Yaren Krongo
| Yaren Krongo | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
kgo |
| Glottolog |
kron1241[1] |
Krongo, wanda aka fi sani da Korongo ko Kurungu kuma an san shi da Dimodongo, Kadumodi, ko Tabanya bayan garuruwa na gida, yare ne na Kadu da ake magana a Kudu maso Yammacin Dutsen Nuba a Kordofan ta Kudu, Sudan .
Ethnologue lissafa Angolo, Tabanya, da Toroji a cikin tsaunuka na Krongo; da kuma kauyuka na Buram, Damaguto, Dar, Dimadragu, da Dimodongo.
Masu magana kansu suna magana da yaren a matsayin "Harshe daga gida".
da bincike daga 1985, masu magana da Krongo yawanci manoma ne kuma suna rayuwa ne daga noma amfanin gona kamar sorghum, wake, sesame, peanuts da masara gami da kiyaye dabbobi kamar shanu, tumaki, aladu, awaki da kaza.
Wani bincike daga shekara ta 1976 ya bayyana cewa wasu harsunan da ake magana a yankin da aka bincika (a nan ana kiransu "Krongo") sune Larabci, Dinka, Hausa da ƙananan harsunan Afirka. Mafi yawan waɗannan Larabci ne tare da kashi 70% na mutane 443 da aka bincika suna cewa suna magana da yaren, kodayake mafi yawansu ba sa magana da shi a matsayin yarensu. fi amfani da shi azaman harshen magana a kasuwa fiye da gida.
Dangane da binciken, akwai yawan jahilci tsakanin mutanen da ke yankin Krongo. Yawancin ƙananan yara ba su san Larabci ba tukuna - 90.3% na mutanen sun yi iƙirarin sun koyi shi bayan ƙuruciyarsu. Makarantu (Khalwas) suna amfani da Larabci a matsayin harshen koyarwa duk da haka, wanda shine yiwuwar dalilin da ya sa mutane kalilan ne ke zuwa makaranta. Yawancin mutanen ke da ilimi na yau da kullun sune mutanen da ke magana da Larabci a matsayin yarensu da / ko maza..
, kamar sauran Nuba, galibi Musulmi ne.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harshen Krongo ƙunshi dogon da gajeren sautin da kuma gajeren sautunan da aka nuna a ƙasa.
| Labari | Dental / Alv. | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayyanawa | /p/ | /t/ | /Sai/ | /c/ | /k/ |
| Abubuwan da ke tattare da su | /ɓ/ | /ɗ/ | |||
| Rashin jituwa | /f/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | ||
| Hanci | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |
| Ruwa | /l/, /r/ | ||||
| Rashin sassan | /w/ | /y/ |
| Labari | Dental / Alv. | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Gishiri | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayyanawa | /pp/ | /nt//tt/ |
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto]
/Sai/ |
/nc//cc/ |
/nk//kk/ |
/ʔ/ |
| Abubuwan da ke tattare da su | /nɓ//ɓɓ/ |
/nɗ// Bun/ |
||||
| Rashin jituwa | /ff/ | /ss/ | ||||
| Hanci | /mm/ | /nn/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋŋ/ | ||
| Ruwa | /ll/, /rr/ | |||||
| Semivowels | /ww/ | /yy/ |
| [+ATR] | [-ATR] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [a baya] | [+baya] | [a baya] | [+baya] | |
| [+high] | /i/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ʊ/ |
| [+sauka] | /o/ | /a/ | ||
| ba a bayyane ba matsayin phoneme | /e/ | |||
| [+ATR] | [-ATR] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [a baya] | [+baya] | [a baya] | [+baya] | |
| [+high] | /ii/ | /uu/ | / uwargwadon/ | |
| [+sauka] | /oo/ | /aa/ | ||
| ba a bayyane ba matsayin phoneme | /ee/ | |||
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana rarraba wasula zuwa ƙungiyoyin jituwa na wasula guda biyu +ATR da -ATR. Ba a san wane rukuni /e/ yake ciki ba saboda ana amfani da shi don maye gurbin ko dai /ɪ/ ko haɗuwa da /y/ da /a/, waɗanda suke da irin wannan sauti. Kalmar don "biyu" misali ana iya rubuta shi /-yáarè/ ko /-yáaryà/ . kamar /ɪ/ ba, /e/ kuma ana iya amfani dashi a cikin kalma ɗaya kamar [+ATR] - sautin duk da haka.Tsayar da /o/ da /a/ a cikin ƙungiyoyin jituwa na wasula ya dogara ne akan yanayin da /o / za a iya samunsa ne kawai a cikin kalma ɗaya tare da [+ATR]-wasu kuma /a/ za a iya samu ne kawai a ciki ɗaya tare da [-ATR] -wasu. Dukan ana samun su a cikin kalmomi tare da kawai consonants da / ko tare da /e / .
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A gaban dogon sassan, ana amfani da gajerun wasula ne kawai. Ana bi da tsayawar ƙuƙwalwa kamar dogon ƙwayoyi. Suna faruwa, alal misali, a cikin wakilan mutum guda ɗaya: /àʔàŋ/ 'I', /ùʔùŋ/ 'Kai', /ìʔìŋ/ 'shi'. cikin dogon consonants, kawai /ff/ an san shi yana faruwa a farkon kalmomi, kamar a /ffà/ 'itace'. Tsawon 'anar /ŋŋ/ yana da wuya sosai, amma yana faruwa misali a cikin kalmar /àŋŋá/ 'mu'. /p/ da /pp/ ma suna da wuya. Sun faruwa misali a cikin kalmomin aro daga Larabci.
Ana amfani da sassan /k/, /ŋ/, /s/, /k/ da /z/ a wasu yanayi lokacin da suke gaban wasula /i/ ko /ɪ/ ko kuma /y/. Wannan yana nufin cewa furcin su yana canzawa daga bayan baki zuwa yankin palatal zuwa wani mataki, dangane da ma'anar, akan ko / y / ko ɗaya daga cikin wasula kuma dangane da ko ma'anar farko ce ko a cikin kalma.
/ŋ/ an daidaita shi gaba ɗaya a gaban dukkan sautuna uku, don haka ya zama hanci /ɲ/. Misali:
| ŋ- + ɪdɪnà | → ɲídínà | 'kuma ya tashi' | |
| ŋ- + aicì | → ɲíicì | 'kuma yana da tsayi' | |
| ŋ- + yúŋwà | → ɲúŋwà | 'kuma shi kaɗai ne' | /y/ ya sauke |
Ga sauran consonants da aka ambata, cikakkiyar palatalization wajibi ne kawai a gaban /y/. A gaban /i/ da /ɪ/, zaɓi ne ga velar plosives a cikin morpheme, amma a cikin matsayi na farko ba za a iya ba da cikakkiyar palatalized ba. Don /s/, palatalization koyaushe zaɓi ne. Don haka furcin kalmar síkà na iya zama kamar haka:
[sígà] → ba a palatalized ba, ko
[syígà] → Magana ta biyu ta baki, ko
[ʃígà] → cikakkiyar palatalization, canji zuwa fricative palatal.
Wadannan alamu na palatalization sun shafi dogon consonants.
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Baya batun da abu kai tsaye, duk kalmomin suna da alama tare da prefix bisa ga aikatau.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Krongo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.