Yaren Maxakalí

Yaren Maxakalí
Dangin harshen	abu abstract entity ^(en) languoid ^(en) language ^(en) human language ^(en) indigenous language ^(en) Indigenous languages of the Americas ^(en) indigenous language of South America ^(en) Macro-Jê ^(en) Maxakalían ^(en) Yaren Maxakalí
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mbl
Glottolog	maxa1247[1]

Maxakalí
Tikmũũn yĩy ax, Mãxakani yĩy ax[2]:22
Furucci	[tɪjmɨ̃ˈʔ̰ɨ̃ɰ̃ə̯̃ ɲɪ̃j̃ ʔɑj], [mɒ̃tɕakaˈd̪i ɲɪ̃j̃ ʔɑj]
Asali a	Brazil
Yanki	Minas Gerais
'Yan asalin magana	2,076 (2014)[3]
Dangin harshen	Macro-Jê Maxakalían Maxakalí
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mbl
Glottolog	west2636[1]

kayayyakin maxakali

kayan maxakali

Maxakalí ( Tikmũũn yĩy ax, Mãxakani yĩy ax ^:22 ) yare ne na Maxakalían da ake magana dashi a ƙauyuka huɗu na Minas Gerais, Brazil, da fiye da mutane kimanin 2000. ^:30

Harsuna

Babu wani bambancin yare da aka sani. Karexó, Kumanaxó, Makuní, Panháme, da ƙarni na 19 "Maxakalí", waɗanda a wasu lokuta ake ɗauke da yare na Maxakalí, a yanzun kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wakilai daban-daban na dangin Maxakalían, suna kusa da Ritual Maxakalí .^{[4] :39–42} Curt Nimuendaju ya tattara jerin kalmomi na ire- irensu da aka sani da Mašakarí / Monačóbm a shekarar 1939, wanda Araújo (1996) ya nuna shine farkon samun Maxakalí.

Magana a harshen Maxakalí ya bambanta da ire-iren abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin waƙoƙin al'ada na Maxakalí, Ritual Maxakalí, duk da cewa dukansu ana sanya su a matsayin yaren Maxakalían.

Rarrabuwa

Yaren Maxakalí an fara magana dashi a cikin Kogin Mucuri, Itanhém River, da yankunan Kogin Jequitinhonha. A yau, ana samun Maxakalí a cikin manyan al'ummomi huɗu ( aldeias ) na Minas Gerais, tare da jimillar ƙabilu kusan 2,000: ^{[2] :30}

• Pradinho (Sunan Maxakalí: Pananiy ), a cikin harshen Bertópolis, Minas Gerais
• Água Boa (sunan Maxakalí: Kõnãg Mai ko Akmamo ), a Santa Helena de Minas, Minas Gerais
• Aldeia Verde (sunan Maxakalí: Apne Yĩxux ), a Ladainha, Minas Gerais
• Cachoeirinha (Sunan Maxakalí: Ĩmmoknãg ), a cikin Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais

Tsohon yaren Machacari an tabbatar dashi daga karni na 19. Irin da aka ruwaito sun haɗa da Monoxó, Makoni, Kapoxó, Kumanaxó, da Panhame. Bayan watsawar masu magana da ita a cikin 1750s, suka zauna tsakanin babban kogin Mucuri da Kogin São Mateus (kusa da garin Teófilo Otoni na yanzu, Minas Gerais), watakila har zuwa Jequitinhonha a arewa har zuwa Suaçuí Grande River, a Kogin Doce, a kudu. Bayan shekara ta 1750, hijirar kudu ta Botocudos ta tilasta wa Machacari neman mafaka a garuruwan Portugal da ke gabar tekun Atlantika (a wani yanki daga bakin Kogin Mucuri zuwa Kogin Itanhaém ), a cikin Alto dos Bois (kusa da Minas Novas ), kuma a cikin Peçanha . A cewar Saint-Hilaire (2000: 170), ^[5] Monoxó ya rayu a Cuyaté ( Kogin Doce, kusa da bakin Kogin Suaçuí Grande ) wataƙila kusan 1800, kafin ya nemi mafaka a Peçanha. ^[6] A farkon karni na 19, Panhame da sauran kungiyoyin Maxakali sun hada kai da Turawan Portugal don yakar Botocudos.^[7][7][7]

