A Cyborg Manifesto

 

"A Cyborg Manifesto" bụ edemede Donna Haraway dere ma bipụta ya na 1985 na Socialist Review (US). N'ime ya, echiche nke cyborg na-anọchite anya njụta ​​nke ókèala ndị siri ike, karịsịa ndị na-ekewa "mmadụ" na "anụmanụ" na "mmadụ" na "igwe." Haraway na-ede, sị: "Cyborg adịghị nrọ nke obodo na ihe nlereanya nke ezinụlọ organic, oge a na-enweghị ọrụ oedipal. The cyborg agaghị aghọta Ogige Iden, ọ bụghị nke apịtị na-enweghị ike nrọ nke ịlaghachi n'ájá.^[1]

"Manifesto" na-agbagha echiche ọdịnala nke feminism, karịsịa nwanyị nke na-elekwasị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, kama na-akwado nkwado site na mmekọrịta. Haraway na-eji echiche nke cyborg na-anọchite anya plasticity nke njirimara na igosi njedebe nke njirimara ndị mmadụ na-etinye; "Manifesto" a na-ewere dị ka nnukwu ihe dị ịrịba ama na mmepe nke echiche feminist posthumanist.^[2]

Nchịkọta

Haraway, onye edemede, na 2006

Haraway malitere "Manifesto" site n'ịkọwa mmebi ókèala atọ kemgbe narị afọ nke 20 nke nyere ohere maka ngwakọta ya, akụkọ ifo cyborg: ndị dị n'etiti mmadụ na anụmanụ, anụmanụ-mmadụ na igwe, na anụ ahụ na nke na-abụghị anụ ahụ. Evolution, ọ na-azọrọ, emeela ka akara dị n'etiti mmadụ na anụmanụ ghara ịdị mma; igwe nke narị afọ nke 20 emeela ka eriri dị n'agbata okike na nke aka mere ghara ịdị mma. ^[1] microelectronics na enweghị ike ịhụ ihe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke cyborgs emeela ka usoro nke physicality ghara ịdị mma mma.

Akụkụ Haraway bụ ụzọ ọhụrụ iji nyochaa ọdịiche ọdịbendị na okike. Ọ na-ewebata ikike nke ontology ọhụrụ nke ngwakọta nke okike na ọdịbendị site na cyborg, njikọta nke igwe na ihe dị ndụ. Ojiji Haraway ji cyborg mee ihe na-egosi echiche ya banyere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha nke dichotomies dị ka okike / ọdịbendị, uche / ahụ, na idealism / materialism. Cyborgs nke Haraway bụ ngwakọta nke echiche na ihe onwunwe. Cyborg bụ dualism, n'adịghị ka dichotomy; enwere uru a ghọtara na mgbagwoju anya nke ókèala nke ụdị ndị a kpaara ókè. Mkpa maka nkewa n'etiti ọdịbendị na okike adịghịzi mkpa, cyborg na-apụta site na ngwakọta nke ókèala ahụ.

Nsogbu na nkwenkwe ndị bishọp nke ọdịda anyanwụ

Haraway na-eme ka ihe ọ na-ahụ dị ka ojiji na-enye nsogbu na izi ezi nke echiche ọdịda anyanwụ dị ka nna ochie, ọchịchị, mkpa, na naturalism (n'etiti ndị ọzọ). Omenala ndị a na-enye ohere maka nhazi nsogbu nke taxonomies (na njirimara nke Ndị ọzọ) na ihe Haraway na-akọwa dị ka "dualisms na-emegide" nke na-ahazi okwu ọdịda anyanwụ. Dualisms ndị a, Haraway na-ekwu, "ha niile bụ usoro na omume nke ịchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-acha, okike, ndị ọrụ, ụmụ anụmanụ... niile [ndị] mejupụtara dị ka ndị ọzọ. "Ọ na-eme ka dualisms ndị nwere nsogbu nke onwe / ndị ọzọ, ọdịbendị / okike, nwoke / nwanyị mepere emepe / mbụ, aka nri / ezighi ezi, eziokwu / echiche efu, zuru oke / akụkụ, Chineke / nwoke (n'etiti ndị ọzọ). Ọ na-akọwa na dualisms ndị a na-asọ mpi n'etiti onwe ha, na-emepụta mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ịchịkwa (karịsịa n'etiti Otu na Onye nke ọzọ). Otú ọ dị, ọdịbendị dị elu na-enye ihe ịma aka na dualisms ndị a na-emegide.

