Matar da ta yi aiki

Matar da ta yi aiki
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	mace

Ma'aikaciya kalma ce wacce ke bayyana mace wacce babban burinta a rayuwa shine ƙirƙirar aiki ga kanta.^[1] A lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar a cikin shekarun 1930 na Amurka, an yi amfani da ita musamman don rarrabe tsakanin mata waɗanda ke aiki a cikin gida ko aiki a waje da gida a cikin aiki mai ƙarancin matakin a matsayin buƙatar tattalin arziki da mata waɗanda ke son kuma suna iya neman ayyuka a matsayin sana'a. Wannan yana nufin ayyuka a cikin sana'o'i ko sana'o-aramid, tare da sarari don kerawa, ci gaba, da ƙwarewar ƙungiya. Duk da haka mata da ke yin aiki ba tare da waɗannan halayen ba har yanzu ana iya ɗaukar su 'mata masu aiki' saboda burinsu, alal misali mata waɗanda "suna aiki ba kawai don tallafa wa iyalansu ba, amma don ma'auni na 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki, ko kuma a matsayin sakamakon tserewa daga rayuwar ƙasa mara kyau, ko kuma kawai don zamantakewar aiki tare da wasu mata".^[2]

A Amurka

Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, yawancin matan Amurka sun yi aiki a gida kuma waɗanda suka yi aiki a waje da gida galibi matasa ne kuma ba su yi aure ba, ko gwauraye.^[3] Ofishin Ƙididdigar Jama'a ya lissafa cewa kashi 20 cikin 100 na mata ne kawai ke samun albashi a farkon shekarun 1900 kuma kashi 5 cikin 100 na waɗancan mata ne kawai suka yi aure. Wadannan lambobi sun yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa yawancin ayyukan mata a cikin gida sun haɗa da aiki a Kasuwancin iyali da samar da kayayyaki don sayarwa. Har ila yau, sun yi watsi da bambance-bambance a cikin kwarewar mata na kabilanci daban-daban. Misali, "Mata na Afirka na Amurka sun kasance kusan sau biyu da za su shiga cikin ma'aikata kamar yadda mata masu fata suke a lokacin".^[4]

A shekara ta 1930, shiga mata a Kasuwar aiki ya karu zuwa kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 ga mata marasa aure da kashi 12 cikin 100 ga matan da suka yi aure. Wadannan lambobi suna nuna sauye-sauyen tsammanin al'umma da dama ga aikin mata. Wannan wani bangare ne na sakamakon farar hula na farko, inda mata suka taru don turawa don samun karin hakkoki ga mata, gami da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a.^[4]

A cikin shekarun 1950, "an bayyana mata masu sha'awar aiki na gaske a matsayin masu ban sha'awa da rashin daidaituwa. " Yayinda damar samun damar zama 'mace mai aiki' ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, zargi ya kasance. A cikin 50s da 60s duk da haka, wani bambanci ya fito. An ci gaba da ganin ya dace da mata masu aure su yi aiki idan ya cancanta don tallafawa iyali ta tattalin arziki ko muddin iyalinta da 'ya'yanta sun zo da farko. Wannan 'sabon ra'ayi' na mata masu aiki ya fi karɓa saboda rawar gargajiya ta matar-mahaifiyar ta kasance fifiko. Idan mata sun nuna cewa aikinsu ya zo na biyu, to an yarda da shi idan aikin su kuma "hanyar farko ce ta bayyana kansu a duniya".^[3] Ko da yake waɗannan canje-canje a hankali sun buɗe dama ga mata a wurin aiki, "kalmar 'mace mai aiki' ta ba da shawarar girman kai ko rashin tausayi da ƙin mata. "^[3]

Duk da wadannan zargi daban-daban, shiga mata a cikin ma'aikata ya ci gaba da karuwa dangane da jimlar lambobi, yayin da yanayin ayyukan da ke akwai ga mata ya fadada. A farkon shekarun 1990s, kusan mata 74 'masu aiki' (shekaru 25-54) sun kasance wani ɓangare na ma'aikata. Ayyukan mata a fannoni daban-daban sun bambanta, suna wucewa fiye da "yanki na gargajiya na koyarwa, jinya, aikin zamantakewa, da aikin malamai" kuma suna cikin fannoni da maza ne kawai ke aiki, kamar likitoci da lauyoyi.^[4]

Rashin albashi

Akwai dogon tarihi na Bambancin albashi na jinsi, wani abu wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau, inda mata da lakabi da nauyin aiki iri ɗaya kamar maza ke karɓar albashi kaɗan. Rashin ya ragu a tsawon lokaci, amma a cikin 2020 mata har yanzu suna samun matsakaicin kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 ƙasa da maza da kashi 10 cikin 100 ƙasa yayin kwatanta kusan asali da gogewa iri ɗaya.^[4]

A Japan

Kyariaūman shine kalmar Jafananci ga mace, mai aure ko a'a, wacce ke neman aiki don samun rayuwa da ci gaba, maimakon zama Uwar gida ba tare da aiki a waje da gida ba. Kalmar ta fara amfani da ita ne lokacin da ake sa ran mata su yi aure kuma su zama matan gida bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci suna aiki a matsayin "mace ofishin". Ana amfani da kalmar a Japan don bayyana takwaransa ga mai albashi na Japan; wata mace mai aiki a Japan tana aiki don albashi, kuma tana neman ƙara kuɗin shiga na iyalinta ta hanyar aiki ko kuma ta kasance mai zaman kanta ta hanyar neman aiki mai zaman kanta.^[5]

Duba kuma

• Rufin gilashi

Manazarta

1. Orange, Michelle (2017-04-19). "Professional Lives: Career Women on Film". Virginia Quarterly Review (in Turanci). 93 (2): 178–181. ISSN 2154-6932.
2. Stricker, Frank (2012-02-14). "Cookbooks and Law Books: The Hidden History of Career Women in Twentieth Century America". Professional and White-Collar Employments (in Turanci). K. G. Saur. pp. 437–455. doi:10.1515/9783110976380.437. ISBN 978-3-11-097638-0.
3. Helson, Ravenna (1972). "The Changing Image of the Career Woman". Journal of Social Issues (in Turanci). 28 (2): 33–46. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00016.x. ISSN 1540-4560.
4. "The history of women's work and wages and how it has created success for us all". Brookings (in Turanci). 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
5. Masatsugu, Mitsuyuki (1982). The Modern Samurai Society. New York: American Management Association. pp. 137. ISBN 0-8144-5730-4.