Tītore

Tītore
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	1775 (249/250 shekaru)
Sana'a

Tītore (kimanin 1775-1837), wani lokacin ana kiransa Tītore Tākiri, ya kasance rangatira (shugaban) na Ngāpuhi iwi (ƙabilar). Ya kasance shugaban yaƙi na Ngāpuhi wanda ya jagoranci yakin da ya yi da kabilun Māori a Gabashin Cape a cikin 1820 da 1821. Ya kuma jagoranci tafiye-tafiyen yaƙi zuwa Tauranga da Maketu a cikin shekarar 1832 da 1833, biyo bayan abin da ya faru na Yakin 'yan mata a Kororāreka a cikin Bay of Islands .

Shi ɗan Hāpai ne, jikan Toko, kuma ɗan'uwan Rapu. Tītore dan dan Tāreha ne, babban rangatira na Ngāti Rēhia hapū (ƙabilar) na Kerikeri, kuma yana da alaƙa da Hōne Heke da Hengi na Ngāti Reghia . Ya kuma auri 'yar'uwar Hongi Hika.^[1][2] Ya zauna kusa da Whakataha pā a yankin Waimate North, sannan a Kororāreka, yayin da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ga Yakin 'yan mata ta haifar da karbar Kororāroka a matsayin fansa ga mutuwar danginsa Hengi.^[1]

Tafiyar Tītore da Te Wera ta kudu 1820-21

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1821, Tītore da shugaban Te Wera daga Okura, kusa da Kerikeri, sun koma Bay of Islands bayan watanni 16 na fada da kabilun a Tolaga Bay da Poverty Bay a Gabashin Gabashin Tsibirin Arewa.

Tafiyar yaƙi ta Tītore a cikin shekarar 1832 da 1833

A cikin sulhu na zaman lafiya a ƙarshen Yakin 'yan mata, Pōmare II ya ba da Kororāreka (wanda a yau ake kira Russell) ga Tītore a matsayin diyya ga mutuwar Hengi, wanda waɗanda ke cikin yaƙi suka yarda da shi. Koyaya, aikin neman fansa ya wuce ga Mango da Kakaha, 'ya'yan Hengi; sun ɗauki ra'ayi cewa ya kamata a amince da mutuwar mahaifinsu ta hanyar muru, ko yaƙi, a kan kabilun kudu.^[3] Ya kasance a cikin al'adun Māori don gudanar da muru a kan kabilun da ba su da hannu a cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwar wani muhimmin shugaba.^[4]

Tītore bai fara muru ba har zuwa Janairu 1832. ^[5] Revd Henry Williams ya bi balaguron farko, ba tare da ya yi imani da cewa zai iya kawo karshen fada ba, amma tare da niyyar ci gaba da shawo kan mayakan game da saƙon Kirista na zaman lafiya da alheri. Jaridar Henry Williams ta ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan balaguron, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi a matsayin abin da ya faru a cikin abin da ake kira Musket Wars . Sojojin Ngāpuhi, wadanda suka hada da Hōne Heke, sun yi nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe a Tsibirin Mercury da Tauranga, tare da muru ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Yulin shekarar 1832. ^[6]

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1833 Tītore ya tuntuɓi Tohitapu, wani tohunga, don hango nasarar yaƙin yaƙi na biyu; sannan Tītore ta jagoranci jam'iyyar Te Rarawa, abokan Ngāpuhi, zuwa Tauranga.^[7] Williams kuma ya bi balaguron na biyu.

Musayar kyaututtuka tare da William IV

Tītore na ɗaya daga cikin 13 na arewacin rangatira waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan wasiƙa ga Sarki William IV a 1831, suna neman kawance da Ƙasar Ingila; tare da buƙatar Sarki ya zama "aboki da mai kula da waɗannan Tsibirin" don kare su daga "ƙabilar Marion", wanda shine yadda Māori na Bay of Islands ke magana da Faransanci.^[1] Māori na Bay of Islands sun damu game da kasancewar Faransa a Kudancin Pacific sakamakon kisan kiyashi na Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne da ma'aikata 26, waɗanda aka kashe kuma aka cinye su a Bay of Islands a cikin 1772.

