Yaren Galice

Yaren Galice
Dangin harshen	Na-Dene ^(en) Athabaskan-Eyak ^(en) Athabaskan ^(en) Pacific Coast Athabaskan ^(en) Yaren Galice
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	gce
Glottolog	gali1261[1]

Galice / ɡəˈliːs / , ko Galice -Applegate ko Upper Rogue River, ɓataccen harshe ne na Athabaskan da ƙabilu biyu na Upper Rogue River Athabaskan ke magana, ƙabilar Galice ( Taltushtuntede / Tal-tvsh-dan-ni - " Galice Creek people") da kabilar Applegate (Nabiltse, Dakubetede) na kudu maso yammacin Oregon . An yi magana a kan "Galice Creek da Applegate River, tributary na Rogue River a kudu maso yammacin Oregon. Akwai akalla guda biyu daban-daban yaruka Galice Creek da Applegate, amma kawai Galice Creek yare ne da kyau rubuce." ^[2]

Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Oregon Athabaskan (Tolowa–Galice) na harsunan Athabaskan Tekun Pacific .

Fassarar sauti

Consonants ^[3]

		Labial	Alveolar			Palato-alv. / </br> Palatal	Velar		Glottal
			a fili	sibilant	na gefe		a fili	labbabi
Nasal		m	n
Plosives	mara murya	p	t	t͡s		t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
	m		tʰ			t͡ʃʰ	kʰ	kʷʰ
	m		tʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ
Mai sassautawa	mara murya			s	ɬ	ʃ		ʍ	h
	murya			z	l	j		w

Sautin wasali [ɪ]</link> , [i]</link> , [ɛ]</link> , [a]</link> , kuma [o]</link> . [ waɗannan sauti ne? ] Waɗannan wasulan suna iya fitowa cikin gungu kuma ana iya tsawaita su. ^[3]

Galice kuma yana da ƙa'idodi da yawa game da sanya baƙaƙe. Misali, affricates ba za su taɓa kawo ƙarshen kara ba, kuma ba za su iya /z/ ba.</link> , /m/</link> , ko /j/</link> . A gefe guda, ana samun wasu gungu na baƙar fata kawai a ƙarshen tushe, misali /mʔ/</link> , /ʔʃ/</link> da /ʔɬ/</link> . ^[3]

Ilimin Halitta

Morphemes a Galice za a iya sanya su a cikin ɗayan nau'i hudu: mai tushe, prefixes, postpositions da enclitics. Prefixes na iya zama ko dai na asali ko na nahawu, inda tsararren yana taimakawa ƙirƙirar tushen kalma kuma kusan koyaushe yana cikin siffar CV. Ƙididdiga na nahawu ba su da yawa amma suna da ƙarin sassauci a cikin surarsu ^[3]

Galice yana da manyan darussan kalmomi guda uku: suna, fi'ili, da labarai. Za a iya kunna sunayen suna kawai ga mai shi, a cikin wannan yanayin an ƙara prefix. Ana iya yin amfani da fi'ili ga mutum da lamba don fi'ili masu tsaka-tsaki da ƙari ga al'amari a cikin fi'ili masu aiki da m. Sunayen suna iya zuwa cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna iya zuwa cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna iya zuwa cikin nau'ikan sunaye daban-daban: nau'in suna mai sauƙi, wanda yake morpheme guda ɗaya ne; hadaddun sunaye, wanda ke da tsari na fili; kalmomin da aka nada; da mahadi, waxanda ke ƙunshe da tushe guda biyu (wani lokaci uku) a cikin kowane ɗayan nau'ikan ukun. ^[3]

Fi’iloli a Galice an yi su ne da tushe da ɗaya ko fiye da prefixes na nahawu da sifili ko sama da haka. Akwai matsayi 10 a cikin nau'in fi'ili kuma kowanne ana iya cika shi da takamaiman nau'ikan prefixes kawai kuma maiyuwa ba za a cika su kwata-kwata ba.

Lamba da Mutum

Lamba

Ba a saba yiwa lamba a cikin suna ba. Waɗanda suka kasance suna zama sharuddan dangi kuma an yi musu alama tare da maƙasudin -yoo ko -kee. ^[3]

Mutum

Galice yana da mutum 1st, 2nd, 3rd. An yiwa mutum na 1 da na 2 alama da jam'i a matsayi na 8. Mutum na 3 ya kasance ba shi da alama a cikin mufuradi, amma a cikin jam'i, an yi masa alama a matsayi na 4 ta haa- ko ¬hii-. Mutum na farko yana da alamar š- a duk abubuwan da suka faru. Jam'i na mutum na farko ana iya yin alama da id- ko i- ya danganta da ajin fi'ili. Hanci yana faruwa a matsayi na takwas lokacin da ake nuna mutum na 2 mufuradi, yayin da jam'i na biyu za a iya yiwa alama oʔo-, ʔa-,ʔe-, ko ʔo- ya danganta da prefix ɗin da ta gabata. ^[3]

Kalmomin Rarrabewa

Galice yana da ɗan ƙanƙantar ƙaƙƙarfan adadin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi don tushen fi'ilinsa. Ya zo tare da matsakaicin azuzuwan 7. A cikin Galice, prefix na aji ya zo ne daf da gaban kalmar fi’ili, a matsayi tara. ^[4]

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Galice". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. Victor Golla (2007) Atlas of the World's Languages, p. 14
3. Hoijer, 1966, "Athapaskan Galice: A Grammatical Sketch", International Journal of American Linguistics 32:320–327
4. Summer Institute of Linguistics, and Harry Hoijer. Studies in the Athapaskan Languages. 29 Vol. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963. Print. University of California Publications in Linguistics .