Maxakali na zamani (wanda ake kira Monaxobm ta Curt Nimuendajú ) ya bambanta da Tsohon yaren Machacari. Tarihi ne yayi magana daga kwarin Mucuri har zuwa ruwan Kogin Itanhaém a cikin Minas Gerais . ^[6]

Fasaha

Yaren Maxakalí yana da wasula goma, gami da wasula ta baka guda biyar da takwarorinsu na hanci. A cikin teburin da ke ƙasa, ana ba da wakilcin rubutunsu a cikin ƙananan kusurwa.

Wasula

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Babban	i, ĩ <i, ĩ>	ɨ, ɨ̃ <u, ũ>	u, ũ <o, õ>
.Asa	ɛ, ɛ̃ <e, ẽ>	a, ã <a, ã>

Silva (2020) yayi bayanin akan matakai biyu na yada hanci wadanda suka shafi wasula.

Saukar da wasali

Dangane da Silva (2020), dukkan wasula banda / a ã / sun saukar da allofan. ^:102

Wasula / ɛ ɛ̃ i ĩɨ ɨ̃ u ũ / ana saukar da su ga [æ æ̃ ɪ ɪ̃ ɨ ɨ̃ ʊ ʊ̃], bi da bi, gabanin coda mai faɗi. Misalan sun hada da tex ~ tehex [ˈt̪æj ~ t̪æˈɦæj] 'ruwan sama', yẽy [ˈɲæ̃j] 'don yin shiru, don yin shiru', pix [ˈpɪj] 'wash ( realis )', mĩy [ˈmɪ̃j] 'make ( realis )', kux [ˈkɨ̞j] 'ya ƙare; goshi ', mũy [ˈmɨ̞̃j̃]' a riƙe, a kwace ( irrealis ) ', tox [ˈt̪ʊj ~ ̪t̪uwɪ]' dogon ', nõy [ˈn̪ʊ̃j]' sauran; dan uwan jinsi daya '.

Wasikun / ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ / ana sake saukar da su zuwa [ɘ ɘ̃ o õ], bi da bi, gabanin wata veda coda, kamar yadda a cikin tuk [ˈt̪ɘɰ] 'don girma', yũmũg [ɲɨˈ̃mɘ̃ɰ̃] 'don sani, fahimta, zuwa koyi ', ponok [puˈd̪oɰ]' fari ', mõg [ˈmõɰ̃]' ku tafi ( realis ) '. Wasalai na gaba / ɛ ɛ̃ i ĩ / ba a taɓa bin su da velar coda na farfajiyar ba, saboda ana yin amfani da codas da ke ƙasa don yin amfani da su a cikin wannan yanayin.

Bugu da kari, / ɨ̃ / saman kamar yadda [ɘ̃] kalma-karshe, kamar yadda a yõgnũ [ɲõɰ̃ŋ̞̊ˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ] 'nawa ne', dan xõnnũ [ʨũːˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ] '! (mai motsi ) ', nũ [ˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ]' wannan; har zuwa ( irrealis ).

