Yaren Tyap

Yaren Tyap
Dangin harshen	Default Yaren Tyap
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Karawa wiki ta tyap inganci ,takadar gayyta

Tyap babban yare ne mai mahimmanci na yanki na harsunan Plateau a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Najeriya, mai suna bayan yarensa mai daraja . Haka kuma ana kiranta da kalmar katab ko Kataf. ^{[1] [2]} Hakanan ana saninta da sunayen nau'ikan yarenta da suka haɗa da Sholyio, Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, "Mabatado" (Tyap 'daidai'), Tyeca̱rak da Tyuku (Tuku). Duk da an jera su daban da gungu na Tyap, rabuwar Jju, a cewar Blench RM (2018), da alama yana ƙara ƙabilanci maimakon gaskiyar harshe.

Rarrabawa

An fi samun masu jin harshen Tyap a kananan hukumomin Jema’a da Kaura da Zangon Kataf, duk da cewa ana samun aljihun masu magana a Kachia da Kauru da ke kudancin Jihar Kaduna, da Riyom (musamman masu Takad ) a Jihar Filato. Najeriya . Haka kuma akwai manya-manyan al’umma masu magana a kananan hukumomin Kaduna ta Kudu da Chikun na jihar. ^[3] Skoggard (2014) ya gabatar da rabon mutanen Atyap (Katab) a Najeriya da suka hada da: Niger, Nasarawa, Kaduna jahohin da FCT .

Rabewa da yaruka

Meek (1931:2) ya ba da shawarar cewa Katab (Atyap), Morwa (Asholyio), Ataka (Atakad) da Kagoro (Agworok) suna magana da harshe gama gari kuma ana iya ɗaukarsu ɗaya; daga baya kuma, McKinney (1983:290) ya yi tsokaci cewa, Kaje ( Bajju ) su ma a haɗa su da abin da ke sama, saboda kamanceceniyar harshe da al’adu da su ke yi. ^{[4] [5]} Murdock (1959) ya rarraba Kagoro (Gworok) da sauran yarukan da suka ƙunshi rukunin harshen Tyap na yanzu a matsayin "Plateau Nigerian", ^[6] a cikin "Semi-Bantu" reshensa na "Bantoid subfamily" na "Negritic Stock". ^[7] Greenberg (1963) ne ya sanya Tyap da Jju a ƙarƙashin reshen "Plateau II" na dangin harshen Benue-Congo. Daga baya, Gerhardt (1974) ya sake gina reshen, inda ya sanya shi a matsayin "proto-Plateau". Har ila yau a cikin 1989, Gerhardt ya sanya Tyap da Jju a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Kudu-Ta Tsakiya, Ƙungiyar Tsakiya, Plateau reshen Platoid, yanki na harsunan Benue-Congo. ^[2] Achi (2005) ya bayyana cewa Atyap suna magana da yare a cikin rukunin Kwa na dangin harshen Benue-Congo . Koyaya, bisa ga Bitiyong, YI, a cikin Achi et al. (2019:44), Kungiyar Kataf (tsohuwar rarrabuwa) wacce harshen Tyap ya kasance, memba ne na Gabashin Filato. Ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa ta hanyar amfani da ma'auni na lokacin glotochronological da aka kafa don harsunan Yarbawa da Edo da maƙwabtansu, raba ƙungiyar Kataf zuwa yarukan da za a iya bambanta da yare zai buƙaci dubban shekaru. An kuma ambata cewa,

Between Igala and Yoruba language, for example, at least 2,000 years were required to develop the distinction, while 6,000 years were needed for the differences observable in a comparison of Idoma and Yoruba language clusters

tare da lura da cewa hakan na nuni da hakan

even within dialect clusters, a period of up to 2,000 years was needed to create clearly identifiable dialect separation and that it is thus a slow process of steady population growth and expansion and cultural differentiation over thousands of years.^[8]

Bayan haka ya taƙaita cewa abin da ake nufi da Tyap shine cewa ya ɗauki dubban shekaru don rabuwa, a cikin wannan yanki na gabaɗaya daga yarukansa kusan shida masu alaƙa kuma ya bayyana cewa a matsayin yanki, sun buƙaci mai yiwuwa fiye da dubban shekaru a baya. su rabu da sauran 'yan kungiyar "Kataf" kamar Gyong, Hyam, Duya da Ashe (Koro) wadanda ba su da hankali. An amince da zaman lafiyar harshe da sauran halayen al'adu a wannan yanki na Najeriya .

