Oviri

Paul Gauguin, Oviri (Sauvage), 1894, wani bangare na dutse mai laushi, 75 × 19 × 27 cm (29.5 × 7.5 × 10.6 in), Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Oviri (Tahitian don daji ko daji) wani zane-zane ne na yumbu na 1894 wanda ɗan wasan Faransa Paul Gauguin ya yi.[1] A cikin tatsuniyoyin Tahitian, Oviri allahiya ce ta makoki kuma an nuna ta da dogon gashi mai laushi da idanu na daji, tana shanye kyarkeci da ƙafafunta yayin da take riƙe da jariri a hannunta. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun gabatar da fassarori da yawa - yawanci cewa Gauguin ya yi niyya da shi a matsayin ma'anar don karfafa siffarsa a matsayin "mai wayewa". Alloli mata na Tahitian na zamaninta sun wuce daga ƙwaƙwalwar jama'a a shekara ta 1894, duk da haka Gauguin ya nuna sha'awar tarihin tsibirin yayin da ya kai ga wasu tsoffin tushe, gami da taimakon Assuriya na nau'in "maigidan dabbobi", da kuma mummies na Majapahit. Sauran tasirin da za a iya samu sun haɗa da kwanyar da aka adana daga tsibirin Marquesas, adadi da aka samu a Borobudur, da kuma haikalin Buddha na Mahayana na ƙarni na 9 a tsakiyar Java.

Gauguin ya yi gyare-gyare uku, kowannensu a cikin wani bangare na dutse, kuma yayin da kwafi da yawa ke cikin gilashi ko tagulla, asalin gyare-garen yana cikin Musée d'Orsay. Tallace-tallace na kayan aikinsa ba su yi nasara ba, kuma a cikin ƙarancin kuɗi da na kansa ya nemi a sanya shi a kan kabarinsa. Akwai wasu maganganu guda uku kawai da suka tsira game da adadi: ya bayyana adadi a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki da mugunta a kan wani gabatarwar 1895 na ra'ayoyi biyu na katako na Oviri ga Stéphane Mallarmé; ya kira shi La Tueuse ("The Murderess") a c. 1899ikin wata wasika ta 1897 ga Ambroise Vollard; kuma ya kara wani rubutun da ke nuni da littafin Honoré de Balzac Séraphîta a cikin zane na c. .[2] An nuna Oviri a Salon d'Automne na 1906 (no. 57) inda ya rinjayi Pablo Picasso, wanda ya kafa daya daga cikin adadi a Les Demoiselles d'Avignon a ciki.[3][4]

Tarihi

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Gauguin ya kasance mafi mahimmanci mai zane; ya zo ga yumbu a kusa da 1886, lokacin da masanin zane-zane na Faransa da masanin yumbu Ernest Chaplet ya koya masa. Félix Bracquemond[5] ne ya gabatar da su wanda, wanda sabon tukwane na fasahar Faransanci ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, yana gwaji tare da nau'in. A lokacin wannan hunturu na 1886-87, Gauguin ya ziyarci bitar Chaplet a Vaugirard, inda suka hada kai a kan tukwane na dutse tare da siffofi masu amfani ko raguwa masu ban sha'awa da hannaye da yawa.[6]

Hoton Jules Agostini na 1896 na gidan Gauguin a Puna'auia, Polynesia ta Faransa

Gauguin ya fara ziyartar Tahiti a shekara ta 1891 kuma, ya janyo hankalin kyawawan matan Tahitian, ya yi saiti na hotunan abin rufe fuska a kan takarda. Suna haifar da baƙin ciki da mutuwa, kuma suna haifar da yanayin faaturuma (ƙasa ko baƙin ciki); hotuna da yanayi daga baya aka yi amfani da su a cikin yumbu na Oviri.[7] Gauguin na farko da aka zana a Tahiti ya kasance tare da itacen guava wanda ya rushe da sauri kuma bai tsira ba.

Ya kammala Oviri a cikin hunturu na 1894, yayin dawowarsa daga Tahiti, kuma ya gabatar da shi ga salon Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts 1895 wanda aka buɗe a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa.[8] Akwai nau'o'i biyu na abin da ya biyo baya: Charles Morice (writer) [fr] [fr] ya yi iƙirarin a cikin 1920 cewa an "kusa" Gauguin daga nune-nunen; a cikin 1937 Ambroise Vollard ya rubuta cewa an shigar da wannan yanki ne kawai lokacin da Chaplet ya yi barazanar janye ayyukansa don nuna rashin amincewa.[9] A cewar Bengt Danielsson, Gauguin yana da sha'awar kara yawan bayyanarsa a fili kuma ya yi amfani da wannan damar ta hanyar rubuta wasika mai fushi ga Le Soir, yana kuka game da yanayin yumbu na zamani.[10]

A farkon shekara ta 1897, Vollard ya rubuta wasika ga Gauguin game da yiwuwar jefa siffofinsa a tagulla. Amsar Gauguin ta mayar da hankali ne akan Oviri:

Na yi imanin cewa babban mutum-mutumi na da aka yi da yumbu, Tueuse ("The Murderess"), wani abu ne na musamman kamar yadda babu wani yumbu da ya yi har zuwa yanzu kuma cewa, ban da haka, zai yi kama da kyau a cikin tagulla (ba tare da sakewa ba kuma ba tare da patina ba). Ta wannan hanyar mai siye ba kawai zai sami yumbu da kansa ba, har ma da bugu na tagulla wanda za a yi amfani da shi don samun kuɗi.