Karfafa / a ã /

Wasula / a ã / suna da goyon baya ga [ɑ ɑ̃] kafin coronal (hakori ko fatar baki) coda. ^:109–10 Misalansu sun hada da sanya (ah) a [pɨˈt̪ (ɑɦ) ɑə̯] 'hanya', n (ãh) ãn [ˈn̪ (ɑ̃ɦ) ɑ̃ə̯̃] 'achiote', hax [ˈhɑj] 'wari, don wari', gãx [ˈɡɑ̃j] ' fushi '. ^:109–10

Wasulan / a ã / suna karfafawa kuma taso keya a bude syllables bin wani labial farko, kamar yadda a kopa [kupɒʔ] 'cikin', Homa [hũmɒʔ] 'dogon da suka wuce'. ^:110

Bakake

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Masu hana sauti	p	t̪ (wakiltar kamar yadda / t /)	tɕ (wakiltar kamar yadda / c /)	k	( ʔ )
Bayyana obstruents ko nasals	b ~ m (wakiltar kamar yadda / b /)	d̪ ~ ~ n̪ (wakilta azaman / d /)	dʑ ~ ɲ (wakilta azaman / ɟ /)	ɡ
Fricative					h

An yi nazarin haruffan dake fita ta hanci [m n̪ ɲ] azaman allophone na / b d̪ dʑ / gabannin hanci, amma bambancin dake tsakanin / m n̪ ɲ / da / b d̪ dʑ / yana fitowa ne a cikin bashin Fotigal da cikin rage abubuwa. ^:155–63

A cikin matsayi na coda, wurin bayyanawa ya bambanta, yuwuwar kasancewa labial (orthographic -p ~ -m ), hakori ( -t ~ -n ), palatal ( -x ~ -y ), da velar ( -k ~ -g ). Tabbataccen sanannen codas ya haɗa da tsokaci, maɓallin keɓaɓɓu kansa zaɓi ne.

Rashin fitar da sauti ta harshe da hanci

Tsarin Taswirar duniya na Tsarin Harsuna ya yi iƙirarin cewa Maxakalí ba shi da wani bambancin fahimta ko baƙon hanci, yana ambaton "Gudschinski et al. 1970".^{[8] [9]} Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa WALS ba ya ɗauka [h] a matsayin mai gaskiya a cikin wannan hukunci ba. Matsayin magana irin na bakunan hanci akwai shubuha; Silva (2020) yayi jayayya cewa a cikin Maxakalí na zamani suna zama masu banbanci ta hanyar magana, duk da cewa har zuwa kwanan nan baƙi na hanci ya faru ne kawai azaman wayoyin masu hana muryar. ^:155–63

Tsarin aiki

Tsarin kalma

Tsarin kalmomin da aka fi sani a harshen Maxakalí shine SOV.

	Kakxop	te	xok-hep	xo'op
	yaro	ERG	ruwa-ruwa	sha

"Yaron ya shanye madara"

Siffofin gaba-gaba da daidaituwar zubin furuci

Mafi yawan nau'ikan sassan jimla a cikin yyaren Maxakalí suna da alamun daidaito - cikakkiyar daidaitawar morphosyntactic. Wakilan kalmomin aiki suna wucewa ta hanyar kuskuren post teition, alhali marasa lafiyar kalmomin wucewa da maudu'in da basu dace ba. Ana gabatar da cikakken mahalarta mahaɗan ne ta hanyar karin kari na mutum; ergative pronominal mahalarta dauki musamman siffofin a kan samun da ergative postposition te. Ana samun nau'ikan fom iri ɗaya tare da wasu bayanan matsayi; moreari ga haka, ã da xa suna faruwa azaman nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tsarin rubutu na pu na mutum na farko da na biyu, bi da bi.

Mutum	Matsayi	Mai asali	Kuskure	Cikakke
1 SG	ã	ã	ã te	ũg
2	xa	xa	xa te	ã
3	tu	tu	tu te	ũ
1INCL	yũmũ'ã	yũmũ'ã	yũmũ'ã te	yũmũg
1EXCL	gmũ'ã	gmũ'ã	ũgmũ'ã te	ũgmũg

	ũgmũg	mõ-g	nãpet	ha	ba	xa	hãpxop	.m	pop
	1EXCL . ABS	tafi- RLS	kasuwa	zuwa	cikin-tsari-to	2sg: dat	abinci	wasu	saya

"Mu (ban da ku) za mu je kasuwa don sayan muku (abin da ba kai tsaye ba) abinci."

