Yaren Biu–Mandara

Biu–Mandara
Central Chadic
Geographic distribution Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon
Linguistic classification Tafrusyawit
Subdivisions
  • South
  • Hurza
  • North
Glottolog bium1280[1]
Manyan mutanen da ke magana da harshen Chadic a Najeriya.
Bin Mandara

Ana magana da yarukan Biu-Mandara a Chadi na tsakiya na dangin Afro-Asiatic a Najeriya, Chadi da kuma Kamaru.

Yaruka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gravina (2014) ya rarraba Tsakiyar Chadic kamar haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake gina harshe. Harafi da lambobi a cikin parentheses daza su dace da rassa a cikin rarrabuwan na baya. Babban canje-canjen shine rushewa da sake rarraba harsunan tsohuwar sashen Mafa (A.5) da Mandage (Kotoko) reshe (B.1). [2]

  • Kudancin
  • Hurza
    • Hurza (daga A.5 Mafa): Vame, Mbuko
  • Arewa
    • Margi-Mandara-Mofu
    • Maroua
      • Maroua (wani ɓangare na Kudancin A.5 Mafa (c)): Giziga Arewa, Giziga Kudu, Mbazla
    • Lamang
      • Lamang (West A.4 Wandala): Lamang, Hdi, Mabas
    • Higi
      • Higi (A.3): Bana, Hya, Psikyɛ, Kamwe, Kirya-Konzel
    • Musgum - Arewacin Kotoko
      • Tsibirin Kotoko: Buduma
      • Kotoko ta Arewa: Mpade, Afaɗə, Malgbe, Maltam
      • Musgum (B.2): Musgum, Mbara, Muskum (†)
    • Cibiyar Kotoko
      • Cibiyar Kotoko: Lagwan, Mser
    • Kotoko ta Kudu
      • Kotoko ta Kudu: Zina, Mazera
    • Gudun ruwa

Rassan Biu-Mandara a al'ada suna tafiya da sunaye ko haruffa da lambobi a cikin tsari. Blench (2006) ya shirya su kamar haka: [4]

  • Tera (A.1): Tera, Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga, Ngwaba, Hwana
  • Bura-Higi
  • Wandala-Mafa
    • Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
    • Mafa (A.5)
      • Ruwa maso gabashin Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko, Gaduwa
      • Matal (Muktele)
      • Kudancin Mafa
        • (a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang, Maɗa, Məlokwo
        • (b) Zəlgwa-Minew, Gemzek, Ɗuugwor, Mikere, MereyYa cancanta
        • (c) Arewacin Giziga, Kudancin Giziga), Arewacin Mofu, Mofu-Gudur (Kudancin Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam)
        • (d) Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele, Shügule
  • Daba (A.7)
    • Arewacin Daba: Buwal (Gadala), Gavar (Kortchi)
    • Kudancin Daba: Mina (Besleri, Hina), Daba (Mazagway), Mbədam
  • Bata (Gbwata) (A.8): Bacama, Bata (Gwata), Sharwa, Tsuvan, Gude, Fali na Mubi, Zizilivakan (Ulan Mazhilvən, Fali na Jilbu), Jimi (Jimjimən), Gudu, Holma (†), Nzanyi
  • Mandage (Kotoko) (B.1)
    • Kudancin Jagora: Msər (Kousseri), Lagwan (Logone)
    • ? Jilbe
    • Arewacin umurni: Afaɗə, Maslam, Malgbe (Gulfey), Mpadə
  • Buduma (Yedina)
  • Gabas ta Tsakiya
    • Gidar (Kaɗa)
    • Munjuk (B.2): Mbara, Muskum (Muzuk) (†), Mpus, Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Mulwi)
    • Mida'a (< B.1): Jina, Majəra

Tsakiyar Chadic ta rarraba da Newman (1977):

Newman 1977

A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen yaruka, yawan jama'a, da wurare (a cikin Najeriya kawai) daga Blench (2019).