Masanin tarihin fasaha Christopher Gray ya ambaci nau'ikan gyare-gyare guda uku, inda aka samo su daga zane-zane na katako wanda ba a rubuta shi ba. An ba da ɗaya ga Daniel Monfreid kuma yanzu yana cikin Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory" a Saint-Germain-en-Laye . Wani nau'i a cikin gyare-gyare, tare da farfajiyar itace, Gustave Fayet ne ya kiyaye shi, kuma daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na tarin ɗansa, Léon. Mai zane wanda ya yi gyare-gyare ya adana nau'i na uku.[11][12] An samar da tagulla da yawa, gami da sigar da aka sanya a kabarin Gauguin a Atuona, wanda Fondation Singer-Polignac [fr] ya jefa kuma ya gina 29 Maris 1973.[11][13]

Bayyanawa da tushe

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Fitowa ta farko ta Le Sourire, Jarida mai tsanani, 1899. Louvre, Ofishin zane

Oviri tana da dogon gashi mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka wanda ya kai ga gwiwoyi. Tushenta da idanunta suna da girma sosai, yayin da budewa a bayan kanta yayi kama da rami na farji.[14][15] Tana riƙe da jaririn kyarkeci a cinyarta, alama ce ta rashin kulawa da ikonta.[15][16] Ba a bayyana ko Oviri yana shanye ko rungumar jaririn ba, amma matsayinta yana kiran ra'ayoyin sadaukarwa, kisan jarirai da kuma nau'in mahaifiyar da ke ɗaukar fansa, wanda ya rinjayi zane na Eugène Delacroix na 1838, Medea About to Kill Her Children .[17][18] Wani dabba na biyu, mai yiwuwa wani kyarkeci, yana kusa da ƙafafunta ko dai yana juyawa cikin biyayya ko ya mutu.[19] Masana tarihi na fasaha ciki har da Sue Taylor sun ba da shawarar dabba ta biyu na iya wakiltar Gauguin.[20]

Haɗin tsakanin mace da kyarkeci ya samo asali ne daga wata magana da Edgar Degas ya yi don kare aikin Gauguin a baje kolin Durand-Ruel na 1893 wanda ba a karɓa ba, lokacin da Degas ya nakalto tatsuniyar La Fontaine The Dog and the Wolf, wanda yawanci ana ɗauka a matsayin yana nuna cewa bai kamata a musayar 'yanci ba don ta'aziyya ko riba ta kuɗi: "Ganin, Gauguin shine kyarkefi. "[20][21] A cikin Oviri, babban kyarkeci, Gauguin na Turai, ya hallaka yayin da mai taimakawa, Gauguan na Tahiti, ya tsira.[22]

Siddharta Gautama, ƙarni na 8th frieze, Borobudur

Labaran Tahitian sun ɓace sosai a lokacin Gauguin (ya kafa nasa asusun a kan wasu tushe ba tare da amincewa ba), kamar yadda yawancin kayan tarihi da ke da alaƙa da wannan al'ada. Wakilin da ya yi na Oviri yafi yawan aiki ne na tunanin, wanda aka sanar da shi ta hanyar tarin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙaramin duniyar abokai" kuma wanda ya tafi tare da shi zuwa Tahiti a ziyararsa ta farko. Wadannan sun hada da lithograph na Odilon Redon La Mort, hotuna na batutuwa kamar haikalin haikalin a Borobudur, Java, da kuma fresco na Masar daga kabarin daular 18 a Thebes.[23] Sauran kafofin da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da taimakon Assuriya na Gilgamesh yana riƙe da jaririn zaki yanzu a cikin Louvre, da kuma adadi na Majapahit daga gidan kayan gargajiya na Djakarta.[24]

