Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
| Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi | |
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| Wuri | |
| Ƙasa | Siriya |
Governorate of Syria (en)  | Homs Governorate (en) |
| Coordinates | 34°22′28″N 37°36′21″E / 34.3744°N 37.6058°E |
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Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi ( ) wani katafaren hamada ne ko kuma qasr dake tazarar kilomita 80 kudu maso yammacin Palmyra akan hanyar Damascus. Gidan sarauta tagwaye ne na Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, wanda halifan Umayyawa Hisham bn Abd al-Malik ya gina a shekara ta 727 miladiyya. An gina ta ne da tsarin gine-ginen Umayyawa. Kamar yadda aka yi imanin rukunin gidaje ne na wani mawadaci, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ana iya samun wasu kayan adon masu arzikin da ke cikin ragowar fadar. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka samu a ciki sun haɗa da ƙofofin bene waɗanda aka ƙawata, bangon stucco, da kayan taimako na zahiri. Yawancin kayan ado da zane-zane daga rukunin ana ajiye su a gidan tarihi na kasa da ke Damascus.[1] Kamar sauran fadojin hamada, Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi ba shine farkon mazaunin Hisham ba. Ginin ya kasance wurin zama na biyu na Halifa, yayin da faffadan filin hamadar da ke kewaye da shi ana amfani da shi don ayyukan jin dadi kamar farauta da tsere. Da ma manyan mutane, in ba Halifa ba, da sun zauna a tanti da ke kewayen fadar idan sun ziyarci
Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan Gidajen hamada na Umayyad a yankin Siriya / Jordan . Shafin da farko ya kunshi fadar sarauta, gidan wanka, gine-ginen masana'antu don samar da man zaitun, lambun ban ruwa da wani gini wanda masana suka ba da shawarar na iya zama caravanserai. A kan ƙofar akwai rubutun da ya bayyana cewa Hisham ne ya gina shi a cikin shekara ta 727, da'awar da aka tabbatar da ita ta hanyar salon gine-gine.
An yi amfani da shi azaman idon sarki a zamanin Umayyad, don sarrafa motsi na kabilun hamada da kuma aiki a matsayin shingen ga kabilun masu fashi, da kuma yin aikin farauta. Yana daya daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na fadar hamada. Daga baya Ayyubid da Mameluke sun yi amfani da shi amma an watsar da shi har abada bayan mamayar Mongol.
An gina fadar ne daga laka a saman tushe na masonry, a lokacin tonowa kawai ɓangaren da ake gani shine ƙofar. Ƙofar ta ƙunshi ƙofar da aka tsara ta manyan tsarin cylindrical guda biyu, ƙananan windows guda biyu suna zaune a kusa da rabin hanya tsakanin ƙofofi da saman ƙofar kuma duk tsarin an yi masa ado da arches da alamu na lissafi. Yawancin tubali na laka sun lalace cikin yashi da ke kewaye da su, amma tushen masonry yana nuna inda ganuwar fadar ta taɓa tsayawa. Ganuwar ta zama babban rectangle kuma ban da ƙofar akwai hasumiyoyi uku na cylindrical a kusurwoyin tsarin kuma a kan na huɗu yana tsaye hasumiyar gidan ibada. Gidan sarauta yana da hawa biyu kuma akwai shaidar cewa akwai matakala biyu, matakan biyu sun kasance daidai, an raba su zuwa sassan shida kowannensu yana da hallway, ɗakuna da yawa, da kuma wanka.[1]
Gidan yana da nau'i huɗu a cikin layi tare da bangarorin mita 70 (230 . Hanyar tsakiya ta gidan sarauta tana da kyau sosai kuma an tura ta zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Damascus don a yi amfani da ita azaman ƙofar. Hasumiyoyinsa na rabin cylindrical a gefen ƙofar, ginshiƙai, da siffofin lissafi sun nuna cakuda gine-ginen Farisa, Byzantine da Larabawa.