Yaruka

Yare	Bayani
Fantswam </br> ( Hausa exonym Kafanchan, Kafancan)	Mazaunan masarautar Fantswam da ke karamar hukumar Jema'a, wadanda a baya ake yi wa kallon Kagoro (na Jama'a) ne suka yi magana, sai a karshen shekarun 1950 aka gane su a matsayin wata kungiya ta daban. [9] Yana da alaƙa da Jju, Gworok da Tyap daidai yaruka.
Gworok </br> ( Hausa exonym Kagoro ; Tyap proper Gwoot)	Mai magana da yawun A̱gworok</link> (kuma an rubuta: Oegworok ), mazaunan masarautu mai suna, a karamar hukumar Kaura . Yana kama da 'harshen junction' tsakanin Jju da Takad kuma da alama yarukan maƙwabta na gungu na harshe mafi kusa suna tasiri, musamman Nikyob-Nindem da sauransu.
Jju </br> ( Hausa exonym Kaje, Kajji; Tyap proper Jhyo)	An jera shi azaman yare daban (tare da lambar SIL kaj, kodayake nahawunsa da ilimin halittar halittarsa sun yi kama da na yaren Tyap, tare da ɗan bambanci a cikin rubutun sa). Mazaunan masarautar Ba̱jju a Zangon Kataf, Jema'a da Kachia LGAs suna magana. Tana da mafi yawan masu magana da kowane yare na Tyap, kuma Izere da Rigwe (wanda masu magana da su Ba̱jju suka zauna kusa da Chawai tare da su, a cikin Kauru na yau ta hanyar baƙar magana, kafin ƙaura zuwa ƙasarsu ta yanzu shekaru da yawa da suka wuce) . Yarukan maƙwabtansa na Hyam na yanzu da tsoffin maƙwabta sun yi tasiri ga Jju ɗin, zuwa kudu maso yamma. Waɗannan lambobin sadarwa suna da alama sune kan gaba a cikin tafiyar sa daga Tyap idan aka kwatanta da sauran yaruka.
Sholyo </br> ( bambance-bambancen haruffa Sholio, Sholyia̱; Hausa exonym Moro'a, Moroa, Marwa)	Mutanen A̱sholyio (kuma an rubuta su: Osholio, Aesholio, Asholio, A̱sholyia̱) mutanen sarauta mai suna a karamar hukumar Kaura. Da alama yaren Beromic na Iten, Rigwe da Gworok sun yi tasiri; masu magana da shi suna da iyaka da gabas da kudu, tare da mutanen da aka ambata a baya.
Takad </br> ( variant spellings Takat; Hausa exonym Attakar, Attaka, Ataka)	Takad ya yi magana (Tyap dace A̱takat</link> ) na masarautar mai suna, a karamar hukumar Kaura, jihar Kaduna da karamar hukumar Riyom, jihar Filato . Yana da alaƙa da yarukan Tyuku da Gworok, da kuma Jju. Ko da yake masu magana da shi suna ganin kansu a matsayin ’yan’uwan Ba̱jju (wanda suka yi ƙaura daga Chawai ta hanyar ba da labari), Takat yana da alaƙa da ainihin yarukan Tyap fiye da Jju, kodayake yana da wasu abubuwa na musamman.
Rubuta daidai </br> (kuma Tyap-Central, [10] Tyap Mabatado, Tyab; Hausa exonym Katab, Kataf, Katab dace)	Mutanen A̱tyap na masarautar mai ɗauke da sunansu, a Zangon Kataf, ana samunsu a maƙwabtan sarakunan Kaura, Jema’a da Kauru . Yaren da alama ita ce yaren uwa wanda sauran suka samo asali daga gare ta, kuma wataƙila wasu harsuna ne suka rinjaye shi, wanda ya haifar da ɓata daga tushen asalin harshen Filato. Masanin tarihin dan adam dan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Charles Kingsley Meek a shekara ta 1931, ya rarraba mafi yawan kungiyoyin kabilanci na Plateau a matsayin wani bangare na "Kataf (Atyap) Culture Complex", yana magana da yarukan da ke da alaka ta kud da kud na yuwuwar yare daya.
Tyecha̱rak </br> (kuma an rubuta Tachirak, Techerak, Ticarak; Hausa exonym Kachechere, Kacecere, Kacicere; Tyap proper Tyecaat, Ta̱caat, Ta̱chaat)	Mai magana da yawun A̱tyeca̱rak</link> ; (Buga A̱tyecaat daidai'</link> ) mutanen A̱tyap, A̱sholio (Moro'a) da Gworok (Kagoro) a kananan hukumomin Zangon Kataf da Kaura har zuwa kudu har zuwa karamar hukumar Jema'a .
Tyuku </br> (variant spelling: Tuku, Tukun, Tyukum; Hausa exonym Atuku)	Mutanen A̱tyuku (kuma Atuku, Atukum, Atyukum) na ƙaramar hukumar Jema’a a masarautar Takat, kewayen Ni̱mbyio</link> (kuma an rubuta Nimbio ) gandun daji na kudancin jihar Kaduna . Yaren yawanci ana ɗaukar yare a matsayin yaren Takad, kuma da alama ya mallaki mafi yawan yare na kowane yaren Tyap, na biyu zuwa Jju .
Sauran yaruka	Sauran yarukan da ke da alaƙa da Tyap sun haɗa da Kulu (SIL code ikl, da kuma yaren Adara ), Nghan (Lambar SIL kcl, yaren Gyongic ) da Terri (SIL code cfd ).