E nwekwara echiche na cyborgs bụ ihe ndị a na-ejikọtaghị site na ọmụmụ ihe. Haraway na-emekwa ka cyborg dị iche na echiche ndị ọzọ na-enweghị na nne na nna ha dị ka Frankenstein's monster, n'ihi na nne na nne na nwa ahụ abụghịzi njikọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụ nke a chọrọ. Haraway na-ese cyborg dị ka nwa iwu na-akwadoghị nke nna ukwu; n'ihi na anaghị achọ njikọ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-enweghị isi, cyborg anaghị ejide mmalite ya nke nna ukwu, nna ochie, na nke nnwere onwe ọhụrụ. E nwere ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na anụ ahụ nke na-esite na njikọ aka na ihe ndị dị ndụ na igwe ndị na-eme ka njirimara nke cyborgs bụrụ njirimara na-adịgide adịgide, na-etinye akụkụ nke abụọ ahụ. Mgbalị a bụ ịhụ site n'echiche abụọ ahụ n'otu oge, ma nwee ike inye ihe atụ maka nguzogide, dịka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Haraway bụ maka mkpa maka ịdị n'otu nke ndị mmadụ n'ihu ihe ọ na-ezo aka na ya dị ka "mmụba ụwa niile nke ọchịchị".

Echiche Cyborg

Echiche cyborg nke Haraway jụrụ echiche nke essentialism, na-atụ aro kama ụwa chimeric, nke dị egwu nke njikọta n'etiti anụmanụ na igwe. Echiche Cyborg na-adabere n'ide akwụkwọ dị ka "nkà na ụzụ nke cyborgs," ma na-ekwusi ike na " ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị cyborg bụ ọgụ maka asụsụ na ọgụ megide nkwurịta okwu zuru oke, megide otu koodu nke na-asụgharị ihe niile n'ụzọ zuru oke, nkwenkwe dị mkpa nke phallogocentrism. " Kama nke ahụ, cyborg Haraway na-akpọ maka ihe atụ na-enweghị isi nke nwere ike ijikọ njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịgasị iche iche n'usoro nke njikọ karịa njirimara. N'ịgbaso ndị Lacanian feminists dị ka Luce Irigaray, ọrụ Haraway na-ekwu maka oghere dị n'etiti okwu ụmụ nwanyị na asụsụ kachasị nke ndị isi ọdịda anyanwụ. Dị ka Haraway na-akọwa, "grammar bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ," na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị irè chọrọ ikwu okwu n'asụsụ nke ọchịchị.^[1] N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, dị ka Haraway na-ekwu, "Akụkọ cyborg ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrụ nke recoding nkwurịta okwu na ọgụgụ isi iji mebie iwu na nchịkwa. " Akụkọ ndị a bụ "ngwá ọrụ nkwurịta Okwu" nke "nwere ike ịtụ aro ụzọ si n'ọgba aghara nke dualisms nke anyị kọwara ahụ anyị," dualisms na-ebute echiche efu nke nkwurịta ihe zuru oke. Haraway kwuru na Octavia Butler, John Varley, na Vonda McIntyre bụ ndị edemede / ndị na-ese ihe nke ọrụ ha bụ akụkọ sayensị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke akụkọ cyborg.

Ka ọ na-akọwapụta na chaatị nke mgbanwe paradigmatic site na nke oge a gaa na postmodern epistemology n'ime Manifesto, isiokwu mmadụ dị n'otu nke njirimara agbanweela na ngwakọta post-human nke teknụzụ sayensị, site na "nkwado" gaa na "simulation", "akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọgaranya" gaa na ""reproduction" na "white capitalist patriarchy" gaa na 'informatics of domination".^[1] Ọ bụ ezie na "ọchịchọ na-emegide onwe ya nke asụsụ nkịtị" sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke arụmụka Irigaray maka okwu ọzọ na-abụghị nna ochie, ọ jụrụ iwu Irigaray nke nwanyị-dị ka-ọ bụghị nwoke iji arụmụka maka obodo asụsụ nke dị n'ebe dị, nke na-enweghị onye aka ya dị ọcha.

