Stella Browne

Stella Browne
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Halifax ^(en) , 9 Mayu 1880
ƙasa	Birtaniya United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Mutuwa	Liverpool, 8 Mayu 1955
Karatu
Makaranta	Somerville College ^(en) Saint Felix School ^(en)
Harsuna	Jamusanci Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	mai aikin fassara

Stella Browne (9 ga Mayu 1880 - 8 ga Mayu 1955) 'yar asalin Kanada ce, 'yar gurguzu, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na jima'i, kuma mai fafutukar hana haihuwa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a cikin gwagwarmayar neman hakkin mata na sarrafawa da yanke shawara game da zaɓin jima'i.^[1] Mai aiki galibi a Burtaniya, babban abin da ta mayar da hankali shi ne sake fasalin doka jima'i, gami da hakkin mata don samun ilimi da amfani da hana haihuwa, da kuma hakkin zubar da ciki.^[1] Ta kuma shiga cikin jam'iyyun ma'aikata, jam'iyyoyin kwaminisanci, da kuma kungiyoyin mata da yawa.

Stella Browne na daya daga cikin mata na farko da suka yi magana a wasu hanyoyi masu bankyama game da imanin ta tare da hanyar "Forward, Charge!" .[1] Ta yi haka ne ta hanyar hare-hare a cikin labaranta da wasiku wadanda suka kiyaye ta a idon jama'a kuma suka kara da muhawara game da batutuwa masu rikitarwa da yawa game da hakkin mata.[1] Ta shahara ne saboda laccocinta da aikinta tare da Kungiyar Gyara Dokar Zubar da Ciki. A matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, Browne ta sami damar yin tambayoyi game da hakkokin mata ga jikinsu da jima'i a idon jama'a har tsawon lokaci don samun wasu mutane masu sha'awar ci gaba da ci gaba da lamarin har ma bayan mutuwarta. [ana bukatar hujja][citation needed]

Rayuwa ta farko

Stella Browne (sunan haihuwa Frances Worsley Stella Browne) an haife ta ne a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1880 a Halifax, Nova Scotia. [1] Ita ce 'yar Daniel Marshall Browne da matarsa ta biyu Anna Dulcibella Mary (née Dodwell), wacce ta kasance da sunan Dulcie. [1] Daniel Browne ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Marine da Kifi ta Kanada, bayan ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a matsayin Lieutenant Navigating a cikin Royal Navy . [1] Kafin ya auri mahaifiyar Stella, Dulcie, 'yar fari ta malamin addini Reverend George Branson Dodwell, MA, da matarsa Isabella Naysmith, ya auri Catherine Magdalene MacLean a 1867. A shekara ta 1869, Catharine ta haifi 'yar Daniel ta farko Maud, kuma jim kadan bayan ta mutu tana da shekaru 35 daga "Gastritis mai tsanani".[1]

Daniel da Dulcie sun yi aure a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1878, kuma an haifi Stella a 1880, sannan a 1882 'yar uwarta Alice Lemira Sylvia Browne, wacce aka fi sani da Sylvia. Lokacin da Stella ke da shekaru uku, Daniel, yanzu Superintendent of Lighthouses, yana cikin jirgin ruwa na Dominion Princess Louise, kuma ya nitse.^[2][3] Kodayake iyalin sun firgita bayan mutuwarsa, an tallafa musu a wani bangare ta kudi da dukiya daga nufinsa, dangane da Dulcie ya kasance ba tare da aure ba.^[2] Dulcie ya kasance ba tare da aure ba, ya sayar da gidan kuma ya fara gidan kwana ga mata marasa aure.^[2] Wannan gidan kwana yana nufin cewa Stella ta girma ne a cikin yanayin da ke kewaye da gwagwarmayar mata marasa aure a duk lokacin yarinta, kuma tana kallon gwagwarmaya ta mahaifiyarta, yanzu mace mai aiki guda.

Ba a san komai game da yarinta ba kamar yadda ba ta yawan ambaton shi a rubuce-rubucenta na baya. An san ta da daukar kanta ta Burtaniya, ba kamar Kanada ba - ta rabu da kanta daga asalinta, iyalinta sun bar Halifax a 1892 lokacin da Stella ke da shekaru goma sha biyu.^[2]

Stella Browne ta fara karatu a (Jamus), kamar yadda 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarta, Louisa Frances Siemens, ta auri injiniyan lantarki tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa, wanda ya ba ta damar halartar makaranta a can.^[3] Yayinda take makaranta ta zama mai iya magana da Faransanci da Jamusanci a shekara ta 1899.^[2] Wannan ya ba ta damar rubuta "Mata na Farko" don samun shiga Oxford. Za a san ta da ingantaccen fassarar Jamusanci a rayuwarta ta baya.^[2] A shekara ta 1897, Browne ya shiga makarantar St. Felix School for Girls a Southwold, Suffolk . Wannan makarantar tana da dokoki masu sauki kuma tana karfafa dalibanta su gano sababbin abubuwa da kansu. Wannan ya inganta 'yancin kai da jagoranci, kamar yadda har ma an sanya wa makarantun su suna bayan mata masu nasara a tarihi.^[2] Yayinda take makaranta a nan ta lashe baje kolin tarihi a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford a shekara ta 1899, wanda ya ba ta £ 20 a shekara na shekaru uku, wanda aka ba mai kula da ita yayin da mahaifiyarta ke zaune a Jamus a wannan lokacin.^[2] Daga nan Browne ta halarci Somerville, inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a Tarihin zamani a shekarar 1902. ^[3] Wannan makarantar tana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin aikinta saboda tana daya daga cikin makarantun da kawai a lokacin da ta ba mata damar rubuta jarrabawa tare da maza kuma ta sa su yi aiki don girmamawa maimakon kawai Degree Pass kamar yadda mutane da yawa za su yi.^[2] Wannan yana da tasiri a kan tsammanin Browne da manufofi game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi kamar yadda aka ba ta wani bangare yayin da take makaranta a nan. Har ila yau, an inganta aikinta na siyasa a wannan makarantar ta hanyar shiga cikin majalisar dalibai.^[2]

Bayan kammala karatunta, Browne ta fara aiki a matsayin malama da fatan samun 'yancin kai ga kanta.^[3] Duk da haka, lafiyarta ta fara raguwa saboda yanayin zuciya da take da shi, kuma ba ta iya magance wahalar aikin ba, tana haifar da karin matsalolin damuwa.^[3] Daga nan sai ta koma Jamus inda ta gano kungiyar mata ta Jamus, wadda Helene Stöcker ke jagoranta a cikin hanya mai ban mamaki. Stöcker yana gwagwarmaya a wannan lokacin don hakkin mata na uwaye da goyon baya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta yi aure ba.^[2] Tattaunawar Stöcker ta shafi Browne sosai yayin da ta, daga baya a rayuwa, za ta yi gwagwarmaya don hakkin mata don sarrafa jikinsu da kuma zabin zama uwa. Daga nan sai Browne ta fara aiki don Tarihin Victoria County, rubuta tarihin Ikklisiya, da kuma koyon kwarewar bincike da za ta yi amfani da ita a cikin aikinta na baya. Ta bar wannan aikin a 1907, ta koma matsayin mai kula da dakin karatu a Kwalejin Morley a Kudancin London. A nan ta sami damar yin laccoci daban-daban masu rikitarwa, tare da batutuwa daga aure da sake fasalin saki zuwa eugenics.^[2] Yin aiki a kwalejin ya kuma ba Browne damar ganin matsalolin zamantakewa daban-daban da mata masu sana'a ke fuskanta.^[3] Browne ta sadu da ƙaunatacciyar namiji ta farko a nan, wanda aka sani da "mafi-mafi-kauna" kuma ba a taba lura da sunanta ba, kawai ta hanyar karfin jima'i.^[2] Ta kuma shiga kungiyar mata da siyasa (WSPU) a cikin 1908, wanda ya nuna farkon aikinta na zamantakewa.

Manufofin

Browne ta fara bunkasa tsarin imanin ta yayin da take kwalejin, tana gwaji tare da kaunatacciyarta kuma tana karvar laccoci na Kwalejin Morley daga matsayinta a can. Ta rubuta wasika ga H. G. Wells, tana jayayya cewa ba kawai maza ba ne za su iya zama polygynous, mata ma za su iya kuma wadannan mata "ba su da mafi kankanta da basira, gaskata cewa jima'i ba tare da aure ba zai zama wani abu da ke bakar fata ga sunan mace ba.^[2]