Kadan daga cikin asalin gidan sarauta ya rage; duk da haka, tafkin don tattara ruwa daga madatsar ruwan Harbaka, wanka da khan har yanzu suna bayyane. An adana ƙofar a matsayin bangon da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Damascus.
Fasahar da aka samu a cikin hadaddun
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Kodayake shafin yanar gizon yana da siffofi masu ƙasƙantar da gine-gine, an sami ayyukan fasaha da yawa, gami da bango na stucco da bene na fresco. Ana iya samun irin wannan fasahar a cikin gine-ginen Roman, amma yawancin ayyukan da ke cikin hadaddun an rubuta su ne a zamanin Umayyad, ba Roman ba, ban da wasu gine-gine a cikin aikin ruwa. Yawancin ɓangarorin da aka samu ba su da tabbas ko kuma ba a san ina ko sun dogara ne akan ainihin adadi ba.
Za'a iya gano wani zane-zane, daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano a cikin binciken 1936 na hadaddun, wani hoton mutum, wanda yanzu ya ɓace daga jikin mutum da sama.[2] Wannan adadi mai kyau a cikin tufafi da kayan ado na Farisa na iya wakiltar Hisham, Khalifa wanda ya ba da umurni a gina fadar. Tufafin taimako yayi kama da salon zane-zane daban-daban da aka kirkira a zamanin Sassanian, wanda aka samo a kan kayan abincin dare da kayan gida.[3] Wannan ci gaba da salon yana nuna cewa zane-zane na pre-Islamic na iya zama wahayi ga fadar Umayyad. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa za a zana kayan taimako maimakon a bar su a cikin dutse mai sauƙi.[2] Wannan yunkurin kirkirar zane-zane da al'adun da suka gabata suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin ayyukan Islama, musamman a zamanin Umayyad, kamar yadda za'a iya samun hotunan da ke nuna halittu na tatsuniyoyin Sasanian kamar Senmurv's a Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi da kuma sanannun abubuwan da suka fi sani kamar Khirbat al-Mafjar.
An kuma gano zane-zane biyu daga shafin. Ɗaya yaNa nuna mafarauci, mai kama da zane-zanen Sassanian na sarakuna a lokacin farautar sarauta, da kuma zane-zanensa na 'yan wasan kotu guda biyu suna wasa da kayan kida, nai (kayan katako) da oud (kayan kirtani), a ƙarƙashin arches masu ado. Mai farauta yana sanye da salon Sassanian; gashin kansa yana tashi a bayansa, kuma baka da kibiya suna da ƙarfi don harbi.[4] An nuna siffofin mutane a saman da kasa na wannan zanen bene a hanyar da ta dace, an daidaita su daga samfuran Girka da Romawa.[5] Ba kamar sauran ayyukan da aka samu a cikin fadar ba, wannan fresco ba alama ce da ke wakiltar dangin sarauta ba.[6] Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan fresco yana nuna zaɓin Khalifa na canza mayar da hankali ga daular zuwa Gabas maimakon Yamma, musamman bayan yunkurin Musulmai na cin Constantinople. Wannan shine watakila dalilin da ya sa Khalifa ya zaɓi ya rungumi al'adun mulkin mallaka na Sassanian a matsayin abin koyi don tabbatar da iko. Wannan zanen ya kasance ne da farko a bene na zauren liyafa, kuma akwai alamun yiwuwar shafi na zagaye wanda ya taɓa tsayawa a samansa.[4]