Na mkparịta ụka ya banyere echiche cyborg, Haraway kọwara ụwa abụọ nwere ike ịpụta site na ịnakwere njirimara cyborg. Ọdịnihu mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'echiche nke ndị Socialist na ndị inyom siri ike, bụ na mmebi nke ókèala dị n'etiti ihe dị ndụ na teknụzụ ga-anọchite anya mmeri ikpeazụ nke ahụ a na-emegbu emegbu. Ọdịnihu nke abụọ, nke Haraway na-enye dị ka ihe ọzọ na nkatọ ya banyere echiche abụọ, na-enye ohere maka ikwu n'etiti ókèala na ịnabata njirimara na-emegiderịta onwe ya. Ọdịnihu ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ime arụmụka ya maka echiche cyborg n'ihi na ọ na-ahụ nkwenye nke ohere abụọ ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ịghọta ike mmegbu na ịkwadebe maka otu ọganihu teknụzụ ga-esi gbanwee ụzọ ndị ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yana njirimara na ikwu ga-arụ ọrụ na ọdịnihu.^[1]

Nkatọ nke ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị

Haraway na-emegide ụfọdụ ndị inyom ọdịnala, nke gosipụtara na nkwupụta na-akọwa otu "ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke si akwado ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ya mere ha nwere ọnọdụ epistemological (nke metụtara ozizi nke ihe ọmụma) nwere ike. "Echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru echiche zuru oke na ụmụ nwoke niile bụ otu ụzọ, na ụmụ nwanyị ọzọ, ebe "ozizi cyborg nke ihe niile na akụkụ," anaghị achọ ịkọwa ihe n'ozuzu. Haraway na-atụ aro na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịgafe ọdịdị na ịdị mkpa, na-akatọ usoro ụmụ nwanyị dị ka " ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara" nke na-emetụta ndị a na-ewepụ, ọ na-atụkwa aro na ọ ka mma iji mebie njirimara. Nkatọ ya na-elekwasị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ nwanyị. Onye nke mbụ, ka o dere, na-eme "ịgbasawanye ụdị ọrụ na ihe (ụfọdụ) ụmụ nwanyị mere". Ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị nke Socialist anaghị eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama kama ọ na-ewulite ịdị n'otu nke na-adịbeghị tupu - ya bụ, nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụmụ nwanyị siri ike, dị ka Catharine MacKinnon si kwuo, na-akọwa ụwa ebe nwanyị na-adị naanị na-emegide nwoke. Echiche nke nwanyị na-ewulite na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime usoro nna ochie nke ọha mmadụ na ụmụ nwanyị dị naanị n'ihi na ụmụ nwoke emeela ka ha dịrị. Nwanyị dị ka onwe ya adịghị adị. Haraway na-akatọ ma mgbe ọ na-ede na "mkpesa m banyere echiche ndị Socialist / Marxist bụ ihichapụ ha na-enweghị isi nke polyvocal, unassimible, nnukwu ọdịiche a na-ahụ anya na okwu na omume na-emegide ọchịchị" na "ikwu na MacKinnon nke ọdịiche niile site na ngwaọrụ nke 'dị mkpa' na-adịghị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị anaghị emesi obi ike" (299). ^[1]

Haraway na-akatọkwa ụmụ nwanyị ọcha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site n'ịkọwa ọgụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara: ọ na-atụ aro na nwanyị na-agba ọbara "nwere ike ịghọta dị ka njirimara cyborg, njirimara dị ike nke sitere na njikọta nke njirimara ndị ọzọ na n'ime usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mgbagwoju anya nke 'biomythography' ya".^[1]

Iji gbochie okwu dị mkpa na nke na-ekwekọghị n'oge nke ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi ime mmụọ, ndị na-alụ ọgụ megide nna ochie na ihe owuwu nke oge a nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka okike na ndị nne ala, Haraway na-eji cyborg iji gbanwee ụmụ nwanyị n'ime koodu cybernetic.

Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka ime ihe

Haraway na-akpọ oku ka a gbanwee echiche nke okike, na-apụ na Western patriarchal essentialism na-aga "ọhụụ utopian nke olileanya maka ụwa dị egwu na-enweghị okike," na-ekwu na "Cyborgs nwere ike ịtụle akụkụ nke mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. Okike nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ njirimara zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọbụlagodi na ọ nwere omimi akụkọ ihe mere eme".^[1]

Haraway na-akpọkwa maka iwughachi njirimara, nke na-abụghịzi nke okike na taxonomy kama nke ahụ site na nkekọ, ebe ndị mmadụ nwere ike iwulite otu nke ha site na nhọrọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ìgwè nwere ike iwulite "ọdịdị post-modernist site na ịdị iche, ọdịiche, na kpọmkwem" dị ka ụzọ isi gbochie ọdịnala ọdịda anyanwụ nke njirimara pụrụ iche.

Mmelite na mmezigharị

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ ihe atụ nke cyborg nke Haraway dị ka nkwupụta post-gender, Haraway emeela ka o doo anya na post-genderism na ajụjụ ọnụ ụfọdụ.^[3] Ọ kwetara na arụmụka ya na "Manifesto" na-achọ ịma mkpa ọ dị maka ịhazi okike, mana ọ naghị ejikọta arụmụka a na post-genderism. Ọ na-eme ka ọdịiche a doo anya n'ihi na a na-ejikọkarị post-genderism na okwu nke echiche utopian nke ịbụ karịa nwoke na nwanyị. Haraway na-ekwu na ụdị okike ka dị ọtụtụ ma nwee ihe ọ pụtara, mana ọ na-enye nsogbu ma ya mere a ga-ewepụ ya dị ka ụdị maka njirimara.^[3]

Ntinye nke Cyborg

Ọ bụ ezie na Haraway bu n'uche ka echiche ya banyere cyborg bụrụ nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọ kwetara na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na mgbasa ozi a ma ama ewerela echiche ya ma tinye ya n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Haraway maara ma na-anabata ojiji dị iche iche nke echiche ya nke cyborg, mana ọ kwetara na "ndị mmadụ ole na ole na-ewere ihe m na-ewere dịka akụkụ ya niile".^[3] Wired Magazine leghaara echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke cyborg anya ma jiri ya mee nkọwa nkịtị banyere enmeshment nke ụmụ mmadụ na teknụzụ. N'agbanyeghị nke a, Haraway makwaara na ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ "na-anabata ma jiri cyborg nke nkwupụta mee ihe ha chọrọ maka ebumnuche nke ha".^[3]

Nwa agbọghọ na-arụ ọrụ

Shelley Jackson, onye dere Patchwork Girl.Nwa agbọghọ na-arụ ọrụ.

Nwa nwanyị Patchwork, ọrụ hypertext, na-eji ihe sitere na "A Cyborg Manifesto". Patchwork Girl's "thematic lekwasịrị anya na njikọ dị n'etiti nnukwu anụrị, isiokwu na teknụzụ ọmụmụ ọhụrụ pụtara ìhè site na ibe mbụ ya, mgbe ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ, mepee hypertext ka ịchọta foto nke ahụ nwanyị nwere ọnya na gba ọtọ gbakọtara na otu otu. ahịrị nwere ntụpọ...Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ tinye ederede site na ịpị na ahụ a wee soro 'ụkwụ' ya ma ọ bụ njikọ na akụkụ dị iche iche nke ederede."[1] Na akụkọ Jackson, Nwanyị Patchwork bụ nnukwu anụ nwanyị kwụsịrị ime nke Victor Frankenstein mepụtara. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mary Shelley nke 1818 Frankenstein, ma ọ bụ The Modern Prometheus, anụ ọhịa na-asọ oyi na nke jọgburu onwe ya nke bụ "akụkụ nwoke, akụkụ nwanyị, akụkụ anụmanụ, 175 afọ, na 'gbasara' site na teknụzụ hypertext."[1] Nnukwu anụ ahụ na-eso ya. mbibi nke Victor, na Mary Shelley onwe ya sewn azụ ọnụ, mgbe n'out oge na-aghọ Mary hụrụ n'anya; ọ bụ ya mere, "cyborg bụ onye na-adịghị mma, nke na-adịghị mma, na nke na-ahụ anya na-ahụ anya. Ọ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ma na-emebi nchegbu na uru na ihe ize ndụ nke nkà na ụzụ ọmụmụ site na ịnakwere ihe niile dị egwu nke na-eme ka nyocha ọmụmụ / nwa ebu n'afọ na-eche na ọ ga-ejide' na otu ụbọchị gbochie."[1] Nwa agbọghọ Patchwork nakweere echiche Haraway banyere mmadụ mgbe ọ nọ na cybernetic ma n'ọtụtụ anụ ahụ ya na ihe ịma aka ya maka "ihe oyiyi na echiche efu na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ịmụ nwa..^[4][4]