Yawancin imanin Browne sun samo asali ne daga bin aikin Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter da sauran masu ilimin jima'i. Ta hadu da ita tare da al'adar mata ta mata ta samar da hangen nesa na musamman daga Ellis da Carpenter, akan waɗannan ra'ayoyin jima'i.^[2] A cikin 1912, ta rubuta a cikin The Freewoman a karkashin sunan "A New Subscriber", tana jayayya da labarin Kathlyn Oliver cewa sanyi a cikin mata marasa aure shine mabudin lafiya mai kyau, kuma ya kamata ya zama misali ga dukan mata.^[2] Amsar Browne ga Oliver ta jaddada cewa bai kamata a hana mata jin dadin jima'i ba kawai saboda ba su yi aure ba kuma ba sa son yin aure saboda tsoron zalunci da wani lokacin ke tare da wannan hakin kai. Oliver ya amsa wannan yana cewa "Sabon Mai biyan kudi" dole ne ya kasance "na rinjayar namiji" kuma cewa mata "sama da maza" a cikin "al'amuran jima'i".^[2] Amsar Browne ga wannan zargi ita ce ba ta son yadda Oliver ya daidaita jima'i, ta yi imanin cewa akwai "mafi yawa a cikin yanayin ɗan adam fiye da yadda yawancin mutane za su yarda" kuma cewa tilasta cikakken abstinence ga kowa duk da yanayin ba daidai ba ne kuma "wawa".^[2] Wannan shine farkon shawarwarin Browne cewa ya kamata mata su mallaki halayensu na jima'i, kuma ba a hukunta su da al'umma ba don waɗannan ayyukan.^[1]

Browne ta kasance mai imani mai karfi cewa mata ya kamata su sami dama "daidai da maza, ga kwarewar jima'i da bambancin jima'i a waje da auren al'ada" wanda ta yi magana a cikin sanannen takarda "Sexual Variety and Variability Among Women" na 1915.^[4] Ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata a iyakance mata zuwa aure ba don samun gogewa da habaka halayyar uwa, yayin da a lokaci guda ta ƙarfafa mata su ƙi zama uwa idan suna so.^[4] Yawancin sauran mata masu neman eugenics a wannan lokacin, kamar Mary Scharlieb da Elizabeth Sloan Chesser, sun yi imani da cewa za a iya aiwatar da gyare-gyare a cikin abokantaka na aure. Karin mambobi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar Browne sun yi imanin cewa "bautar uwaye ... za ta, idan ba a hana ta ba, ta rage muhimmancin mata a matsayin mutane kuma ta daure su sosai tare da siffofin aure na al'ada ... [karfafa] kaskantar da su.^[4] Shawarwarin Browne game da wadannan hakkokin mata, tare da burinta na taimakawa uwaye marasa aure, mutum zai iya jayayya ya samo asali ne daga rayuwarta a gida tare da mahaifiyar da ba ta da aure ga mafi yawan yarinta.

Browne ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata mata masu aiki su sami zabi su yi juna biyu, ko kuma su dakatar da juna biyu yayin da suke aiki a cikin mummunan yanayi da ke kewaye da mace mai ciki wanda har yanzu ana bukatar yin aiki tukuru a lokacin da take da ciki.^[4] A wannan yanayin ta yi jayayya cewa ya kamata likitoci su ba da bayanai kyauta game da hana haihuwa ga matan da ke son sanin game da shi.^[2] Wannan zai ba mata wakilai a kan yanayinsu kuma ya ba su damar yanke shawara ko suna so su zama uwaye ko a'a. Hakanan zai ba mata damar, kamar yadda Browne ya ba da shawara, yin jima'i kawai don jin daɗi kuma a waje da aure idan sun zaɓi. Browne za ta kasance mai aminci ga wannan hangen nesa a duk rayuwarta.

Yunkurin fafutuka

A shekara ta 1911, Browne ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma 'mai tsattsan' mata.^[2] Ta yi aiki musamman a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ga hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki kuma tana da sha'awar hakkokin da sarrafa jima'i da jiki na mata.^[1] A wannan lokacin ta rubuta takardu da yawa ciki har da The Call, The Malthusian, The New Generation (sabon ɓangaren The Malthusian), The Freewoman, ^[1] da Beauty and Health, [4] da Kira wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafen kanta masu zaman kansu.^{[2][2][2][2][5][2]} Ta kuma rubuta bita da yawa, da fassarorin shahararrun ayyuka a kan sauye-sauyen da aka ambata a sama, wanda sau da yawa ana yaba mata.