Reshe
Rarraba rassan Biu–Mandara a Najeriya
Tera A1 Gombi LGA, Adamawa State and Biu LGA, jihar Borno
Mubi LGA, jihar Adamawa
Karamar hukumar Michika,jihar Adamawa
Karamar hukumar Gwoza , jihar Borno da karamar hukumar Michika ,jihar Adamawa

Kudanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sauran sunaye na harshen
Kauye daya, kasa da 1,000. Galibi a Kamaru Jihar Adamawa ,karamar hukumar Mubi Tsakanin Mubi da Bahuli
Mafa Mafa Mafa (Mofa) a Nigeria. Yaren Kamaru sun kasu gida biyu ,Yamma ta Tsakiya da Gabashi. Mofa
Mokar [sunan wurin da tukunyar birgima ta tsaya] 7,600 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL); ␣4. Kauyuka shida Jihar Adamawa , karamar hukumar Gombi
Kaɓƙwan Tera

Arewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harshe Ofishin reshe Rukunin Harsuna Sauran rubutun Sunan kansa don harshe Sunayen da ke ciki Sauran sunaye (bisa ga wuri) Sauran sunayen harshe Sunan waje Masu magana Wurin (s) Bayani
Huba Bura Luwa Haba Huba Huba Chobba Kilba 32,000 (1952); 100,000 (1980 UBS) Jihar Adamawa, Hong, Maiha, Mubi da Gombi LGAs
Margi Bura Tsakiya: Margi babal = 'Margi na Filayen' a kusa da Lasa, Margi Dzәrŋu = 'Marji kusa da Hill öu' a kusa le Gulak; Gwàrà; Mə̀lgwí (Mulgwe, Molgheu); Wúrgà (Urga); Kudancin Margi an ƙidaya shi a matsayin yare daban kuma yana da alaƙa da Huba Marghi da Margyi Margi Margi Ga Margi, Margi ta Kudu da Putai: 135,000 (1955); 200,000 (1987 UBS) Jihar Borno, Askira-Uba da Damboa LGAs; Jihar Adamawa, Madagali, Mubi da Michika LGAs
Nggwahyi Bura Ngwaxi da Ngwohi Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka Jihar Borno, Askira-Uba LGA
Putai Bura Margi Yamma Margi Putai = 'West Margi', Margi na Minthla Harshen yana mutuwa, amma yawan kabilanci yana da yawa Jihar Borno, Damboa LGA
Margi ta Kudu Bura Wamdiu, Hildi Margi ti ntam Ga Margi, Margi ta Kudu da Putai: 135,000 (1955) Jihar Borno, Askira-Uba LGA; Jihar Adamawa, Mubi da Michika LGAs Hoffmann (1963) ya danganta harshen Margi ta Kudu ga Huba maimakon Margi.
Bura-Pabir Bura Bura Pela (Hill Bura), Bura Hyil Hawul (Plains Bura) Bourrah, Burra, Babir, Babur Mya Bura Mutanen biyu da ke da yare ɗaya: Bura da Pabir Kwojeffa, Huve, Huviya 72,200 (1952 W&B), 250,000 (1987 UBS) Jihar Borno, Biu da Askira-Uba LGAs
Cibak Bura Chibak, Chibuk, Chibbuk, Chibbak, Kyibaku, Kibaku Cibɔ́k, Kikuk 20,000 (1973 SIL) Jihar Borno, Damboa LGA, kudu da garin Damboa
Kamwe Higi Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sәna, Wula, Futu, Tili Pte, Kapsiki (Ptsәkɛ) a Kamaru Vacammu Higi, Hiji, Kapsiki 64,000 (1952); 180,000 (1973 SIL) ya kasance. 23,000 a KamaruKamaru Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA da kuma cikin KamaruKamaru
Mukta Higi Kamwe Mukta Garin Mukta Jihar Adamawa
Ƙungiyar Kirya-Konzal Higi Kirya-Konzal Fali Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA.
Kirya Higi Kirya-Konzal Myá Kákíryà ndá Kákìryà pl. Fali na Kiriya 7,000 ne. 2007. Kirya: ƙauyuka 13
Konzyal Higi Kirya-Konzal Myá Kónzál ndá Kónzá̀l pl. Falsi na Haydu 9000 ne. 2007. Konzәl: ƙauyuka 15
Cene Mandara Cene Cene 3200 (Kim 2001) Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA, gabashin garin Gwoza a cikin duwatsu. Ƙauyuka 5.
Dghweɗe Mandara Dghwede, Hude, Johode, Dehoxde, Tghuade, Toghwede, Traude Dghwéɗè Azaghvana, Wa'a, Zaghvana 19,000 (1963), 7,900 (TR 1970), 30,000 (1980 UBS) Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA
Guduf-Cikiru rukuni Mandara Guduf-Ciru Afkabiye (Lamang) 21,300 (1963) Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA, gabashin garin Gwoza a cikin duwatsu. Manyan ƙauyuka shida.