"Chi nwanyị Cyborg"

Ọkà mmụta nkatọ nke Turkey bụ Leman Giresunlu na-eji cyborg Haraway dị ka usoro iji nyochaa ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo sayensị ugbu a dị ka Lara Croft: Tomb Raider na Resident Evil na edemede ya "Cyborg Goddesses: The Mainframe Revisited" [1] N'edemede a, ọ na-enyocha otú echiche ọhụrụ ya banyere chi nwanyị cyborg, nwanyị nwanyị "nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbu na obi ụtọ n'otu oge", nwere ike iji mee ka ọ ghọta otú ihe nnọchiteanya nwanyị si na-atụgharị gaa n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Giresunlu na-ewuli site na Haraway's cyborg n'ihi na chi nwanyị cyborg na-agabiga "inye ụzọ pụọ ​​n'ụdị abụọ ahụ" kama na-enye ka mmụọ na nkà na ụzụ si arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mepụta ihe nnọchianya dị mgbagwoju anya na nke ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị.^[5]

"Iche Ihe"

N'ime edemede ya "Mind Over Matter: Mental Evolution and Physical Devolution in The Incredible Shrinking Man", onye ọkà mmụta America na-akatọ Ruthellen Cunnally na-eji cyborg nke Haraway iji nyere aka ịghọta otú Robert Scott Carey, onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke The Incredsible Shrinking man, si gbanwee ghọọ cyborg n'etiti ihe atụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agha oyi n'ụlọ ya. Ka Robert na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata, ike nwoke na nwanyị dị n'etiti ya na nwunye ya Louise na-agbanwe site na "ala di / nwunye gaa n'ụdị nne / nwa".^[6] Mgbe Robert hụrụ onwe ya furu efu n'ime oghere ụmụ nwanyị nke ala, mpaghara ụlọ nke e debere maka ọrụ ụlọ Louise nke ịkwa akwa na ịsa ahụ, a manyere ya ịlụ ọgụ maka ndụ ya ma weghachite nwoke ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike imeri ụfọdụ n'ime ndị iro ya ma weghachite "nwoke" ya, usoro okike anaghị eguzobe ọzọ n'ihi na ọ dịghị onye ga-ekerịta ma tinye usoro ike okike okike. Mgbanwe Robert gosipụtara "ọdịdị nke a tọhapụrụ nnabata na ihe ọ pụtara site na njedebe nke dualisms patriarchal", nke kwekọrọ na cyborg Haraway.^[6]

Nnyocha na nkatọ

Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala akatọwo "A Cyborg Manifesto" dị ka onye na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na ọ na-agọnahụ ihe ọ bụla yiri ahụmahụ ụmụ nwanyị.^[3] Na "Manifesto", Haraway dere "ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara ịbụ 'nwaanyị' nke na-ejikọta ụmụ nwanyị", nke na-emegide njirimara nkọwa nke ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha sonye iji kwado ndị otu ha.^{[1]   [citation needed]}

Nkatọ na esemokwu gbara akụkọ mbipụta nke edemede ahụ gburugburu: East Coast Collective of the Socialist Review hụrụ mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ "ịnakwere teknụzụ na-enweghị isi" ma kwado megide mbipụta ya, ebe The Berkeley Collective mechara sie ọnwụ na ọ ga-aga ibipụta.^[7] A kọwawo edemede ahụ dị ka "na-ese okwu" na "viral" na mgbasa ya site na ọtụtụ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ na ókèala ịdọ aka ná ntị, na-enye aka n'okwu nkatọ na nkwupụta ya.^[8]Arụmụka a kwekọrọ na ọnụnọ ya; Jackie Orr, Associate Professor of Sociology na Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University, dere, "Ọ na-esiri ike ịbụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na US humanities ma ọ bụ sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mgbe 1985 gasịrị ma ghara imetụta ya n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na Cyborg Manifesto. Nkwado ngwa ngwa nke isiokwu ahụ n'etiti agụmakwụkwọ mekwara ka ọ dịkwuo ọsọ nke mkparịta ụka dị oke egwu gbara ọrụ ahụ gburugburu, na 1990, Haraway chere na ndụ ya "na-eju anya"^[9][10]