Hoton bene na biyu, wanda aka fentin shi da fasahar fresco secco, ya kasance a cikin zauren liyafa na reshen yammacin Qusayr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, kuma ya auna tsawon 5.21m da faɗin 4.43 m.[7] Yana nuna mace ta gargajiya ta duniya, wanda aka sani da Ge ko Gaia, a cikin jan lambar yabo ta tsakiya, wanda ke mamaye abun da ke ciki.[8] Gaia tana kallon masu kallo kai tsaye, kuma tana sanye da wuyan wuyanta, kuma tana riƙe da zane a hannunta wanda ke riƙe da 'ya'yan itace. Hoton ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga mosaics na Byzantine, wanda zanen ba shi da lokaci mai cinyewa kuma yana da tsada.[8] Sama da ita akwai halittu masu kama da juna (Greek centaurs) waɗanda ke riƙe da mashi a hannu ɗaya kuma suna motsawa zuwa Gaia tare da ɗayan, suna mai da hankali ga ita.[7] Dukkanin siffofin suna kewaye da maɓallin juyawa kuma an kewaye su da jan iyakar rectangular. A waje da wannan iyaka akwai ƙungiyar siffofi na zagaye, wanda ke kwaikwayon ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da Gaia, itatuwan inabi (Roman acanthus) da ke haɗuwa, da abin da ya zama inabi. Duk da gefen dama na bene yana lalacewa, yanki ya bayyana kusan daidaitawa bisa ga tsarin da aka bari a baya. Wadannan siffofi ana kewaye su da wani nau'i mai launin fata kuma a ƙarshe ja iyaka, yana ba wannan zanen kamannin kafet. Kodayake misalai kalilan ne suka tsira daga wannan lokacin, ana ba da shawarar muhimmancin masana'antu a duniyar Islama a cikin wannan zanen, kuma tasirin Girkanci, Byzantine, da al'adun Romawa an bayyana su a fili a cikin layout da hotuna na yanki. A cikin ƙananan yankuna na wannan zanen akwai dabbobi ciki har da cranes, foxes, da kare. Ya zama ruwan dare ga Umayyad da masu zane-zane na farko na Abbasid don nuna tarurrukan Girka da Romawa, wanda ke bayyane a cikin wannan zanen.[5] Hotuna a cikin wannan zanen, kamar Gaia yana riƙe da 'ya'yan itace a cikin zane da centaurs tare da makamai na iya nuna ayyukan da ake yi na waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidajen hamada, kamar biki da farauta. Tun da yake tana magana ne kai tsaye game da Duniya da sama, tana iya zama mutum-mutumi na wadata da amfanin gona wanda sarakuna kamar Khalifa Hisham "ya fassara shi a matsayin alamar allahntaka na halayensu na siyasa". [7]
An yi amfani da masarautun hamada kamar Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi a matsayin mafaka na wucin gadi, shafuka don nuna matsayi, da kuma sarakunan Umayyad don jin daɗin baƙi. Hotunan bene kamar waɗannan sun taimaka wajen haifar da yanayi na ƙwarewa da alatu ga duk wanda ya gan su.[8]
Dukkanin zane-zanen an cire su daga ainihin wurin su a Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi kuma yanzu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Damascus.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Gidajen hamada
- Fasahar Musulunci
- Gine-gine na Musulunci
- Jerin manyan gidaje a Siriya
- Gine-gine na Umayyad
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Lower half of a sculpturesque high relief - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum". islamicart.museumwnf.org. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 al-Moadin, Mona. "Floor Painting". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Baer, Eva (1999). "The Human Figure in Early Islamic Art: Some Preliminary Remarks". Muqarnas. 16: 32–33. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 al-Moadin, Mona. "Floor Painting". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Smarthistory – Dr. Beatrice Leal". smarthistory.org. Retrieved 2024-05-22. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- "Qasr Al Hir". Syria Gate. Archived from the original on 2007-11-18.
- Genequand, Denis (2013). "Some Thoughts on Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, its Dam, its Monastery and the Ghassanids". Levant. 38 (1): 63–84. doi:10.1179/lev.2006.38.1.63. ISSN 0075-8914.
Samfuri:Umayyad Desert Castles34°22′28″N 37°36′21″E / 34.37444°N 37.60583°ESamfuri:Castles in Syria