Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Filipina

Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Fiipina
Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Fiipina
Dibuat	Mei–Juni 1898
Ratifikasi	12 Juni 1898 (Ditetapkan) ; 29 September 29 1898 (Diratifikasi oleh Kongres Malolos)
Lokasi	Perpustakaan Nasional Filipina
Penulis	Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista; Emilio Aguinaldo
Penandatangan	98 wakil
Tujuan	Untuk memproklamasikan kedaulatan dan kemerdekaan Filipina dari kekuasaan kolonial Spanyol

Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Filipina (Filipino: Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas) diproklamasikan pada tanggal 12 Juni 1898 di Cavite II el Viejo (Kawit, Cavite) saat ini, Filipina. Dengan pembacaan di depan publik Akta Deklarasi Kemerdekaan (bahasa Spanyol: Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino; Filipina: Paggawa ng Proklamasyon ng Kasarinlan ng sambayanang Pilipino), pasukan revolusioner Filipina di bawah Jenderal Emilio Aguinaldo memproklamasikan kedaulatan dan kemerdekaan Kepulauan Filipina dari kekuasaan kolonial Spanyol.

Sejarah

Latar belakang

Pada tahun 1896, Revolusi Filipina dimulai. Pada bulan Desember 1897, pemerintah Spanyol dan revolusioner menandatangani sebuah perdamaian, Pakta Biak-na-Bato, yang mengharuskan Spanyol membayar revolusioner sebesar 800.000 peso dan bahwa Aguinaldo beserta pemimpin lainnya menuju pengasingan di Hong Kong. Pada bulan April 1898, pada saat pecahnya Perang Spanyol-Amerika, Komodor George Dewey menaiki kapal USS Olympia berlayar dari Hong Kong ke Teluk Manila memimpin Skuadron Asiatik dari Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat. Pada tanggal 1 Mei 1898, Amerika Serikat mengalahkan Spanyol dalam Pertempuran Teluk Manila. Emilio Aguinaldo memutuskan untuk kembali ke Filipina untuk membantu pasukan Amerika mengalahkan Spanyol. Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat setuju untuk membawa dia kembali dengan menumpang kapal USS McCulloch, dan pada tanggal 19 Mei, dia tiba di Cavite.^[2]

Proklamasi 12 Juni

Kemerdekaan diproklamasikan pada tanggal 12 Juni 1898, antara pukul empat dan lima sore di Cavite di rumah leluhur Jenderal Emilio Aguinaldo sekitar 30 kilometer selatan Manila. Dalam peristiwa ini disaksikan bentangan Bendera Nasional Filipina, yang dibuat di Hong Kong oleh Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, dan Delfina Herboza, dan dimainkannya Marcha Filipina Magdalo, sebagai lagu kebangsaan, sekarang dikenal sebagai LUPANG HINIRANG, yang digubah oleh Julián Felipe dan dimainkan oleh drumben San Francisco de Malabon.

Akta Deklarasi Kemerdekaan disiapkan, ditulis, dan dibacakan oleh Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista dalam bahasa Spanyol. Deklarasi tersebut ditandatangani oleh 98 orang, salah satu di antaranya adalah seorang perwira tentara Amerika yang menyaksikan proklamasi. Paragraf terakhir menyatakan bahwa ada "orang asing" (stranger dalam terjemahan bahasa Inggris; extranjero dalam versi orisinil bahasa Spanyol, yang berarti orang asing) yang hadir dalam pertemuan, Mr.L.M.Johnson, digambarkan sebagai "warga negara Amerika Serikat, seorang Kolonel Artileri".^[3] Proklamasi kemerdekaan Filipina, bagaimanapun, diumumkan pada tanggal 1 Agustus, ketika banyak kota sudah terorganisir di bawah peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah Diktatorial Jenderal Aguinaldo^[4]^[5]

Kemudian di Malolos, Bulacan, Kongres Malolos memodifikasi deklarasi atas desakan dari Apolinario Mabini yang keberatan bahwa proklamasi awal pada dasarnya menempatkan Filipina di bawah perlindungan Amerika Serikat.

