Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya
| |
---|---|
A mụrụ ya | Yasnaya Polyana, RussiaRọshịa
| 18 Julaị 1884
Nwụrụ | 26 Septemba 1979 | (afọ 95)
Nne na Nna | Leo Tolstoy Sophia Tolstaya |
Countess Alexandra (Sasha) Lvovna Tolstaya (Russian: Александра Львовна Толстая; 18 June 1884 - 26 Septemba 1979), nke a na-akpọkarị Tolstoy, bụ nwa nwanyị nke ọdụdụ na odeakwụkwọ nke onye edemede Russia a ma ama..[1][2][3]
Ada Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) na nwunye ya Sophia (1844–1919), Alexandra nọ nna ya nso. Na 1901, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ya. Ọ họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-emezu uche ya, ọrụ ọ ga-arụ na 1910.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na Alexandra na-ekerịta nkwenkwe nna ya n'emeghị ihe ike, ọ chere na ọ bụ ọrụ ya isonye na ihe omume nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ ma jee ozi dị ka onye nọọsụ na Turkey na Germany. Nke a mere ka a na-agba ya ọkụ wee banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'onwe ya. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta nke ihe odide nna ya. Otú ọ dị, mgbe o kwere ka ndị White Russia zukọta n’ebe obibi ya dị na Moscow, ndị Bolshevik nwụchiri ya ugboro ise, na 1920 a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ otu afọ..[4]
N'afọ 1921, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Tolstoy na Yasnaya Polyana. E nyere ya ikike ịhapụ Soviet Union na 1929 wee gaa Japan n'otu afọ ahụ.[5] Na mbụ e nyere ya ikike ịnọ ọnwa isii iji gụọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ mechara nọrọ na mba ahụ ọnwa 18. [6][7] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Tolstoy na dị ka onye nkụzi Russia, ma bụrụ onye ndị edemede na agụmakwụkwọ Japan kwadoro. [6][7]
N'afọ 1931, ọ hapụrụ Japan wee biri na United States, ebe ọ na-ekwu okwu ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ. Afọ ole na ole n'ime ndụ a, Tatiana Schaufuss, enyi ochie nke nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na n'ebe a chụgara ya na Siberia, letara ya. Ha abụọ, na 1939 hiwere Tolstoy Foundation . [4]
N'afọ 1934, o dere akwụkwọ banyere ndụ ya nke akpọrọ "M rụrụ ọrụ maka Soviet" ma Yale University Press bipụtara ya. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa ihe isi ike ọ chere ihu ibi na Russia n'oge na mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị.
Tolstaya ghọrọ nwa amaala US na 1941, na-ahapụ iji utu aha countess. [8]
N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1948, Tolstaya zutere Onye omeiwu United States dị afọ iri na asatọ bụ Mike Gravel, onye bu n'obi inye onwe ya maka Ndị agha Israel n'ọgụ iji chebe steeti Israel, a na-ekwu na ọ gwara ya ka ọ "ga n'ụlọ ma gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ", nke o mezuru.[9][10]
Na 1974, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu, Tolstaya natara ekele ụbọchị ọmụmụ site n'aka Onye isi ala United States Richard Nixon, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, na ndị ọzọ, New York Times gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ.[1] Ebe a chụpụrụ nna ya na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Rọshịa maka ozizi ya, o kwuru, sị: