Talauci a Najeriya | |
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aspect in a geographic region (en) | |
Bayanai | |
Bangare na | poverty in Africa (en) |
Facet of (en) | Talauci |
Ƙasa | Najeriya |
Najeriya tana daya daga cikin mafi girman ci gaban tattalin arziki a duniya, matsakaicin 7.4% bisa ga rahoton tattalin arzikin Najeriya wanda Bankin Duniya ya saki a watan Yulin 2019.[1] Bayan faduwar farashin mai a shekarar 2014-2016, haɗe da girgizar samar da kayayyaki marasa kyau, yawan ci gaban cikin gida (GDP) ya sauka zuwa 2.7% a cikin 2015.[2] A cikin 2016 a lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki na farko a cikin shekaru 25, tattalin arzikin ya ragu da 1.6%.[3] A cikin ƙasa, kashi 43 cikin dari na 'yan Najeriya (mutane miliyan 89) suna zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci, yayin da wasu kashi 25 cikin 100 (miliyan 53) suna da rauni.[4] Ga kasar da ke da wadata mai yawa da yawan jama'a don tallafawa kasuwanci, tattalin arziki mai ci gaba,[5] da albarkatun kasa da yawa kamar mai, matakin talauci ya kasance ba a yarda da shi ba.[6][7] Koyaya, ana iya ƙididdige talauci saboda rashin bayanai game da babbar ɓangaren tattalin arziki, wanda aka kiyasta kusan kashi 60% fiye, na ƙimar GDP ta yanzu. Ya zuwa 2018, yawan karuwar jama'a ya fi girma fiye da yawan ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda ke haifar da raguwar talauci.[8] Dangane da rahoton 2018 na Bankin Duniya, kusan rabin yawan jama'a suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci na duniya ($ 2 a kowace rana), kuma rashin aikin yi ya kai 23.1%.[9]
Najeriya tana daya daga cikin mafi girman ci gaban tattalin arziki a duniya, matsakaicin 7.4% bisa ga rahoton tattalin arzikin Najeriya wanda Bankin Duniya ya saki a watan Yulin 2019. Bayan faduwar farashin mai a shekarar 2014-2016, haɗe da girgizar samarwa mara kyau, yawan ci gaban GDP ya sauka zuwa 2.7% a cikin 2015. A cikin 2016 a lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki na farko a cikin shekaru 25, tattalin arzikin ya ragu da 1.6%. Mutane da yawa suna fuskantar iyakancewar damar kudi, matsanancin talauci da rashin aikin yi, rashin samun damar albarkatun fasahar bayanai, da sauran yanayin muhalli na musamman kamar talaucin.
Koyaya, waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun kasa shawo kan dalilai uku na wannan talauci mai ɗorewa: rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga, rikice-rikicen kabilanci, da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa tare da cin hanci da rashawa. Tasirin COVID-19 ya kasance bala'i ga tattalin arziki tare da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a kan hauhawa, kasuwanni sun rushe ta hanyar karuwar farashin abubuwa da ikon siye.
Kamar yadda a shekara ta 2010, Gini coefficient na Najeriya an kiyasta matsakaici, a 0.43.[10] Koyaya, akwai mafi yawan matalauta a yankunan karkara fiye da matalauci a birane. Wannan yana da alaƙa da bambancin damar ababen more rayuwa da abubuwan more amfani. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ke cikin tattalin arzikin Najeriya, musamman bangarorin makamashi (mai) da aikin gona.[11] Fitar da man fetur yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga kudaden shiga na gwamnati;[12] yana taimakawa 9% ga GDP, kuma yana daukar ma'aikata kaɗan ne kawai na yawan jama'a.[13][14] Aikin noma, duk da haka, yana ba da gudummawa ga kusan 17% na GDP, kuma yana daukar ma'aikata kusan 30% na yawan jama'a.[13][15]
Wannan rashin daidaituwa ya kara da gaskiyar cewa kudaden shiga na mai ba su da kyau a tsakanin jama'a, tare da kashe kudade mafi girma a cikin birane fiye da yankunan karkara. Babban rashin aikin yi yana sa samun kudin shiga na mutum ya fi bambanci. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin hakar mai ya haifar da gurɓataccen gurbatawa, wanda ya kara cutar da bangaren noma. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban noma ya ragu saboda rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, tawaye a arewa maso gabas, da ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin ayyukan da suka fi dacewa a Najeriya suna cikin bangarorin da ke da babban birnin, amma suna da ƙarancin gaske kuma suna iyakance. Wuraren da ke gwagwarmaya da ayyukan tattalin arziki ne kawai kuma suna da babban birnin, suna mallakar kamfanonin lauyoyi, ƙananan kasuwancin gida, da ikon mulki.[16]
Najeriya ta fuskanci rikice-rikicen kabilanci da yawa a tarihi.[17][18] Tare da dawowar mulkin farar hula a cikin 1999, mayakan addinai da kabilun sun zama mafi yawan tashin hankali. Duk da yake wannan tashin hankali ya samo asali ne daga talauci da gasa ta tattalin arziki, lalacewar tattalin arzikinta da ta mutum ta kara karuwar matsalolin talaucin (kamar kara yawan mace-mace). Misali, tashin hankali na kabilanci da rashin jin daɗi ga al'ummomin yankin tare da kamfanonin mai ya ba da gudummawa ga rikici game da cinikin mai a cikin Delta na Nijar, wanda ke barazana ga yawan cinikayya na mai.[19] Har ila yau, tashin hankali na jama'a na iya ba da gudummawa ga karɓar matakan manufofin jamaʼa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma suna hana ƙoƙarin rage talauci.[20]
• Talauci ta Yankin
Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Arewa da yankunan karkara na Najeriya an tabbatar da su ne mafi talauci bisa ga bincike. Talauci kuma yana ƙaruwa a yankunan Arewa da Arewa maso Yammacin ƙasar yayin da suke da kashi 87% na matalauta a Najeriya tun daga shekarar 2016. Gwamnan jihar Borno Kashim Shettima ya bayyana a lokacin daya daga cikin taron manema labarai cewa "A Najeriya, proverty yana sanye da murfin arewa, idan kuna neman matalauci, samun wani yana sa murfi na arewa".
• Talauci ta Jiha
Yawancin jihohin Kudancin suna da mafi ƙarancin kashi yayin da jihar Sokoto ke da babban matsayi tun daga shekarar 2019.
Yawan jama'ar Najeriya da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kabilanci na tarihi sun haifar da karɓar gwamnatin tarayya. Sakamakon rarraba kasafin kudi yana ba wa jihohin Najeriya da kananan hukumomi ikon cin gashin kansu, gami da kula da kashi 50% na kudaden shiga na gwamnati, da kuma alhakin samar da ayyukan jama'a.[21]
Rashin tsari mai tsauri da tsarin saka idanu ya ba da damar cin hanci da rashawa. Wannan ya hana kokarin rage talauci na baya zuwa wani bangare mai yawa, tunda albarkatun da za su iya biyan kayan jama'a ko kuma su yi amfani da su don saka hannun jari (saboda haka samar da aiki da sauran dama ga 'yan ƙasa) ana amfani dasu.
Cin hanci da rashawa na Najeriya suna da alaƙa da juna kuma suna ƙarfafa juna. Lokacin kallon ci gaban ɗan adam, Najeriya tana ƙasa da sikelin kuma mafi girman cin hanci da rashawa. Kasancewarta tana cikin dukkan matakai a cikin karamar hukuma, Jiha har ma a sassan kasa.[22] A sakamakon matsanancin cin hanci da rashawa, har ma da shirye-shiryen rage talauci ba su da kuɗi kuma sun kasa ba da maganin da ake buƙata ga wannan ƙasar. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan ci gaba da cin hanci da rashawa shine ƙarfafawa da yake samu daga gwamnati. Masu sukar sun zargi gwamnatin da Buhari ke jagoranta don karfafa cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya ta hanyar rashin hulɗa da masu laifi da rashin nuna adalci da budewa a yaki da cin Hanci a Nigeria. Gwamnati ta nuna haƙuri ga cin hanci da rashawa ga jami'an da ke fuskantar tuhuma har zuwa lokacin da aka gafarta musu kuma aka yarda da su cikin al'umma. Shin akwai mafita don kawar da cin hanci da rashawa? Amsar ta kasance a hannun gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya. Dole ne su shiga cikin ƙarin kuma su dasa shirye-shiryen ragewa masu ƙarfi kuma tabbatar da cewa duk jami'ai da sassan suna bin sa.[23] Ta hanyar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, Najeriya na iya fitowa daga talauci. Kula da cin hanci da rashawa shine kula da talauci.[24]
Gudanar da kudaden shiga na mai ya shafi tattalin arziki da matakin talauci a Najeriya da yawa, wanda ya kai har zuwa 1985. A sakamakon kasuwancin mai mai masu fa'ida, an kashe yawancin kudaden shiga na mai suna tsammanin farashin mai zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Wannan tsananin kashe kudi ya haifar da hauhawar kudin shiga na kowane mutum daga N1,200 a 1972 zuwa kusan N2,900 a 1980, bisa ga farashin 1987 (A cikin $ US a lokacin daga $ 280 zuwa $ 1,100). Don haka lokacin da kudaden shiga na mai suka ragu ainihin kudade ya ragu sosai kuma tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya sami babban rauni. A lokacin wannan canjin zuwa mayar da hankali kan bunkasa mai, bangaren noma, inda yawancin mutane ke rayuwa, ya ragu sosai. A duk wannan lokacin bunkasa man fetur, naira (kudin Najeriya) ya karu, kuma fitar da kayan gona ya ragu da kusan rabin darajar da rabin ƙarar. Albashi da ba na noma ba ya ragu sosai yayin da ma'aikatan ma-aikata suka karu a ayyukan da suka shafi aikin gona saboda ƙaura zuwa yankunan birane. Yayin da waɗannan albashin suka ragu, noma ya kasance na ɗan lokaci amma a ƙarshe ya ƙare ya ragu. A sakamakon haka, rata da aka haifar ta hanyar bunkasa man fetur na ribar noma da ba na noma ba a ƙarshe ya daidaita. Tattalin arzikin ya fara raguwa a cikin shekarun 1980 saboda raguwar farashin mai a 1982 kuma aikin gona ya ci gaba da lalacewa. A sakamakon haka, albashin ya ci gaba da raguwa kuma rashin aikin yi ya kara girma a tsakiyar shekarun 1980.[16] A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, an yi bincike game da kashe kudaden shiga da aka samu daga tallace-tallace na mai. Da an yi amfani da wannan asarar don samar da aiki ga 'yan Najeriya idan ana saka hannun jari a cikin bangaren gwamnati don ci gaba da ci gaban kasar.