^[3]

Fassarar sauti

Haruffan Tyap ( Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji ) yana da haruffa 39, kamar yadda Kwamitin Karatun Tyap (TLC) ya tsara a farkon 1990s: ^[11]

Harafin Tyap: asali na baya
A	A̱	B	CH	CHY	D	E	F	G	GB	GH	GHW	GHY	H	HY	HW	I	I̱	J	JHY	K	KH	KP	L	M	N	NG	NY	O	P	R	S	SH	KUNYA	T	TS	U	V	W	Y	Z
a	a̱	b	ch	ku chy	d	e	f	g	gb	gh ku	gww	gyi	h	hy	hw	i	i̱	j	jhy	k	kh	kp	l	m	n	ng	yi	o	p	r	s	sh	jin kunya	t	ts	ku	v	w	y	z
Ƙimar sauti
a	ə	b	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʲ	d	e	f	g	g͡b	ɣ	ɣʷ	ɣʲ	h	ç	ʍ	i	ɪ	d͡ʒ	ʒʲ	k	x	k͡p	l	m	n	ŋ	ɲ	o	p	r	s	ʃ	ʃʲ	t	t͡s	u	v	w	j	d͡z

Koyaya, ci gaba na yanzu kamar na 2018, yana da Taswirar Haruffa ta Tyap ta rage zuwa 24, kamar haka:

Harafin Tyap: sabon asali
A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	R	S	T	U	V	W	Y	Z
a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	r	s	t	ku	v	w	y	z
Ƙimar sauti
a	b	t͡ʃ	d	e	f	g	h	i	d͡ʒ	k	l	m	n	o	p	r	s	t	u	v	w	j	d͡z

Harafin "ch" daga yanzu za a wakilta shi da alamar "c", ba tare da "h". Duk sauran sun kasance iri ɗaya.

Wasula

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i	ɨ	ku
Kusa-tsakiyar	e		o
Tsakar		ə
Bude		a

Wasula bakwai na Tyap na iya zama gajere ko dogayen sauti na monophthong . Harshen yana da diphthongs biyar (ko shida): /ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi/</link> . ^{[12] [13] [14]}

Consonants

Harshen yana da fiye da 80 monoographic da digraph waɗanda aka ƙirƙira da sautin baƙaƙe, an rarraba su zuwa gyare-gyare na fortis da lenis . ^{[15] [16]} Tebu mai zuwa ya ƙunshi ainihin ainihin sautunan baƙar fata na Tyap:

	Labial	Alveolar	Bayan alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	ɲ		ŋ
M	p  b	t  d			k  g	k͡p  g͡b
Haɗin kai		t͡s  d͡z	t͡ʃ  d͡ʒ
Ƙarfafawa	f  v	s	ʃ  ʒ	ç	x  ɣ		h
Na gefe		l
Rhotic			r
Glide				j		ʍ  w

^{[17] [18]}

Daidaitawa

Tyap yana da nau'in tsari na SVO kamar yadda aka kwatanta a ƙasa a misalin farko da aka bayar:    

Kalmomi

Affixes da concord

Alamun-aji na Tyap suna bayyana bayan kalmar sa ta tushe. Waɗannan maƙallan sun ƙunshi prefixes, yawanci a haɗe zuwa tushen kalmar don jam'i. Misali: a̱som (hare) — a̱yaasom (hares), bwak (hannu) — mbwak (hannu), a̱kwon (itace)— a̱ka̱kwon (bishiyoyi), da sauransu. yawanci ana fassara su azaman kalmomi dabam dabam a cikin rubutun. Alal misali, a̱som wu (kure), a̱yaasom ba (hars), bwak hu (hannu) — mbwak na (hannu), a̱kwon ka (bishiyar)— a̱ka̱kwon na (bishiyoyi), da sauransu. na'urar affixes da concord na Tyap.