A cikin shekarar 1834, F.W.R. Sadler na HMS <i id="mwXQ">Buffalo</i> ya karɓi kyauta daga Tītore don isar da shi ga Sarki, wanda ya haɗa da biyu Kawai da aka yi da pounamu (wanda alama ce ta shugabanci).^[8] A cikin 1835, Sarki ya aiko masa da kayan makami, yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa . ^[1][9][10]

Sanarwar 'yancin kai na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar New Zealand

A ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 1835, Tītore ya sanya hannu kan He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tirene (wanda aka sani a Turanci a matsayin Sanarwar Independence na New Zealand), wanda ya ayyana 'yancin kai na New Zealand.^[1] Sanarwar ta taso ne don mayar da martani ga damuwa game da rashin bin doka na talakawan Burtaniya a New Zealand, da kuma mayar da martana ga tsoron cewa Faransa za ta ayyana ikon mallaka tsibirin. Takardar kuma ta fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'ummar Māori. Daga 1816 zuwa gaba, shugabannin Arewacin Māori da yawa sun ziyarci New South Wales da Norfolk Island, da kuma Ingila, wanda ya haifar da tattaunawa game da haɗa kan kabilun da kuma kafa gwamnatin Māori. Māori sun shiga cikin kasuwanci tare da New South Wales kuma sun mallaki jiragen kasuwanci. A cikin 1834, shugabannin sun zaɓi tutar don amfani a kan jiragen ruwa da suka fito daga New Zealand. A cikin aiwatar da sanya hannu, shugabannin sun kafa kansu a matsayin wakiltar ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin taken "United Tribes of New Zealand".^[11]

Yaƙi da Pōmare II

Farawa a watan Maris na shekara ta 1837, Pōmare II ya yi yaƙi na watanni uku tare da Tītore . Hōne Heke ya yi yaƙi tare da Tītore.^[12][13]

Tītore ya jagoranci mayaƙa 800 a cikin jiragen ruwa 42 na yaki da Pōmare a Otuihu a Bay of Islands, kodayake pā yana da kariya mai ƙarfi kuma an kori hare-haren a watan Maris da Afrilu.[22] Wani muhimmin dalilin ya sa aka yi yaƙi shi ne jayayya game da layin iyaka na Kororāreka wanda aka mika shi sakamakon mutuwar Hengi kimanin shekaru bakwai da suka gabata a cikin Yakin 'Yan Mata.

Yaƙin ya ƙare a watan Yunin 1837 bayan mutuwar Tītore; duk da haka, ba a bayyana ko ya mutu sakamakon raunin yaƙi ko bayan rashin lafiya ba.^[1] Bayan mutuwar Tītore, HMS <i id="mwiw">Rattlesnake</i> ta yi gaisuwa don girmama shi.^[1]

Manazarta

1. "Tītore". NZHistory. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
2. Yate, W. "Turbulence of the Natives in extracting satisfaction..." 1814–1853 – The Missionary Register [Sections relating to New Zealand.] – 1829, p. 458. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
3. He Hïnätore ki te Ao Mäori / A Glimpse into the Mäori World: Mäori Perspectives on Justice. 2001. Ministry of Justice.
4. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CARv1p1
5. Rogers, Lawrence M. (editor)(1961) – The Early Journals of Henry Williams 1826 to 1840. Christchurch : Pegasus Press. online available at New Zealand Electronic Text Centre (NZETC)
6. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CARv1p2
7. Smith, S. Percy – Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century (Christchurch 1910) page 450. online at NZETC
8. Parkinson, Philip G. (2012). "Tuku: gifts for a king and the panoplies of Titore and Patuone". Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 23: 53–68.
9. Hannan, Hayley (2013). "A chief in shining armour". New Zealand Geographic, Issue 121. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
10. Hamilton, A (1909). "Art. VII—On some Armour presented to Titore, a Nga Puhi Chief, by H.M. William IV in 1835". Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 6 October 1909. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
11. "The Declaration of Independence". Translation from Archives New Zealand, New Zealand History online. Archived from the original on 2015-07-07. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
12. Ballara, Angela (30 October 2012). "Pomare II". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
13. Rankin, Freda (1 Sep 2010). "Heke Pokai, Hone Wiremu". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 January 2018.

Littattafai da tushe

• Carleton, Hugh (1874) - Rayuwar Henry Williams, Archdeacon na Waimate, Volume I. Auckland NZ. Ana samunsa a kan layi daga Littattafan New Zealand na Farko (ENZB). 
• Carleton, Hugh (1877) - Rayuwar Henry Williams, Archdeacon na Waimate, Volume II. Auckland NZ Ana samunsa a kan layi daga Littattafan New Zealand na Farko (ENZB). 
• (2011) - Te Wiremu - Henry Williams: Shekaru na Farko a Arewa, Huia Publishers, New Zealand   
• (2004) - Wasiƙu daga Bay of Islands, Sutton Publishing Limited, United Kingdom; (Hardcover). Littattafan Penguin, New Zealand, (Paperback)    
• Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973) - Te Wiremu: Tarihin Henry Williams, Christchurch: Pegasus Press 
• (1961) - Jaridu na Farko na Henry Williams 1826 zuwa 1840. Christchurch: Pegasus Press. Ana samunsa a kan layi a Cibiyar Rubuce-rubucen Lantarki ta New Zealand (NZETC) (2011-06-27)  
• Smith, S. Percy (1910) - Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, ana samun sa a kan layi a NZETC