4 June 2020) Business Green
  22. ↑ Special meeting of the European Council, 17-21 July 2020, paragraphs A21, 18 Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Ryan Cooper (February 12, 2021). "Biden warms up to the Green New Deal". The Week. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  24. ↑ Mike Krancer (February 1, 2021). "Biden's version of Green New Deal moves forward, but executive action has its limits". The Hill. Retrieved 9 October 2021. Comparing the Green New Deal to the Biden Plan For A Clean Energy Revolution And Environmental Justice, one might think they were written by the same person
  25. ↑ Andrew Chatzky and Anshu Siripurapu (February 1, 2021). "Envisioning a Green New Deal: A Global Comparison". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved February 18, 2021. major world economies, including China, India, and the European Union, have begun implementing some of the policies envisioned by the Green New Deal,
  26. ↑ Aris Roussinos (February 17, 2021). "The age of empire is back". unHerd. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  27. ↑ Mike Krancer (February 1, 2021). "Biden's version of Green New Deal moves forward, but executive action has its limits". The Hill. Retrieved 9 October 2021. Comparing the Green New Deal to the Biden Plan For A Clean Energy Revolution And Environmental Justice, one might think they were written by the same person
  28. ↑ Frazin, Rachel (April 20, 2021). "Overnight Energy: Biden reportedly will pledge to halve US emissions by 2030 | Ocasio-Cortez, Markey reintroduce Green New Deal resolution". TheHill. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  29. ↑ Kurtzleben, Danielle (2 April 2021). "Ocasio-Cortez Sees Green New Deal Progress In Biden Plan, But 'It's Not Enough'". NPR. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Segers, Grace (13 May 2021). "Green New Deal advocates see imprint on Biden's climate agenda". cbsnews. Retrieved 9 October 2021.