Maimaituwa

Maimaita suna yana faruwa ne don yawan jama'a. Yawancin lokaci, kalmar tushen farko tana samun kwafi. Misali, tyan (wuri) — tityan (wuri), a̱nyung (haƙori) —a̱nyunyung (hakora), a̱kwon (itace)— a̱ka̱kwon (bishiyoyi), da sauransu

Kalmomi masu alaƙa da haruffa

Letter	IPA Symbol	Tyap dialects and Jju	English translation
a	/a/	aba̱n	welcome (masculine)
a̱	/ə/	a̱gwam	ruler, king, chief
b	/b/	bat	wall, fence
c	/t͡ʃ/	cat (tsat in Sholyio, Takad, Tyuku)	want, love, need, like
cy	/t͡ʃʲ/	cyat	cut/thatch grass
d	/d/	dam	to worry
e	/e/; /ɛ/	a̱lyem ( diryem in Jju)	tongue, language
f	/f/	faat ( fa̱rak in Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, Tyuku)	to cut
g	/g/	gaat ( ga̱rak in Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, Tyuku)	(visitors' room)
gb	/g͡b/	gbang	far
gh	/ɣ/	ghan	to hurry
ghw	/ɣʷ/	ghwang	drawing
ghy	/ɣʲ/	a̱ghyang ( a̱yaan in Fantswam, Jju; a̱zang in Tyuku)	another
h	/h/	hyet ( hywet in Jju)	arrow
hy	/ç/	hyenhyiam	sour
hw	/ʍ/	yihwa	what
i	/i/	ii	yes (feminine)
i̱	/ɨ/	ci̱p	twisting
j	/d͡ʒ/	jem ( zem in Sholyio, Tyeca̱rak)	hippopotamus
jhy	/ʒʲ/	jhyi ( jyi in Fantswam, Jju)	to repair
k	/k/	kan	medicine
kh	/x/	khap	cultivating
kp	/k͡p/	kpa ( kpe in Sholyio; kpi in Takad, Tyuku)	to pound, pestle
l	/l/	li ( ryi in Jju)	to see
m	/m/	mup	to grab
n	/n/	nam ( dinam Jju)	meat, flesh, muscle
ng	/ŋ/	ngaan	to be last
ny	/ɲ/	nyam	animal
o	/ɔ/; /o/	long ( rong in Jju)	fire
p	/p/	piit	nothing, to lose, to score nought
r	/r/	ra̱ra̱k	to enter with ease
s	/s/	san	to receive, to save
sh	/ʃ/	shan	stick, staff
shy	/ʃʲ/	shyi	to swear
t	/t/	ta	to throw
ts	/t͡s/	tsang	crocodile
u	/u/	lyuut ( lyuruk in Fantswam, Gworok; jem in Jju)	to write
v	/v/	vam ( lvam in Fantswam; lwam in Gworok; rwam in Jju)	body
w	/w/	wan	to cook
y	/j/	ya ( [g]ye in Sholyio, Tyeca̱rak; [g]yi in Takad, Tyuku)	to eat
z	/d͡z/	za ( ze in Sholyio, Tyeca̱rak; zi in Takad, Tyuku)	rain

Kalmomin gama gari da jimloli

Tip	Turanci (Shong)
A nyia̱ ni?	Yaya lafiya?
N shyia̱ ka̱nɡka̱ra̱ng, n gwai.	Ina lafiya, na gode.
A neet a̱ji ni/wa?	Daga ina kake?
N neet a̱mali kya.	Ni daga gida nake.
Á̱ ngyei ang a̱nyan a?	Wanene ake kiran ku? (Menene sunanka?)
Á̱ ngyei nung Kambai A̱ka̱u.	Ana kiran ni Kambai A̱ka̱u. (Sunana Kambai A̱ka̱u.)
Bai a ya kyayak.	Ku zo ku ci abinci.
N cat a̱lyem nung ka.	Ina son yare na.
A̱nienzi̱t ba neet di̱ fam Kwararafa hwa.	Mutanen Nienzit daga Kwararafa ne.
A̱gwaza gu nang ang/nyin nda. OR, A̱gwaza gu nang nda ang/nyin.	Allah ya albarkace ku (waƙa)/(plur.).