Kan Oviri ya yi kama da ya dogara ne akan kwanyar da aka yi wa dattawa a tsibirin Marquesas, wanda idanunsu na al'ada an rufe su da mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u kuma ana bauta musu a matsayin allahntaka. Abubuwan jikinta na iya samo asali daga hotunan Borobudur na haihuwa. Ta haka ne aka gabatar da rayuwa da mutuwa a cikin wannan hoton.[25] A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Mallarmé da ke ƙoƙarin tara biyan kuɗi na jama'a don siyan aikin, Morice ya kira hoton Diane Chasseresse ("Diana the Huntress"), wanda ke nuni da allahiyar Girka ta dā Diana na farauta, wata da haihuwa. Ya yi irin wannan magana a cikin waƙoƙinsa game da Oviri . Barbara Landy ta fassara taken rayuwa da mutuwa kamar yadda yake nuna bukatar Gauguin ya watsar da son kai na wayewa a cikin komawa ga yanayin halitta na asali.[9][26] Aikin yana da alaƙa da yumbu na Black Venus na 1889, wanda ke nuna mace tana durƙusa a kan wani kai da aka yanke kamar mai zane.[20][27]

Nancy Mowll Mathews ta yi imanin cewa halittu a hannunta kuma a ƙafafunta ainihin raƙuman ruwa ne, dabbobi da Gauguin ya yi amfani da su a cikin zane-zanen itace na 1889 Be in Love, You Will Be Happy kuma a cikin zane mai na Pont-Aven na 1891 The Loss of Virginity . A cikin wata wasika ta 1889 zuwa ga Émile Bernard, ya bayyana Soyez amoureuses fox a matsayin "alama ce ta Indiya ta lalata".[28] Akwai doguwar al'ada a cikin al'adun Asiya na kyarketai da ke da ikon canzawa zuwa mata (alal misali a cikin al-adun Yōkai ko Kitsune na Japan).[29]

Oviri

Gauguin ya nuna adadi na Oviri a kalla zane daya, nau'ikan canja wurin ruwa guda biyu da katako guda biyu. Yana yiwuwa cewa an halicci katako a Pont-Aven a lokacin rani na 1894; kafin yumbu.[30] Na ƙarshe da ya bayyana tabbas shine zane a cikin abin da ya zama fitowar farko ta Gauguin's Papeete broadsheet Le Sourire " (The Smile: A Serious Newspaper) " wanda aka buga tsakanin Agusta 1899 da Afrilu 1900. An haɗa shi da rubutun "Et le monstre, entraînant sa créature, féconde de sa semence des flancs genéreux pour engendrer Séraphitus-Séraphita" (Kuma dodon, yana rungumar halittarsa, ya cika mahaifarta mai karimci da iri kuma ya haifi Séraphite-Sérafita). Séraphitus-Séraphita wani nuni ne ga littafin Honoré de Balzac Séraphîta wanda ke nuna jarumi mai ban sha'awa. A cikin wannan fitowar farko ta Le Sourire, ya sake nazarin wasan kwaikwayon marubucin Maohi na gida wanda ya shafi jima'i (cikin sauran jigogi), kuma ya kira 'Séraphitus-Séraphita'. Binciken ya taya "marubucin" wasan kwaikwayon murna kuma ya ƙare da rokon 'yancin mata ta hanyar kawar da aure. Hoton da ke tare da shi yana da bambanci sosai.[31]

Fassara

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  1. ↑ Maurer, 162
  2. ↑ Landy, 242, 244–46
  3. ↑ "1906 Salon d'automne". Exposés au Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, 1906. Retrieved 29 August 2015
  4. ↑ Frèches-Thory, 372–73
  5. ↑ Campbell, 224
  6. ↑ "French Art Pottery". Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline. Retrieved 11 October 2015
  7. ↑ "Important and Rare Paul Gauguin Sculpture Up for Auction at Sotheby's Archived 2021-06-19 at the Wayback Machine". sgallery.net. April 29, 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2009
  8. ↑ "Oviri". Musée d'Orsay. Retrieved 23 August 2015
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Frèches-Thory, 372
  10. ↑ Danielsson, 170
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "After Paul Gauguin, Oviri, bronze, lot 317, sale 1723". Christie's, Impressionist and Modern Art Day Sale, 9 November 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2015
  12. ↑ Gray, 245–47
  13. ↑ Frèches-Thory, 369
  14. ↑ Taylor, 204
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cachin, 208
  16. ↑ "After Paul Gauguin, Oviri, bronze, Lot 106 / Sale 9518". Christie's, Impressionist and Modern Art (Day Sale), 9 November 2000. Retrieved 21 February 2015
  17. ↑ Frèches-Thory, 371
  18. ↑ Pollitt, Ben. "Gauguin, Oviri. Khan Academy, 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015
  19. ↑ Taylor, 198–99
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Taylor, 199
  21. ↑ Brooks, 95
  22. ↑ Taylor, 206
  23. ↑ Thomson, 143, 145, 152
  24. ↑ Taylor, 197
  25. ↑ Gray, 65
  26. ↑ Landy, 245–46
  27. ↑ "The Eternal Feminine". Tate. Retrieved 23 August 2015
  28. ↑ Barkan; Bush, 258
  29. ↑ Casal, 1–93
  30. ↑ Brettell, 375–76
  31. ↑ Taylor, 215–18