Zubi

Yanayin nuni

Maxakalí fi'ilai suna motsawa don yanayi. Yanayin realis shine mafi yawan mutane, yayin da ake amfani da yanayin rashin daidaituwa a cikin mahimman maganganu da dalilai. Thearfin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi yana bin ɗayan aƙalla alamu 7.

Furuci

Lambar magana

Wasu kalmomin aiki suna da nau'i nau'i-nau'i, inda zaɓin fi'ili ya dogara da lambar ɗan takara cikakke (watau batun magana ta rashin aiki ko haƙuri mai aikatawa). Kalmar suna wacce ke sanya ɗan takara ba ta karɓar wata alama ta ƙarshe ba.

Lambar magana

Tik yũm
 / tik ɟɨ̃p /
 mutum ya zauna. SG . RLS
 'Mutumin ya zauna / ya zauna.'

Tik mãm .
 / tik bãp /
 mutum ya zauna. PL . RLS
 'Mutanen sun zauna / zauna.'

Lambar mara lafiya

Tik te koktix putex .
 / tik te kuktik ptek /
 mutum ERG biri kashe. SG . RLS
 'Mutumin ya kashe biri.'

Tik te koktix kix .
 / tik te kuktik ki-k /
 mutum ERG biri kashe. PL - RLS

Sunan mahadi

Sunaye Maxakalí suna iya samar da mahadi cikin sauki, ga wasu misalai:

yyy - kox - xax
 magana-rami-murfin
 'lebe'

ãmot - xuxpex
 yashi-dadi
 'gishiri'

yĩm - kutok
 hannun-yaro
 'yatsa'

Amo

Yaren Maxakalí yana da lamuni iri-iri daga ɗayan Língua Geral , kamar ãmãnex 'firist', tãyũmak 'kuɗi', kãmãnok 'doki', tapayõg 'Black man'.^[10]

Kalmomin aro daga kasashen a Brazil Portugual ne musamman yawa. Misalan sun hada da kapex 'kofi', komenok 'bargo', kapitõg 'kaftin', pẽyõg 'wake', mug 'bank', tenemiyam 'TV' (aro daga Portuguese café, cobertor, capitão, feijão, banco, televisão ).^[11]

Duba kuma

• Harshen Maxakalí na al'ada
• Maxakalí Yaren kurame

 

Hanyoyin haɗin waje

• Proel: Lengua Mashakalí
• Maxakalí – Nahawun Ingilishi da kamus
• Bayani akan Maxakalí a Etnolinguistica. Littafin Org na Yarukan Kudancin Amurka

Manazarta

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Maxakalí". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Glottolog" defined multiple times with different content
2. Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). Tikmũũn yĩy ax tinã xohi xi xahĩnãg. Sons e pedaços da língua Maxakalí: descrição da fonologia e morfologia de uma língua Macro-Jê (Ph.D. dissertation). Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
3. "Quadro Geral dos Povos". SIASI/SESAI apud Instituto Socioambiental (in Harshen Potugis). Retrieved 2020-08-01.
4. Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). Tikmũũn yĩy ax tinã xohi xi xahĩnãg. Sons e pedaços da língua Maxakalí: descrição da fonologia e morfologia de uma língua Macro-Jê (Ph.D. dissertation). Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
5. Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
6. Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
7. Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
8. Gudschinsky, Sarah C.; Popovich, Harold; Popovich, Frances (1970). "Native Reaction and Phonetic Similarity in Maxakalí Phonology". Language. 46 (1): 77–88. doi:10.2307/412408. JSTOR 412408.
9. [1]
10. Nikulin, Andrey; Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). "As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê". Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 8(1): 1–64.
11. Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (27 May 2012). "Final consonants in Maxakalí and their comparative status". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 12 (1): 189. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1489