Ta fara gwagwarmayarta a 1907 lokacin da ta shiga WSPU na ɗan gajeren lokaci. An kafa WSPU a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1903 kuma ba shi da wani abu da zai bambanta shi daga sauran kungiyoyin mata kawai na lokacin, ba ma sun kai mambobi 30 ba a shekara ta 1905.^[6] Koyaya, sanannun ta ya samo asali ne lokacin da a cikin 1905 suka fara amfani da hanyoyin tawaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin su na jefa kuri'a, inda aka kama shugabannin wannan tawaye, Christabel Pankhurst da Annie Kenney, sun kawo Jam'iyyar Labour Party (ILP) ta Manchester don taimaka musu.^[6] Taimako na ILP ya kawo su gaba a fannin yada labarai kuma WSPU da gwagwarmayarsu sun mamaye kasar.^[6] Wannan nau'in mata mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya ci gaba har zuwa 1913 kuma hakan ya sa mata suka shiga yajin aikin yunwa kuma ana ciyar da su da karfi, kuma ɗaure kusan dubban mata ba su zama manyan labarai ba ya zama gama gari.^[6] Browne ya bar a shekara ta 1913 duk da haka, yana adawa da "rashin sani da girman kai" na Christabel Pankhurst da kuma yadda jagorancin kungiyar ke nunawa ga mata da maza na kananan aji ya zama kamar ya kalubalanci muhawara game da mata da dimokuradiyya.^[2] Bayan wannan ta yi amfani da yawancin lokacinta tana aiki tare da British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, halartar tarurruka da rubuce-rubuce a madadin su, da fatan gano karin don yake-yake na gaba game da hana haihuwa.^[2]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1920 Browne ta fara rangadin magana a duk faɗin ƙasar, tana ba da bayani game da imanin ta game da buƙatar samun bayanai game da hana haihuwa ga mata, matsalolin lafiyar mata, matsalolin da suka shafi balaga da ilimin jima'i da yawan cututtukan uwa da sauran batutuwa.^[2] Wadannan jawabai sun bukaci mata da su dauki batutuwan jima'i da lafiyarsu a hannunsu. Kula da haihuwa lamari ne mai ban kunya saboda zai kalubalanci dangantakar da ke tsakanin maza da mata kai tsaye, yana mai da wannan kula da mata batun da ke motsawa.^[1] A lokacin wannan yawon shakatawa mata da yawa sun tambayi Browne don zubar da ciki, duk da haka kamar yadda Jones ya gane a cikin labarinta, Browne ba ta da "ƙwarewar likita" kuma dole ne ta ƙi su.^[2][4] Kodayake tana kara sha'awar haƙƙin mata na dakatar da juna biyu, har yanzu ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin "mai ridda" idan ta ce haka a wannan lokacin.^[2] Duk da haka, a cikin 1929 ta gabatar da lacca "The Right to Abortion" a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Duniya a London.^[2] A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga gabatarwar wannan takarda, Browne ya yi aiki don tattara bayanai game da Mutuwar uwa, kuma ya gano cewa ƙimar ta fi kowane lokaci a 1929, kuma ya zama sakataren Jam'iyyar Labour ta Chelsea da fatan kawo ra'ayoyin hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki a cikin dandalin siyasa a 1926.^[2] Ba ta iya yin hakan ba yayin da aka tilasta mata barin Chelsea daga baya a 1926, saboda ba a sake amincewa da Jam'iyyar a matsayin Jam'iyyar siyasa ba.   A karshen shekarun 1920, Browne ya ji cewa gwagwarmayar hana haihuwa ta zama mafi nasara, kamar yadda aka fi gani a cikin jama'a kuma yanzu ana magana da ita kuma ana muhawara a bayyane.^[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930 taron kula da haihuwa ya yi nasara inda ya kawo wakilai 700 zuwa halarta kuma ya kawo hana haihuwa cikin siyasa, wanda ta halarta kuma ta yi magana a ciki.^[2] A watan Yulin 1930, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da MCW/153, wanda ya ba da izinin hukumomin yankin su ba da shawarar hana haihuwa a cibiyoyin jin dadin jama'a, wani nasara ga Browne.