Perjuangan kemerdekaan

Deklarasi tersebut tidak pernah diakui baik oleh Amerika Serikat maupun Spanyol.

Kemudian pada tahun 1898, Spanyol menyerahkan Filipina kepada Amerika Serikat dalam Perjanjian Paris (1898) yang mengakhiri Perang Spanyol-Amerika.

Referensi

^ Rufo, Aries (2008-05-26). "Court set to decide on National Library pilferage of historical documents". Abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak. Diakses tanggal 29 January 2013. Around 8,183 documents, mostly classified as Philippine Revolutionary Papers, were returned to the National Library. One University of the Philippines professor returned more than 6,000 documents. Among the retrieved documents were the manuscript of Andres Bonifacio’s trial, the Declaration of Independence, the Pact of Biac-na-Bato and Leonor Rivera’s letter to Rizal’s parents dated Dec. 10,1893.
^ Agoncillo, page 157
^ Dean Conant Worcester, in his 1914 book The Philippines: Past and Present (Worcester 1914), says:
"Invitations to the ceremony of the declaration of independence were sent to Admiral Dewey; but neither he nor any of his officers were present. It was, however, important to Aguinaldo that some American should be there whom the assembled people would consider a representative of the United States. 'Colonel' Johnson, ex-hotel keeper of Shanghai, who was in the Philippines exhibiting a cinematograph, kindly consented to appear on this occasion as Aguinaldo's Chief of Artillery and the representative of the North American nation. His name does not appear subsequently among the papers of Aguinaldo. It is possible that his position as colonel and chief of artillery was a merely temporary one which enabled him to appear in a uniform which would befit the character of the representative of a great people upon so solemn an occasion!"
Worcester attributes this to "Taylor, 26 A J.", referring to Major J. R. M. Taylor, who translated and compiled Insurgent records
^ Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (1972), "Philippine Declaration of Independence", The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Manila: National Historical Commission, diakses tanggal 2008-03-26 . (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
^ Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (1972), "Facsimile of the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite, June 12, 1898", The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Manila: National Historical Commission, diakses tanggal 2008-03-26 . (Original handwritten Spanish)

[ABSCBN-1] Rufo, Aries (2008-05-26). "Court set to decide on National Library pilferage of historical documents". Abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak. Diakses tanggal 29 January 2013. Around 8,183 documents, mostly classified as Philippine Revolutionary Papers, were returned to the National Library. One University of the Philippines professor returned more than 6,000 documents. Among the retrieved documents were the manuscript of Andres Bonifacio’s trial, the Declaration of Independence, the Pact of Biac-na-Bato and Leonor Rivera’s letter to Rizal’s parents dated Dec. 10,1893.

[2] Agoncillo, page 157

[3] Dean Conant Worcester, in his 1914 book The Philippines: Past and Present (Worcester 1914), says:
"Invitations to the ceremony of the declaration of independence were sent to Admiral Dewey; but neither he nor any of his officers were present. It was, however, important to Aguinaldo that some American should be there whom the assembled people would consider a representative of the United States. 'Colonel' Johnson, ex-hotel keeper of Shanghai, who was in the Philippines exhibiting a cinematograph, kindly consented to appear on this occasion as Aguinaldo's Chief of Artillery and the representative of the North American nation. His name does not appear subsequently among the papers of Aguinaldo. It is possible that his position as colonel and chief of artillery was a merely temporary one which enabled him to appear in a uniform which would befit the character of the representative of a great people upon so solemn an occasion!"
Worcester attributes this to "Taylor, 26 A J.", referring to Major J. R. M. Taylor, who translated and compiled Insurgent records

[4] Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (1972), "Philippine Declaration of Independence", The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Manila: National Historical Commission, diakses tanggal 2008-03-26 . (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)

[5] Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (1972), "Facsimile of the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite, June 12, 1898", The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Manila: National Historical Commission, diakses tanggal 2008-03-26 . (Original handwritten Spanish)

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