^[3]

Kwatanta yaruka

Idan aka kwatanta kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari tsakanin Kaje (Jju), Katab ("Mabatado" Tyap) da Kagoro (Gworok) akan jerin kalmomi na Swadesh wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 118 na ainihin ƙamus, Wurm (1971), a cikin jawabinsa ya bayyana cewa, ƙididdigan ƙididdiga sun nuna. cewa kabilun uku suna magana da yarukan yare daya..^[19]

Kaje
84%	Katab
83%	91%	Kagoro

_{Kashi na cognates akan jerin kalmomin Swadesh: Wurm (1971).}</br>

Tare da ƙarin kwatancen kalmomin danginsu, McKinney (1983:291), bayan kwatanta shigarwar 174 tsakanin waɗannan ukun da ke sama sun sami takwas kawai ba su da tushe. ^[20]

Kaje
83%	Katab
83%	90%	Kagoro

_{Kashi na 100 na sharuddan sarauta: McKinney (1983:291).}

^[3] A ƙasa akwai kwatancen da Akau (2020) ya yi tsakanin manyan yarukan Tyap guda bakwai da Jju.

	English (Shong)	"Maba̱ta̱do" (Tyap 'proper')	Jju	Gworok (Gworog)	Sholyio (Sholyia̱, Sholio)	Tyeca̱rak	Fantswam	Takad (Takat)	Tyuku
1	Come and eat.	Bai a ya kyayak.	Ba a ya kyangya.	Bai u ya kyayak.	Bai a gye kyayak	Bai a gye kyayak.	Bai a ya kyangya.	Bai u gyi kyangyi.	Bai u gyi kyangyi.
2	Let us rise with strength.	Yok zi̱ doot yong ma̱ng cet.	Ryok zi drok ryong bu cet.	Yok zi̱t durok yong bi̱ cet.	Yok zi̱ durok yong ma̱ng tset.	Yok zi̱ durok yong ma̱ng cet.	Yok zi̱ durok yong bi̱ cet.	Yok zi̱ durok yong bi̱ tset.	Yok zi̱ durok yong bi̱ tset.
3	I am not going to the wedding.	N na nat la̱p nyeang (nyi̱yang) hu bah.	N ni nat rop nyreng a ba.	N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang ku dak.	N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu bah.	N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu bah.	N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang ku dak.	N li nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu dak.	N li nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu dak.
4	The people are hungry.	Á̱niet ba fwuong zong.	Ba̱nyet ba pfong zong.	Á̱niet ba tswuong jong.	Á̱niet be fwuong jong.	Á̱niet be fwuong zong.	Á̱nyet ba tfwuong zong.	Á̱niet bi fwuong zong.	Á̱niet bi fwuong zong.
5	The child was walking, and fell down.	Nggwon ka ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin.	Ka̱won ka ncong, ka̱ yin kpa ka̱byen.	Nggwon ka ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin.	Nggwon ke ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin.	Nggwon ke ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin.	Nggwon ka ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin.	Nggwon ki ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin.	Nggwon ki ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin.
6	The pot is here.	A̱la̱n ka shyia̱ a̱ji.	Ka̱ra̱n ti shyi aki.	Ula̱n ka shyio a̱ji.	A̱la̱n ke shyia̱ a̱zi.	A̱la̱n ke shyia̱ a̱ji.	Ka̱la̱n ti shyia a̱ji.	Ula̱n ki syia̱ a̱zi.	Ula̱n ki syia̱ a̱zi.
7	They are too mouthy. God will help them.	Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaza/A̱za na beang mba.	Ba̱ ra̱u byi ka̱nu. Ka̱za ni mba brang.	Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaza/Uza na beang mba.	Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaze/A̱ze na beang mbe.	Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaze/A̱ze na beang mbe.	Ba̱ la̱u byia ka̱nu. Gwaza/Ka̱za na beang mba.	Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwazi/Uzi li beang mbi.	Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwazi/Uzi li beang mbi
8	Kuyet went to the forest with me to get water.	Kuyet nwuo a̱yit ka ma̱ng a̱nung a̱ bwuo a̱sa̱khwot.	Kuyet nwa ka̱yit ka ba̱ nzuk a̱ bvwa ba̱shekwot.	Kuyet nwuo uyit ka bi̱ nung a̱ bvwuo a̱sa̱khwot.	Kuyet nwuo ka̱yit ke ma̱ng a̱nung a̱ bwuo a̱sa̱khwot.	Kuyet nwuo a̱yit ke ma̱ng a̱nung a̱ bwuo a̱sa̱khwot.	Kuyet nwua ka̱yit ka bi̱ nung a̱ bwua a̱sa̱khwot.	Kuyet nwuo uyit ki ba̱ a̱nung a̱ bvwuo a̱sa̱khwot.	Kuyet nwua uyit ki ba̱ a̱nung a̱ bvwua a̱sa̱khwot.
9	Who is home?	A̱nyan wa a̱ nshyia̱ a̱mali ka?	A̱nyan a̱mi a̱ nshyi ka̱ryi ka?	A̱nyan a̱ a̱ nshyia̱ buli ka?	A̱nyan a a̱ nshyia̱ a̱mali ke?	A̱nyan a a̱ nshyia̱ a̱mali ke?	A̱nyan a a̱ nshyia ka̱li ka?	A̱nyan a a̱ nsyia̱ buli ki?	A̱nyan a a̱ nsyia̱ buli ki?
10	It is above.	A̱ shyia̱ tazwa ka.	A̱ shyi tazwa ka.	A̱ shyio tuza ka.	A̱ shyia̱ tanzwe ke.	A̱ shyia̱ tanzwe ke.	A̱ shyia tazwa ka.	A̱ syia̱ tuzi ki.	A̱ syia̱ tuzi ki.
11	Will you drink?	A na swuo a?	A ni fwa a?	A na swuo a?	A na swuo a?	A na swuo a?	A na fwua a?	U li swuo a?	U li swuo a?
12	They said some children came here today.	Ba̱ nyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱ji a̱fwun ka.	Ba̱ yya na̱won ka̱yaan ba aki ka̱pfwun ka.	Ba̱ nyio nuwan á̱ghyang bai a̱ji utswun ka.	Ba̱ nyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱zi a̱fwun ke.	Ba̱ nyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱ji a̱fwun ke.	Ba̱ nyia mnuwan á̱yaan bai a̱ji ka̱tfwun ka.	Ba̱ hyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱zi ufwun ki.	Ba̱ shyia̱ mman á̱zang bai a̱zi utswun ki.
13	Eight of us.	Nzi̱t a̱ni̱nai.	Njit a̱ninai.	Nzi̱t unaimbwag.	Nzi̱t a̱ri̱nai.	Nzi̱t a̱ri̱nai.	Njit a̱naimbwak.	Nzi̱t unaimbwak.	Nzi̱t unaimbwak.
14	Let us unite.	Zi̱ tung ndung.	Zi tung ndung.	Zi̱t tung ndung.	Zi̱ tung ndung.	Zi̱ tung ndung.	Zi̱ tung ndung.	Zi̱ tung ndung.	Zi̱ tung ndung.