A cikin 1931 Browne ta fara habaka gardamarta game da hakkin mata na yanke shawarar zubar da ciki.^[2] Ta sake fara yawon shakatawa, tana ba da laccoci game da zubar da ciki da mummunan sakamako da ya biyo baya idan mata ba su iya dakatar da ciki da kansu suka zaba ba kamar: kashe kansa, rauni, rashin lafiya na dindindin, hauka da guba.^[2] Ta hanyar kawo batun zubar da ciki a cikin tattaunawa, babban nasara ne a watan Yulin 1932 lokacin da aka kira majalisar kungiyar Likitoci ta Burtaniya don kafa kwamiti don tattauna yin canje-canje ga dokokin zubar da cikin ciki.^[2]

Hadin kai da Kungiyar Gyaran Dokar Zubar da Ciki

A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1936, Browne tare da Janet Chance da Alice Jenkins sun fara Kungiyar Gyara Dokar Zubar da Ciki (ALRA), suna ci gaba da tallafawa har zuwa mutuwarsu shekaru bayan haka.^[7] A cikin shekara ta farko tare da ALRA sun dauki mambobi 35, kuma a shekara ta 1939 suna da kusan mambobi 400, wanda ya zo da farko daga ma'aikata ta hanyar kungiyoyin ma'aikata da rassan mata na kungiyar hadin gwiwa. Wadannan mata yanzu suna son gata da "ƙungiyoyin kuɗi suka ji daɗi shekaru da yawa.^[7]

ALRA, kamar yadda wadannan mata uku suka gudanar, ta kasance mai aiki sosai tsakanin 1936 da 1939 ta aika masu magana a duk fadin kasar don yin magana game da Labour da Equal Citizenship kuma ta yi kokari, kodayake galibi ba su yi nasara ba, don samun wasiku da labarai da aka buga a cikin jaridu. Sun zama mafi mashahuri lokacin da memba na Kwamitin Likita da Shari'a na ALRA ya karbi shari'ar wata yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha huɗu da aka yi mata fyade, kuma ya sami dakatar da wannan ciki daga Dokta Joan Malleson, kakan ALRA.^[7] Wannan shari'ar ta sami tallace-tallace da yawa, duk da haka da zarar yaƙin ya fara, an ɓoye shari'ar kuma dalilin ya sake rasa muhimmancinsa ga jama'a.

Bayan yakin, an sabunta gwagwarmayar kare hakkin zubar da ciki kuma Browne ta koma gwagwarmaya don ilimantar da mata a cikin al'amuran jima'i. Ayyukanta a wannan gaba sun ba ta matsayi na farko kuma daga baya Mataimakin Shugaban Society for Sex Education and Guidance, ƙungiyar da aka kafa a 1943.^[2] Ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ALRA har zuwa mutuwarta, duk da haka ba ta iya halartar yawancin tarurrukansu ba saboda rashin lafiya.^[2] A wannan lokacin, tana ba da shawarwari don ayyukan da ALRA za ta iya yi kuma ana ci gaba da bin waɗannan.^[2] Ra'ayoyin Browne game da sake fasalin jima'i a bayyane suke da daraja duk da karuwar shekarunta da rashin iya kasancewa kamar yadda ta kasance. Browne ya sami damar ganin lokacin da ya zo lokacin da dakatar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare, wanda ya zama ta'aziyya a gare ta.^[2]

Browne ta kamu da mummunar ciwon zuciya a farkon watan Mayu 1955, kuma daren da ta kai shekara saba'in da biyar ta mutu.^[2] Mafi munin laifi da aka ba Browne za a iya samunsa a takardar shaidar mutuwarta inda a karkashin sana'a an lura da ita a matsayin "Spinster: Babu sana'a."Idan la'akari da ra'ayinta cewa bai kamata a lakafta mata ba saboda zabin da suka yi ba za su yi aure ba, wannan zai zama babbar zagi ga Browne.^[2]

Tarihi

Bincike kan rayuwar Stella Browne da gudummawa ga hakkin mata ya kasance tsarin bincike mai tarawa a hankali, inda kowane labarin ko littafi da aka rubuta game da ita ya hada gaskiyar da sharhi na wadanda ke gaban su. Don haka tarihin rayuwar Lesley Hall na Browne ya gode wa Sheila Rowbotham don kawo Stella Browne cikin idon jama'a a karo na farko, da kuma Sheila Rowbothan's A New World For Women: Stella Browne, Social Feminist bi da bi ya gode wa Keith Hindell don taimaka mata da nassoshi don sashin littafinta game da Kamfen ɗin zubar da ciki na Kasa.^[2][1] Ta wannan hanyar, mutum zai iya kammala cewa maimakon samun ra'ayoyi masu sabawa game da Browne, masana tarihi sun so su hada kai wajen sanya Browne ya fi sani a Tarihin mata.