Many critiques of "A Cyborg Manifesto" focus on a basic level of reader comprehension and writing style, such as Orr's observation that "undergraduate students in a science and technology class find the Cyborg Manifesto curiously relevant but somewhat impenetrable to read."^[11] This is corroborated by Helen Merrick and Margret Grebowicz's observation that scientists who reviewed Primate Visions had similar issues, particularly as related to Haraway's use of irony.^[12] Judy Wajcman, Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science, suggests in TechnoFeminism that "the openness of her writing to a variety of readings is intentional," which "can sometimes make Haraway difficult to interpret;" however, it does not seem that Wajcman critiques Haraway's tone for its capability to encompass more possibilities, rather than limit them. Wajcman concludes her chapter "Send in the Cyborgs" on a critical note, claiming that "Certainly, Haraway is much stronger at providing evocative figurations of a new feminist subjectivity than she is at providing guidelines for a practical emancipatory politics."^[13]

Banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti cyborg na okpukpe, Robert A. Campbell na-ekwu na "n'agbanyeghị mbọ Haraway na-agba ịkwaga ọdịnala ọdịda anyanwụ ma na-enye olileanya ọhụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na site n'ịgbasawanye ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ na ụwa, ihe ọ na-enye n'ezie bụ nkwado ọzọ maka ịzụta n'ime okpukpe obodo America nke teknụzụ dị elu. "N'agbanyeghị ihe ụfọdụ nwere ike ile anya dị ka nkatọ siri ike nke ugbu a na iwu nwere ike iyi egwu maka ọdịnihu, eziokwu dị otú ahụ abụghị ihe dị otú ahụ" nke Haraway.^[14]

E wezụga ọnụnọ ya n'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, "A Cyborg Manifesto" enwekwara mmasị a ma ama gụnyere Wired nke Hari Kunzru na Mute, ^[15] BuzzFeed, ^[16] yana Vice. ^[17] Akụkọ ndị na-echeta ihe na-eme mgbe niile na-eme ememe ncheta ya.^[18]

N'afọ 2018, onye na-ahụ maka ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ na onye na-akọwa onwe ya Cy Cy kwuru na "A Cyborg Manifesto" ehichapụrụ ndị nwere nkụ ma were ịma mma nke nkwarụ.^[19]

Nwa e bu n'afọ dị ka cyborg

Ọkà mmụta Marilyn Maness Mehaffy dere na "nwa e bu n'afọ bụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ cyborg kachasị n'ihi na 'e kere' ya n'ime oghere nke na-agafe ókèala dị n'etiti ahụ na ederede dijitalụ. " ^[20] Ma ọ bụ cyborg a na-enye njedebe na echiche post-human nke Haraway. Nwa e bu n'afọ, dị ka onye ọkà mmụta Heather Latimer si kwuo, "a na-eche n'ihu ọha dị ka onye na-anọghị n'ahụ [nne ya] ma bụrụkwa onye na-enweghị ihe eji agụ ihe eji eme ihe iji gụọ ahụ a. Anyị maara na ihe oyiyi nwa e bu n" bụ ihe ngosi, ma sonogram na-akpọ oku dị ka ihe e bu n "ọbịaghachi ikike na ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime" N'itinye nwa e bu ụzọ dị ime, na-enweghị usoro ọmụmụ nke usoro ọmụmụ nke nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ, na-eme ka usoro ọmụmụ nke ụmụ mmadụ.^[4]]

Akụkọ mbipụta

bHaraway malitere ide "Manifesto" n'afọ 1983 iji dozie arịrịọ Socialist Review maka ndị American socialist femists iji tụgharịa uche n'ọdịnihu nke socialist femism n'ihe gbasara mmalite Oge Reagan na ọdịda nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe. Nsụgharị mbụ nke edemede ahụ nwere njikọ siri ike nke ndị Socialist Review East Coast Collective hụrụ na ọ na-ese okwu nke ukwuu ibipụta. The Berkeley Socialist Review Collective bipụtara edemede ahụ na 1985 n'okpuru onye nchịkọta akụkọ Jeff Escoffier . ^[3] A gụrụ edemede ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka akụkụ nke akwụkwọ Haraway nke 1991 Simians, Cyborgs and Women . ^[21] N'afọ 2006, e bipụtara mbipụta dị iche iche nke Manifesto na The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments na-ejikọta ọdịiche dị iche iche site na nsụgharị dị iche iche na ntinye aka na ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta nke kewara na ederede ahụ.^[22]