Talauci shine rashin, ko rashin iya cimma matsaya ga yanayin rayuwa mai karɓa a cikin al'umma. A hukumance, babu layin talauci da aka sanya wa Najeriya amma saboda nazarin talaucin, ana amfani da matsakaicin kowane mutum. Don haka, akwai layin talauci guda biyu da ake amfani da su don rarraba inda mutane ke tsaye a kudi. Layin talauci na sama shine N395.41 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara, wanda shine kashi biyu bisa uku na matsakaicin darajar amfani. Ƙananan layin talauci shine N197.71 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara, wanda shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matsakaicin darajar amfani. Idan ka fada ƙarƙashin layin talauci mafi ƙaranci ana ɗaukar ka matalauta sosai, yayin da idan ka faɗi ƙarƙashin mafi girman laayin talauta ana daukar ka a matsayin matsakaiciyar talau.Ta haka ne aka bayyana, layin talauci bai kai mafi karancin albashi na ma'aikatan ma-aikatar a shekarar 1985.[16]
Mutanen da a halin yanzu ba su cikin talauci ba kuma wadanda a yanzu suna cikin Talauci dukansu ana daukar su 'masu saukin talaucin ba. Rashin lafiyar iyali an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar damar ko haɗarin cewa iyali zai fada ƙarƙashin layin talauci ko kuma idan ya riga ya zama matalauta, ya kasance cikin talaucin gadi. Idan iyali yana da kashi 50% ko fiye da yiwuwar fada cikin talauci ko kasancewa cikin Talauci, ana ɗaukar su cikin haɗari ga talaucin. Ƙungiyoyin uku na rashin tsaro ga talauci sune matalauta na dindindin saboda abubuwan da ba su dace ba na wucin gadi da ke faruwa, waɗanda suka zama matalauci saboda abin da za a iya hangowa, da waɗanda ya zama talauce saboda lalacewar tattalin arzikin da ya shafi ribar iyali. Manyan kalmomi guda uku da aka karɓa don rarraba talauci sune Vulnerability kamar yadda ake tsammani talaucin (VEP), Vul vulnerability a matsayin Low Expected Utility (VEU), da Vulnability as Uninsured Exposure to Risk (VER). A Najeriya, wadanda suka fi fuskantar talauci da rashin tsaro a kudi sune gwauraye (musamman wadanda ba su da yara masu girma), marayu, masu fama da ƙalubale, da baƙi. Daidaitawar talauci a yankunan karkara na Najeriya ya fi girma tare da waɗanda ke da halaye na gida kamar yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gida, matakin ilimi, da samarwa. Wani abu mai mahimmanci na rashin tsaro shine talauci, wanda wani lokacin ana daukar shi tushen dukkan talaucin. Rashin lafiyar abinci ya bambanta a fadin birane / karkara da yankunan siyasa a duk faɗin Najeriya. Gabaɗaya, kashi 61.68% na 'yan Najeriya suna cikin haɗari ga talauci na abinci, don haka ya kamata a ɗauki matakai don haɓaka samar da abinci da rarraba abinci.
Ɗaya daga cikin mummunar tasirin matsalolin talauci na Najeriya shine sakamakon talaucin yara. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2001 daga Harmonized Nigeria Living Standard Survey (HNLSS) da kuma 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, MICS ya nuna cewa kashi 23.22% na yara a halin yanzu suna cikin matsanancin talauci kuma kashi 70.31% nke yara cikin kasar suna fama da talaucin yara gaba ɗaya. Ilimi, kiwon lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, ruwa, da tsabta an rarraba su a matsayin karancin yara a Najeriya. Hakazalika da manyan talakawa a Najeriya, yawancin talauci na yara yana faruwa ne a yankunan karkara maimakon birane. An dauki mataki a kan wannan matsala lokacin da mulki ya sauya zuwa dimokuradiyya don yaki da talauci na yara da hanawa daga Dokar 'Yancin Yara a shekara ta 2003, wanda aka yi niyya don tabbatar da jin daɗi da yanayin rayuwa na asali ga yara a Najeriya. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa yara da yawa har yanzu suna cikin talauci kuma suna shan wahala, Dokar 'Yancin Yara ba ta yi nasara kamar yadda take.[25]
An yi ƙoƙari don rage talauci, musamman tare da shirye-shirye masu zuwa:[26][27]