Fahimtar da aka saba da ita game da Browne a matsayin mutum, kamar yadda Jones ya bayyana ta, ta fi "tattalin arziki da ƙwarewa" fiye da sauran mata da ke aiki tare da batun jima'i a lokacin, kodayake ta fi "mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi" a cikin ra'ayinta game da batutuwan jima'i da zamantakewa.^[4] Kodayake Jones da alama tana la'akari da matsayin zamantakewar Browne ya kasance mara kyau, ta ba ta yabo mai yawa ga tsattsauran ra'ayi, da sha'awarta, kamar yadda kowane ɗayan masana tarihi ke yi. Hindell ya bayyana Browne a matsayin "wani mai ban sha'awa mai launin shudi" wanda "ba a sauƙaƙe shi da rashin tausayi, ba'a ko ƙiyayya".^[7] Wannan hoton mace mai ƙuduri don kare imanin ta yana goyan bayan tarihin rayuwar Hall na Browne, wanda ke nuna ta a matsayin wanda idan aka buga shi, ya koma aikinta tare da "ba tare da raguwa ba, har ma da karuwar ƙarfi.^[2]

Idan za a iya ganin tsattsauran ra'ayi ga wasu a matsayin abu mara kyau, duk da haka Sheila Jeffreys ta yi la'akari da tsattsa ra'ayi na Browne tana cewa don " inganta farin cikin jima'i [...] ya zama dole a kasance ba tare da sabawa ba a kai musu hari kan duk waɗanda suka ɗauka suna tsaye a hanyar wannan tafiya zuwa 'yancin jima'i. Ta lura cewa ana bukatar yin wannan furists, kafin Yakin Duniya na daya, don yin wadannan hare-haren a kan yawancin abokan aikinsu, musamman "yautunan da ke tattare da su".[was]^[5] Jeffreys ya lura cewa Browne tana da ikon samun ma'anar ta a duk lokacin da take tattauna ra'ayinta cewa ya kamata mata su ji daɗin jima'i a bayyane ga Oliver, kuma ikon gardamar ta goyi bayan da Hall ya ce daga baya Oliver ta shiga British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology don duba cikin jima'i, shawarar da Browne ya yi mata.^[5][2]

Jones ya kuma lura cewa Browne na ɗaya daga cikin mata "masu ci gaba" waɗanda suka fito kafin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, suna rubutu ga jaridu da jaridu daban-daban na gurguzu da sassaucin ra'ayi, suna shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin karatu da masu ci gaba suka kafa kuma kanta ta shiga cikin kamfen don sake fasalin jima'i da zamantakewa.^[4] Wadannan misalai na aikin Browne a cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata game da iko kan jima'i an nuna su a cikin kowane ɗayan ayyukan akan Browne wanda kawai ya tsaya don bayyana cewa ba koyaushe yake da sauƙi ga Browne ya faranta wa kowa rai ba saboda tunaninsa na gaba.

Tattaunawar da aka fi sani da ita, a duk faɗin binciken ita ce Stella Browne tana da matsala wajen samun imanin ta biyu su kasance tare yadda ya kamata.^[1] Jones ta ce Browne koyaushe tana buƙatar kasancewa a kan farmaki game da manufofinta game da eugenics a kusa da abokanta masu zaman kansu kuma Rowbotham ta yi sharhi game da "ci gaba da gwagwarmaya sau biyu" na Browne don kula da waɗannan manufofi biyu suna samun alaƙa tsakanin su biyu, wanda wasu a cikin raƙuman gwagwarmayarta guda biyu bazai yarda da su cika ba.^[4][1] Browne mace ce mai aiki tuƙuru wacce ta yi imani da aikinta sosai har ma an dauke ta da "rashin jituwa na mutum [wannan] yana nufin tana da sau da yawa ba ta dace da abokanta kamar yadda take da wannan abokan gaba.^[1] Ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke kan Browne na iya kammala cewa tana da darajar nazarin jima'i na mata da sake fasalin jima'i wanda masana tarihi da suka yi nazari da ita suka yi imanin ya kamata a ci gaba da bincikawa kuma a kawo ta ga jama'a.