Guduf Mandara Guduf-Ciru Guduf, Cikide Kadupaxa Ɓuxe, Gbuwhe, Latәghwa (Lamang), Lipedeke (Lamang). Hakanan an yi amfani da shi ga Dghwede .
Gava Mandara Guduf-Ciru Gawa Kadupaxa Linggava, Ney Laxaya, Yaghwatadaxa, Yawotataxa, Yawutatacha, Yaxmare, Wakura
Ciru Mandara Guduf-Ciru Ciru Ciru
Gvoko Mandara Gamuwa Ngoshe Ndaghang, Ngweshe Ndhang, Nggweshe Ngoshe Sama 2,500 (1963); 4,300 (1973 SIL); an kiyasta fiye da 20,000 (1990) Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA; Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA
Ƙungiyar Lamang Mandara Lamang Laamang Waha 15,000 (TR 1970), 40,000 (1963)
Zaladva Mandara Lamang Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuuɓa (Dzuuba), Lәghva (Lughva), Gwózà Wakane (Gwozo) Zalladya Lamang ta Arewa Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA
Ghumbagha Mandara Lamang Hәɗkàlà (Xadkala, Hidkala, Hitkala), Waga (Wagga, Woga, Waha) Lamang ta Tsakiya Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA; Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA;
Ghudavan Mandara Lamang Ghudeven, Ghudávön Lamang ta Kudu Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA; Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA; kuma a KamaruKamaru
Glavda Mandara Ngoshe (Ngweshe) Galavda, Glanda, Gelebda, Gәlәvdә Wakura 20,000 (1963); 2,800 a Kamaru (1982 SIL) Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA; kuma a KamaruKamaru
Hdi Mandara Ya ɓoye, Ya ɓoye da Xide, Ya ɓace Xadi Gra, Tur, Turu, Tourou, Ftour Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA; Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA; kuma a KamaruKamaru
Cluster na Vemgo-Mabas Mandara Vemgo-Mabas
Ka zo Mandara Vemgo-Mabas Jihar Borno, Gwoza LGA; Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA; kuma a KamaruKamaru
Mabas Mandara Vemgo-Mabas Wata ƙauye a kan iyakar Najeriya / Kamaru Jihar Adamawa, Michika LGA. Km 10. SE na Madagali
Ƙungiyar Wandala Mandara Wandala Mandara da Ndara 19,300 a Najeriya (1970); 23,500 a Kamaru (1982 SIL) Jihar Borno. Bama, Gwoza LGAs.
Wandala Mandara Wandala Wandala Mandara An yi amfani da shi azaman harshe a cikin wannan yanki na Najeriya da KamaruKamaru
Mura Mandara Wandala Mura Mora, Kirdi Mora Wani nau'i na tsohuwar Wandala da mutanen da ba Musulunci ba ke magana Ba a tabbatar da ko ana magana da Mura a Najeriya
Malgwa Mandara Wandala Gwanje Málgwa Malgo, Gamargu, Gamergu 10,000 (TR 1970) Jihar Borno, Damboa, Gwoza da Konduga LGAs
Afaɗya Umurni Afade, Affade, Afadee Afaɗya Kotoko, Mogari Ƙauyuka goma sha biyu a Najeriya, kimantawa Kasa da 20,000 (1990) Jihar Borno, Ngala LGA; da kuma KamaruKamaru
Jilbe Umurni Jilbe ? 100 masu magana (Tourneux p.c. 1999) Jihar Borno, ƙauye ɗaya a kan iyakar Najeriya Kamaru, kudu da Dikwa
Yedina Yedina Yedina, Kuri (ba a Najeriya ba) Yidena Buduma 20,000 a Chadi; jimlar 25,000 (1987 SIL) Jihar Borno, tsibirai na Tafkin Chadi kuma galibi a Chadi

Samfuri:Biu–Mandara languages

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Biu–Mandara". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Gravina, R. (2014). The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic: the reconstruction of the phonology and lexicon of Proto-Central Chadic, and the linguistic history of the Central Chadic languages (Doctoral dissertation, LOT: Utrecht).
  3. ↑ Languages are closer to each other than are those of the northern branch
  4. ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)