Hụkwa

• Ịbụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ịntanetị
• Ọchịchị mgbe mmadụ nwụsịrị
• Alaeze Ukwu ahụ Na-emeghachi omume: Manifesto Posttranssexual

Ebem si dee

1. Full text of the article "Cyborg Manifesto" (an archived copy, in the Wayback Machine). It is the full text of the article: Haraway (1991). "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. Routledge. ISBN 0415903866.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "fulltext" defined multiple times with different content
2. Tolliver (2022). "Cyborg Liberation: Donna Haraway's Cyborg Feminism as an Emancipatory Model of Identity" (in en) 20 (1): 141–153. DOI:10.7916/mar4-1k48. 
3. Haraway (2004). "'Cyborgs, Coyotes, and Dogs: A Kinship of Feminist Figurations' and 'There are Always More Things Going on Than You Thought! Methodologies as Thinking Technologies'", The Haraway Reader. Routledge, 321–341. ISBN 0-415-96688-4.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
4. Latimer, Heather. "Reproductive Technologies, Fetal Icons, and Genetic Freaks: Shelley Jackson"s Patchwork Girl and the Limits and Possibilities of Donna Haraway's Cyborg." Modern Fiction Studies 57.2 (2011): 318-335.
5. Giresunlu (2009). "Cyborg Goddesses: The Mainframe Revisited", Cyberculture and New Media, At the Interface / Probing the Boundaries, 157–187. DOI:10.1163/9789401206747_008. ISBN 9789401206747. 
6. Cunnally (March 2013). "Mind Over Matter: Mental Evolution and Physical Devolution in The Incredible Shrinking Man". Journal of Popular Film and Television 41: 2–9. DOI:10.1080/01956051.2012.674070. 
7. Kafer (2013). Feminist, Queer, Crip. Indiana: Indiana University Press. 
8. Schneider (Summer 2012). "Haraway's Viral Cyborg". Women's Studies Quarterly 40 (1/2). DOI:10.1353/wsq.2012.0028. 
9. Orr (Summer 2012). "Materializing a Cyborg's Manifesto". Women's Studies Quarterly 40 (1/2). DOI:10.1353/wsq.2012.0008. 
10. Gandy (2010). "The Persistence of Complexity: Re-reading Donna Haraway's Cyborg Manifesto". AA Files 60 (60): 42–44. 
11. Orr (Summer 2012). "Materializing a Cyborg's Manifesto". Women's Studies Quarterly 40 (1/2). DOI:10.1353/wsq.2012.0008. 
12. Grebowicz (2013). Beyond the Cyborg: Adventures with Donna Haraway.. New York: NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231520737. Retrieved on 9 October 2015. 
13. Wajcman (2013). TechnoFeminism. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780745630441. Retrieved on 9 October 2015. 
14. Campbell (2001). "CYBORG SALVATION HISTORY: Donna Haraway and the Future of Religion". Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 26 (1/2): 154–173. 
15. Fernandez (7 October 2001). Whatever Happened to Cyborg Manifesto?. Mute. Retrieved on 21 September 2015.
16. Mlotek (8 May 2014). You"re A Woman, I"m A Machine Self-help for the "working woman" isn"t helping.. BuzzFeed.com. BuzzFeed. Retrieved on 12 October 2015.
17. Wyck (2017-07-28). Siri is Not 'Genderless'. Vice. Retrieved on 25 November 2017.
18. 25 years later: Donna Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto". sentient developments. Retrieved on 22 September 2015.
19. Common Cyborg (en-US). Granta (2018-09-24). Retrieved on 2022-01-11.
20. Mehaffy (2000). "Fetal attractions: the limit of cyborg theory". Women's Studies 29 (2): 177–194. DOI:10.1080/00497878.2000.9979307. 
21. Haraway (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women: the reinvention of nature.. New York: Routledge, 149–182. ISBN 978-0415903875. 
22. Weiss (2005). The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments. Berlin: Springer, 117–158. ISBN 978-1-4020-3803-7.