Kyauta

Stella Browne ta shirya mata don muhawara da yawa game da haƙƙin mata ga jima'i kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata kalilan a tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ayyukan da aka bari a baya waɗanda ke taimaka wa masana tarihi su fahimci hulɗar zamantakewa da mata. Wannan batu ne wanda ya sami ɗan bayani kaɗan game da shi, duk da haka akwai kyakkyawar fahimta yanzu game da "gwagwarmayar sau biyu" kamar yadda Rowbotham ya kira shi, na kasancewa mai zaman kansa da mata, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin su biyu.^[1]

Ta kuma bar ALRA a bayan mutuwarta, wanda ya sami ambaliyar sabbin mambobi yayin da mata suka fara gane rashin isasshen maganin hana daukar ciki na yanzu, da kuma abin kunya da ya zo tare da tasirin thalidomide.^[7][7] Da Browne bai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da ke magana game da hana haihuwa ba a lokacin da batun da ba za a yi magana game da shi ba, sannan mata ba za su sami hana haihuwa don yin hamayya da ingantawa da farko. Browne sa'an nan, yana da tasiri mai zurfi a kan sake fasalin zubar da ciki, kamar yadda Hindell ya lura a cikin labarinsa, "idan ALRA ba ta yi aiki a hankali ba shekaru da yawa a cikin yanayi mai banƙyama, kuma ta yi kamfen sosai... sake fasalin ba zai zo da wuri ba, ko kuma kamar yadda ya yi.^[7]

Ayyuka

• Jima'i iri-iri da bambancin jima'i tsakanin mata da kuma yadda suke da shi a kan sake gina zamantakewa, London: An buga shi don Society ta C.W. Beaumont, 1917. Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, littafin No. 3
• 'Mata da Kula da Haihuwa', a cikin Eden & Cedar Paul, eds., Yawan jama'a da Kula da Haihuwa, 1917.
• (tr. tare da Ella Winter) Littafin Otto Braun, tare da zaɓuɓɓuka daga wasiƙunsa da waƙoƙinsa, New York, Alfred A. Knopf 1924.
• (tr.) Aure mai kyau: Ilimin Jiki da Fasaharsa ta Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde . [Hasiya] Tare da gabatarwa daga J. Johnston Abraham .
• (tr.) Haihuwa da rashin haihuwa a cikin aure: ci gaba da son rai da iyakancewa ta Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde. [Hasiya]
• (tr.) Iyalin da Franz Carl Müller-Lyer ya yi. [Hasiya]
• (tare da A. M. Ludovici da Harry Roberts) Zubar da ciki, London: G. Allen & Unwin ltd., 1935.
• (tr.) Tarihin halin zamani na Max Hodann . London: Littattafan Kiwon Lafiya na William Heinemann, 1937.

Manazarta

Tushen

• Cowman, Krista (2002). "'Incipient Toryism'? The Women's Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party, 1903–1914". History Workshop Journal. 53: 129–148. doi:10.1093/hwj/53.1.128.
• Hall, Lesley (1997). "'I have never met the normal woman': Stella Browne and the politics of womanhood". Women's History Review. 6 (2): 157–182. doi:10.1080/09612029700200293.
•  
• Hindell, Keith; Simms, Madeline (1968). "How the abortion lobby worked". The Political Quarterly. 39 (3): 269–282. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923x.1968.tb00267.x.
• Jeffreys, Sheila (1982). "'Free from all uninvited touch of man': Women's campaigns around sexuality, 1880–1914". Women's Studies International Forum. 5 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(82)90104-2.
• Jones, Greta (1995). "Women and eugenics in Britain: The case of Mary Scharlieb, Elizabeth Sloan Chesser, and Stella Browne". Annals of Science. 52 (5): 481–502. doi:10.1080/00033799500200361. PMID 11640067.
• Empty citation (help)

Haɗin waje

• Lesley Hall, Stella Browne
• Stella Browne: Tarihi a Spartacus Educational

Samfuri:Abortion in the United Kingdom

1. Rowbotham 1977. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRowbotham1977 (help)
2. Hall 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHall2011 (help)
3. Hall 1997.
4. Jones 1995.
5. Jeffreys 1982.
6. Cowman 2002.
7. Hindell & Simms 1968.