Lambobi

• 0: gum / piit / sa̱khat
• 1: a̱nyiung</link> ( nyiung, jhyiung</link> )
• 2: a̱feang</link> (kuma feang, sweang</link> )
• 3: a̱tat</link> ( tat, tsat</link> )
• 4: a̱naai</link> ( naai, nyaai</link> )
• 5: a̱fwuon</link> (kuma fwuon, tswuon</link> )
• 6: a̱taa
• 7: a̱natat
• 8: a̱ni̱nai</link> (ko a̱ri̱nai</link> )
• 9: a̱kubunyiung

10 zuwa 100

An ƙirƙiri lambobi 11 zuwa 19 ta ƙara 1-9 zuwa 10 tare da ma̱ng na tsakiya</link> (sau da yawa ana gajarta cikin lafazin ma̱</link> da na gaba a̱, misali a cikin a̱fwuon</link> , yin shiru) zuwa lambar da ke kusa, amma yawanci kowace kalma ana rubuta su cikakke: misali swak ma̱ng a̱fwuon</link> (15).

• 10: Swak
• 11: Swak ma̱ng a̱nyiung
• 12: Swak ma̱ng a̱feang
• 13: Swak ma̱ng a̱tat
• 14: Swak ma̱ng a̱naai
• 15: Swak ma̱ng a̱fwuon
• 16: Swak ma̱ng a̱taa
• 17: Swak ma̱ng a̱natat
• 18: Swak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
• 19: Swak ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung

Lambobin 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, da 90 an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar maye gurbin prefix 2 zuwa 5, wanda aka liƙa zuwa " swak .</link> "(goma) tare da n-, tare da swak</link> kanta tana ɗaukar prefix n- duk:

• 20: Nswak nfeang
• 30: Nswak ntat
• 40: Nswak nnaai
• 50: Nswak nfwuon
• 60: Nswak a̱taa
• 70: Nswak a̱natat
• 80: Nswak a̱ni̱nai</link> (ko nswak a̱ri̱nai</link> )
• 90: Nswak a̱kubunyiung

Ana samun wasu lambobi ta ƙara 1-9, kama da matasa:

• 91: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱nyiung
• 92: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱feang
• 93: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱tat
• 94: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱naai
• 95: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱fwuon
• 96: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱taa
• 97: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱natat
• 98: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
• 99: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung

Daruruwa

Lura cewa abin da za a iya kira da tsarin kirga na "tsohuwar" da aka yi amfani da shi don 1-5 yawanci ana amfani dashi daga 100 har zuwa rashin iyaka. 1 ya zama jhyiung, kuma ba a̱nyiung ba. Haka abin da 2,3,4 da 5 sanya nan da nan bayan cyi, kalmar ɗari .

