Realisme defensif

Neorealisme defensif adalah teori struktural yang diambil dari aliran realisme dalam teori hubungan internasional. Neorealisme defensif berakar dari Theory of International Politics karya Kenneth Waltz. Waltz berpendapat bahwa struktur sistem internasional yang anarkis mendorong negara untuk mempertahankan kebijakan moderat dan isolasionis demi menciptakan keamanan.[1] Sebaliknya, realisme ofensif berpendapat bahwa negara ingin memaksimalkan kekuasaan dan pengaruhnya demi meraih keamanan melalui dominasi dan hegemoni.[2] Neorealisme defensif menyatakan bahwa perluasan agresif a la neorealis ofensif mengubah kecenderungan negara untuk mematuhi teori keseimbangan kekuasaan, lantas mengurangi nilai tujuan utama negara, yaitu menjamin keamanan nasionalnya.[3] Meski realisme defensif tidak membantah adanya konflik antarnegara atau ketiadaan pemicu perluasan negara, realisme defensif menyatakan bahwa pemicu tersebut bersifat sporadis, tidak endemis. Neorealisme defensif condong ke "pengubah struktur" seperti dilema keamanan dan geografi, serta kepercayaan dan persepsi kaum elit, untuk menjelaskan konflik.[4]

Catatan kaki

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  1. ^ Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw Hill (1979)
  2. ^ Mearsheimer, John J., The Tragedy of Great Power Politics New York: W.W. Norton (2001)
  3. ^ Layne, C, “The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers Will Rise International Studies Review 5 (2003) 303-324
  4. ^ Taliaferro, Jeffery W., "Security Seeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited" International Security 25:3 (2000/01): 128-161

Referensi

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  • Anon. “National Security Strategy for the United States of America” U.S. Department of State (2002): 1. Accessed 25 August 2014
  • Glaser, Charles L., “The Security Dilemma Revisited” World Politics 50:1 (Oct., 1997): 171-201
  • Herz, John H., Political Realism and Political Idealism Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1951)
  • Jervis, Robert, “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma” World Politics 30:2 (1978): 167-214
  • Layne, C, “The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers Will Rise International Studies Review 5 (2003) 303-324
  • Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (2010)
  • Mearsheimer, John J., “China’s Unpeaceful Rise” Current History 105 (2006)
  • Mearsheimer, John J., “The False Promise of International Institutions” International Security 19:3 (1994-1995): 5-49
  • Mearsheimer, John J., The Tragedy of Great Power Politics New York: W.W. Norton (2001)
  • Morgenthau, Hans, 1948. Politics Among Nations, (New York: Knopf)
  • Pashakhanlou, Arash H., "Back to the Drawing Board: A Critique of Offensive Realism" International Relations 27:2 (2013): 202-225
  • Taliaferro, Jeffery W., "Security Seeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited" International Security 25:3 (2000/01): 128-161
  • Toft, Peter. "John J. Mearsheimer: an Offensive Realist Between Geopolitics and Power." International Relations and Development 8 (2005): 381-408
  • Schweller, R.L., Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power Princeton University Press (2006)
  • Snyder, Glenn H., “Mearsheimer’s World—Offensive Realism and the Struggle for Security: A Review Essay” International Security 27:1 (2002): 149-174
  • Snyder, Jack, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition Cornell University Press (1991)
  • Van Evera, S., Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict Ithaca: Cornell University Press (1999)
  • Van Evera, S., “Offense, Defense and the Causes of War" International Security 22 (1998): 5-43
  • Walt, Stephen M., "Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power" International Security 9:4 (1985): 3-43
  • Walt, Stephen M., “The Enduring Relevance of the Realist Tradition” Political Science: State of the Discipline New York: Norton (2002): 197-230
  • Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw Hill (1979)