Qasr Ibrim

Qasr Ibrim
archaeological site ^(en) da former town ^(en)
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Misra
Wuri
22°39′01″N 31°59′30″E / 22.65019°N 31.99153°E / 22.65019; 31.99153
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Misra
Governorate of Egypt ^(en)	Aswan Governorate ^(en)

Qasr Ibrim (Larabci: قصر ابريم; Meroitic: Pedeme; Tsohon Nubian: Silimi; Coptic: ⲡⲣⲓⲙ Prim; Latin: Primis) wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne a Lower Nubia, wanda ke cikin ƙasar Masar ta zamani. Wurin yana da dogon tarihin sana'a, tun daga farkon karni na takwas BC zuwa AD 1813, kuma cibiyar tattalin arziki, siyasa da addini ce.^[1] Tun asali wani babban birni ne da ke kan wani dutsen da ke saman kogin Nilu, amma ambaliyar tafkin Nasser bayan gina babban Dam na Aswan - tare da yakin kasa da kasa mai alaka don Ajiye Monuments na Nubia - ya canza shi zuwa tsibiri kuma ya mamaye bayansa. Qasr Ibrim shine kawai babban wurin binciken kayan tarihi a cikin Lower Nubia da ya tsira daga ambaliya ta Aswan Dam.^[2][3] Duk kafin da kuma bayan ambaliya, ya kasance babban wurin bincike na kayan tarihi.

Tarihi

Takaitaccen Tarihi da tsohon zamanin

Mazauni na ɗan adam a wurin ya samo asali ne daga Late Period na tsohuwar Masar, amma ya kai matsayinsa mafi girma a tsakiyar zamanai, lokacin da yankin ya kasance gidan Eparch na Nobatia. Qasr Ibrim shine tushen tarin tarin tsoffin takardu na Nubian da aka taɓa samu, gami da bayanan Eparch. An mamaye wurin har zuwa shekara ta 1813, lokacin da aka kori mutanen na karshe ta hanyar harbin bindigogi. A yau tsibirin ya rufe ga kowa sai masu binciken archaeologist.

Tasirin Masar a Nubia ya fara ne kusan shekara 2,000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Masarawa suka mamaye yankin kuma suka yi ikirarin mallakar yankin.^[1] An gano kayan tarihi da yawa na Masarawa da shaidun gine-ginen Masarawa a Qasr Ibrim. Rubutun farko a wurin shi ne stela, dutse ko katako, tun daga zamanin Amenhotep I. An gano stela a cikin babban cocin Kirista na Byzantine da ke Qasr Ibrim inda aka sake amfani da shi a cikin crypts na cocin. stela yanzu yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya.^[4]

An sake gina wurin a wani bangare "a karkashin ikon Gaius Petronius a lokacin mulkin Augustus."^[5] Qasr Ibrim ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare yankin Aswan na Roma, kuma ana iya rike shi har zuwa AD 100 ko kuma daga baya.^[6] Kagara, wanda injiniyoyin soja na Romawa suka gina, shine mafi ƙarfi a cikin kwarin Nilu a wannan lokacin.^[6]

Kayan Tarihi

An san Qasr Ibrim ba kawai don ragowar kwayoyin halitta ba har ma da kayan masakun da aka samu a wurin. A lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye wurin, an bar takalmi, yadi, da guntun fata a baya.^[6] An yi imani da cewa Rumawa ne suka kawo kayan ulun zuwa Qasr Ibrim a cikin 23 BC. Mutanen Meroitic ba su gabatar da yadudduka ba har sai ƙarni na farko AD. Yadukan Meroitic da ba a yi rina ba sun bambanta da ulun Romawa, wanda aka samu cikin shuɗi da sauran launuka masu haske.^[1]

Sharuɗɗan a Qasr Ibrim kuma sun adana ɗimbin takardu a cikin harsuna ko rubutun daban-daban guda tara. Wannan ya haɗa da hieroglyphics, Demotic, Meroitic, Greek, Latin, Coptic, Old Nubian, Larabci, da Baturke.^[7] An rubuta takardun farko akan takarda, ko da yake takarda ce aka fi so don nassi masu tsarki. Takarda ba kayan rubutu na gama gari ba ne a Nubia har zuwa karni na sha biyu.^[8] An sami rubutu iri-iri, gami da wasiƙun sirri da takaddun addini. Wadannan takardu sun nuna mahimmancin Qasr Ibrim a matsayin al'umma mai iyaka, da kuma cibiyar babbar hanyar kasuwanci.

Manazarta

1. Van Der Vliet, J.; Hagen, J.L. (2013). Qasr Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa: Studies in Cultural Exchange. Leiden, Nederland: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. p. 65
2. Ruffini, G.R. (2012). Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-999620-9. Retrieved 2022-11-05. Qasr Ibrim is critically important in a number of ways. It is the only site in Lower Nubia that remained above water after the completion of the Aswan high dam
3. A.J. Clapham; P.A. Rowley-Conwy (2007). "New Discoveries at Qasr Ibrim". In R.T.J. Cappers (ed.). Fields of Change: Progress in African Archaeobotany. Groningen archaeological studies. David Brown Book Company. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-77922-30-9. Retrieved 2022-11-05. ... Qasr Ibrim is the only in situ site left in Lower Nubia since the flooding of the Nile valley
4. "Egypt: Qasr Ibrim in ancient Nubia". www.touregypt.net (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-02-26.
5. Alexander, John (1988). "The Saharan Divide in the Nile Valley: The Evidence from Qasr Ibrim". The African Archaeological Review. 6: 73–90. doi:10.1007/bf01117113. S2CID 161151825
6. Alexander, John (1988). "The Saharan Divide in the Nile Valley: The Evidence from Qasr Ibrim". The African Archaeological Review. 6: 73–90. doi:10.1007/bf01117113. S2CID 161151825
7. William, Adams (Fall 1979). "The "Library" of Qasr Ibrim". The Kentucky Review. 1 (1): 5–27. Retrieved 10 October 2020
8. Adams, William (2010). Qasr Ibrim. The Earlier Medieval Period. London: Egypt Exploration Society. ISBN 978-0856981913.