• 100: Cyi jhyung
• 200: Ciki sweang
• 300: Ci tsat
• 400: Cyi nyaai
• 500: Cyi tswuon
• 600: Cyi a̱taa
• 700: Cyi a̱natat
• 800: Cyi a̱ni̱nai (ko a̱ri̱nai )
• 900: Cyi a̱kubunyiung
• 479: Cyi nyaai ma̱ng nswak a̱natat ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung.

Dubban

Hayab (2016:66-67) a cikin binciken da ya yi kan Hyam, wani harshe da ke da alaƙa da Tyap ya gano cewa ainihin kalmar lamba 10 ita ce “kop”/ kwp, kuma kalmar da ake amfani da ita a yanzu ta goma ita ce kalmar de facto da aka yi amfani da ita. goma sha biyu ko dozin shine "shwak" (a cikin Hyam ) ko swak (a cikin Tyap). Saboda karuwar tasirin Hausa/Ingilishi, babu shakka kafin 1920 (saboda Thomas (1920:59) ya buga misali da Kagoro (Gworok) wanda ba kamar makwabtansa Nungu, Ninzam, S. Mada da Mama ba su yi amfani da su tun lokacin., tsarin duodecimal ^[21] ), tsarin kidayar ya dauki siffa ta Hausa/English salon decimal kuma kalmar “kop/kwop” ta kusa bacewa, yayin da “swak” ya dauki wurinsa ya bata ma’anarsa ta asali, wanda hakan ya sa kalmar “kop/kwop” ta kusa karewa. goma sha biyu, yanzu yana nufin goma . Da wannan a zuciya, idan mutum yayi la'akari da lambar "1,000" ko cyi kop jhyiung ("cyi kop" an rubuta kalma ɗaya), mutum zai iya cewa tana nufin "ɗari goma ɗaya" ko "100 X 10 X 1".

A ƙasa akwai salon ƙidayar Tyap na zamani cikin dubbai:

• 1,000: Cyikup jhyiung
• 2,000: Cyikup sweang
• 3,000: Cyikup tsat
• 4,000: Cyikup nyaai
• 5,000: Cyikwop tswuon
• 6,000: Cyikwop a̱taa
• 7,000: Cyikwop a̱natat
• 8,000: Cyikwop a̱ni̱nai
• 9,000: Cyikwop a̱kubunyiung
• 2,018: Cyikwop sweang ma̱ng nswak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
• 10,000: Cyikup swak
• 100,000: Cyikup cyi jhyiung

Lambobi masu girma

• 1,000,000: Milyon ko cyikop cyikop jhyiung ko kawai Cyikwop a̱ka̱feang jhyiung
• 1,000,000,000: Bilyon ko Cyikup cyikop cyikop ko kuma kawai Cyikwop a̱ka̱tat jhyiung
• 1,000,000,000,000: Trilyon ko cyikop cyikop cyikop cyikop ko kawai Cyikwop a̱ka̱naai jhyiung . ^[3]

Concord

Tyap yana da hanyoyi uku na rubutun raka'a 1-5. Wannan saboda concord a cikin Tyap an saukar da shi zuwa ƙananan lambobi kawai da ƴan sifofi. Nau'in yarjejeniyar 'direct-copy' ko 'echo' wanda lambar ke da prefix iri ɗaya da sunan da yake cikin yarjejeniya da shi, ana bin shi anan. Alal misali, a̱ka̱sa (gidaje) — a̱ka̱sa na ( gidaje) — a̱ka̱sa a̱feang ( gidaje biyu)— nkyang nfeang na (abu biyu), da nywán (fowls) - nywán ji (tsuntsaye) - nywán sweang (tsuntsaye biyu) - nywán sweang ji ( tsuntsaye biyu). Ga misali na biyu, ana ƙara “n-” prefix zuwa ƙananan raka’a idan aka yi amfani da ita da jam’i suna ɗauke da “hu” guda ɗaya kamar kyang (abu).

Sunaye don wasu harsuna

Wasu sunayen Tyap na maƙwabta da sauran languaɡes sune kamar haka:

Harshe	Rabewa	Sunan Tyap
Berom	Beromic, Platoid, Gabashin Benue-Conɡo	Ku, Kuruk
Turanci	Yamma, Jamusanci, Indo-Turai	Shong ; Nggi̱li̱t
Fulfulde, Fula	Tsakiya, Gabas Fula, Fulani-Wolof, Sene-Gambian, Arewa, Yammacin Atlantika	Fa̱taa
Hausa	A.1, A, West Chadic	Kpat
Hyam	Hyamic, Northwest, Western Plateau, Platoid, Gabas Benue-Conɡo	Da
Igala	Yoruboid, Defoid, West Benue-Conɡo	Ga̱ra
Igbo	Igbo, Igboid, West Benue-Conɡo	A̱kum-a̱cyi ; Igbo
Iten	Beromic Plateau, Platoid, Gabashin Benue-Conɡo	Tyen
Kulu	Plateau ta Arewa, Platoid, Gabashin Benue-Conɡo	Sunkurum
Nan	Ninzic Plateau, Platoid, Gabas Benue-Conɡo	Byorok, Byorok
Nikob	A, Kudu maso Yamma, Plateau ta Yamma, Platoid, Gabashin Benue-Conɡo	Ku
mu	Kudu ta tsakiya, Plateau ta tsakiya, Platoid, Gabas Benue-Conɡo	Á̱nietza̱fan
Tiv	Tivoid, Kudancin Bantoid, Gabashin Benue-Conɡo	Zi̱ya, Zi̱tya ; Tivi
T'kurmi	Kauru, Northern Jos, Eastern Kainji, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo	Wai
Tsam	Piti-Atsam, Kainji Gabas, Platoid, Gabashin Benue-Conɡo	Tsamiya
Yarbawa	Yoruboid, Defoid, West Benue-Conɡo	A̱ghwangkpang ; Yarbawa

. ^[3]

Harsuna masu alaƙa

Jerin bincike da ake kira "Jerin Kalmomi 100 na Swadesh" wanda Shimizu ya gabatar (1975:414) ya nuna cewa Tyap ( Katab ) yana raba kaso masu zuwa tare da harsunan Plateau da Jukun tun daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci: 72% tare da Izere ( Izarek), 66% tare da Rigwe, 50% tare da Chara, 49% tare da Berom, 42% tare da Tarok, 41% tare da Pyem, 41% tare da Ninzam, 39% tare da Kuche, 39% tare da Eggon, 38% tare da Ibunu, 37% tare da Rindre da 34% tare da Jukun . ^[22]

Matsayi mai hatsari

Bincike ya nuna cewa an rarraba harshen Tyap a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin harsunan da ke cikin haɗari ga halaka. ^[23]   Wani bincike da Ayuba (2014) ya yi ya nuna cewa Tyap na cikin hatsari, kuma harshen Hausa da rashin watsa Tyap da tsofaffin mutanen Atyap suka yi ga matasa ya haifar da hatsarin Tyap.

Binciken ya ba da shawarar, a cikin wasu matakai, cewa ya kamata kungiyar ci gaban al'umma ta Atyap (ACDA) ta kafa kwamiti don wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar Atyap ta tashi da adana yarensu da kuma wani aiki don kafa makarantun hutu inda manya za su samar da su. kula da yara kafin makaranta inda za a iya nutsar da yaran Tyap cikin harshen.

Duba kuma

• Harshen Kuteb

Nassoshi

1. Empty citation (help)
2. McKinney, N. P. (April 1990), p. 255.
3. Akau, K. (2020).
4. Meek, C. K. (1931), p. 2.
5. McKinney, C. (1983), p. 290
6. Empty citation (help)
7. Smith, M. G. (1960), p. 138.
8. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Achi
9. Smith, M. G. (1960), p. 143.
10. Akau, K. T. L. (2014), p. xxi.
11. Haruna, D.; Follingstad, C. & J. (n.d.), p. 74.
12. A̱lyiat A̱gwaza na di̱n Tyap: A̱li̱ka̱uli A̱fai (2015), p. vii.
13. McKinney, N. P. (April 1990), p. 256.
14. Akau, K. T. L. (2014), pp. xxv-xxvi.
15. Akau, K. T. L. (2014), p. xxiv-xxix.
16. Haruna, D.; Follingstad, C. & J. (n.d.), pp. 72-73
17. A̱lyiat A̱gwaza na di̱n Tyap: A̱li̱ka̱uli A̱fai (2015), p. viii-ix.
18. McKinney, N. P. (April 1990), p. 257
19. Empty citation (help)
20. Empty citation (help)
21. Empty citation (help)
22. Empty citation (help)
23. Empty citation (help)

Kara karantawa

Littattafai da rubuce-rubuce 

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

(an riga an yarda)

• Sholio (Tyap) ComparaLex
• Littafin Luka a cikin Takad
• Jerin Kalmomi Tyap (Gworok)
• 4 dokoki (a cikin Tyap)
• Rubuta: Harshen Katab (Network Recordings Network)
• Shirye-shirye a cikin Tyap (Network Recordings Network)
• Duniyar Atlas na Tsarin Harshe Kan layi (Gworok)