Asụsụ Pulaar

Pulaar (n'asụsụ Adlam, n'asụsụ Ajami) bụ Fula_language" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fula language">Asụsụ Fula nke ndị Fula na Toucouleur na-asụ dịka asụsụ mbụ [1] n'ógbè ndagwurugwu Osimiri Senegal nke a maara dị ka Futa Tooro na 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪 na ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị na-asụ Pulaar, ndị a maara dị ka Haalpulaar'en bi na Senegal, Mauritania, Gambia, na ọdịda anyanwụ Mali. Ndị isi abụọ [2]-asụ Pulaar bụ ndị Toucouleur na Fulɓe (nke a makwaara dị ka Fulani ma ọ bụ Peul). [1] Pulaar bụ asụsụ nke abụọ a na-asụkarị na Senegal, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ mbụ maka ihe dị ka 22% nke ndị bi na ya. Nke na-emetụta 23.7% nke mba nke Pulaar bụ agbụrụ ndị bi na ya. Pulaar [3] otu n'ime asụsụ mba nke Senegal tinyere 13 ndị ọzọ. [3] nabatara ya dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị nke Senegal site na iwu onye isi ala na 1971. [1] [4] nwere ihe dị ka asụsụ 28 a maara nke Pulaar, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ibe ha na-aghọta. A na-akpọkarị olumba Pulaar, yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa, n'okpuru okwu nche anwụ 'Fula' Pulaar dị ka asụsụ, agbanyeghị, anaghị akpọkarị 'Fula'.

Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị dialectal, mana ha niile na-aghọta ibe ha.

Pulaar ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na Pular, ụdị ọzọ nke Fula a na-asụ na Guinea (gụnyere mpaghara Futa Djallon). Ụdị Pulaar na Pular nke Fula na-aghọta ibe ha ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

Edere Pulaar ugbu a n'asụsụ Latịn na Adlam, mana edekwara ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'edemede Arabic nke a maara dị ka "ọdịdị Ajami" (lee mkpụrụedemede Fula).

Okwu Pulaar na-asụgharị ka ọ bụrụ 'asụsụ nke Fulɓe' dịka ogwe /pul/ bụ otu ụdị Fulɓe na nsonaazụ /-aar/ pụtara asụsụ. E kwenyere na asụsụ ahụ malitere na Fuuta Tooro mgbe ndị nna nna nke ndị Toucouleur malitere ịsụ asụsụ Fulɓe. [2] ahụ, A kwenyere na okwu Haalpulaar'en (nke pụtara 'ndị na-asụ asụsụ Pulaar') ka emepụtara iji tinye aka na ndị na-asụ Fulbe na-abụghị ndị Fulbe, bụ ndị Toucouleur bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kacha ukwuu.

Map nke asụsụ Fula gụnyere Pulaar.

Akụkụ asụsụ

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  Ụdị ngwaa a rụzuru na-adịghị mma na-agwụ na -aani. (Nke a dịtụ iche na Maasina Fulfulde na Pular.)

Aha na klas

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Pulaar nwere ụdị aha iri abụọ na otu. Enwere ike ịhụ ụdị aha ndị a site n'ile anya na nsonaazụ nke aha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha nke sitere na okwu mgbazinye ga-ejedebe na '-o' (n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, aha mmadụ dị ka__ilo____ilo____ilo__ (nke pụtara nwanyị) na-ejedebekwa na -o). Klas nke aha ahụ ga-ezo aka na ọdịnaya nke aha ahụ. [5] ọmụmaatụ, a na-etinye ụdị aha ɗam na aha ndị na-akọwa mmiri. Tebụlụ dị n'okpuru na-egosi ụfọdụ klaasị aha na Pulaar yana ihe klaasị na-egosi ọdịnaya nke aha ga-abụ:

Ihe atụ nke klas aha[5]
Klas Ihe dị n'ime aha
Ngo gbagọrọ agbagọ n'akụkụ
ki osisi kwụ ọtọ
o ụmụ mmadụ, okwu ndị a gbazitere
nge anyanwụ, ehi
kon obere okwu
ndu oghere, ikuku, gburugburu

Usoro ịgụta ọnụ

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[6]Usoro ngụkọ Pulaar bụ ntọala ise (usoro quinary-decimal) nke yiri asụsụ Niger-Congo gbara ya gburugburu.  Nọmba 7, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eji prefix nke d͡ʒoj (5) na suffix ɗiɗi (2) ịghọ d͡ʒeeɗiɗi (5+2).[8]  Asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-eji usoro a na West Africa gụnyere Pular, Wolof, Sereer-Sine na East Limba.  Enwere ike ịhụ asụsụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Africa nke Sierra Leone, Guinea na Gambia.  Pulaar na Pular nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu maka ọnụọgụgụ, nke ọnụọgụ ọ bụla sitere na 1 ruo 10 na-eketa otu aha ma e wezụga 5 (d͡ʒoj maka Pulaar na d͡ʒowi maka Pular)

Mkpụrụ okwu ụdaume

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Usoro ngwaa Pulaar nwere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ nke enwere ike ịgbakwunye na ngwaa iji gbanwee ikpe ha. Nson-r ndị a gụnyere nsonaazụ -t, nsonaazụ-d, nsonaụ -n, na nsonaazụ (r). Mgbe a na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ mee ihe n'otu ngwaa, ha na-agbaso usoro 'TDNR'. Nke [7] pụt na -t suffixes na-aga n'ihu -d suffixes nke na-aga tupu -n suffixes, na -r suffixes bụ nke ikpeazụ n'usoro. E nwere ihe ole na ole na-abụghị iwu a. Ihe atụ nke a bụ okwu nyaam-n-id-ii. [7]'okwu a, nsonaazụ -n na-aga n'ihu nsonaazụ-d.

[8] A na-agbakwunye -t, -it ma ọ bụ -ut na ngwaa iji mee ka ọ gbanwee, nke pụtara ime ihe megidere ngwaa mbụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Tara (nke pụtara 'ikuku") na-aghọ taar-t-a (nke pụtara'ikuku na-enweghị"). a na-agbakwunye suffix -t na ngwaa iji gbanwee ihe gbasara ngwaa.[6]  A na-agbakwunye allomorphs -t ma ọ bụ -it iji mee ngwaa na-emeghachi omume, nke pụtara ime na mmegwara maka omume gara aga.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, lata (nke pụtara 'ịgba') na-agbakwụnye allomorph - ọ na-aghọ lat-it-o (nke pụtara 'ịkụ azụ').  A na-agbakwunye allomorphs -t, -it ma ọ bụ -ut  na ngwaa iji mee ka ọ tụgharịa, pụtara ime ihe megidere ngwaa mbụ ahụ.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, taara (nke pụtara 'ifufe') na-aghọ taar-t-a (nke pụtara 'unwind').[8] Otu allomorphs ahụ na-emetụta maka ikpe a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro, nke pụtara na a na-emegharị ihe. Enweghị ụzọ isi mee [8] ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu a na-emegharị na nke a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro ma e wezụga site n'ileba anya n'ihe gbara ahịrịokwu ahụ gburugburu. A na-eji -t na -it eme ihe iji mee ka ngwaa na-emegharị, nke pụtara ime ka ihe omume ahụ bụrụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka isiokwu ahụ. [7] ọmụmaatụ, ndaara ( pụtara 'ile anya") na-aghọ ndaar-t-o ( pụtara'ile anya n'onwe gị"). [A na-eji -t, -ut na -it eme ihe iji gosi na ngwaa ejiri ike mezue. [7] ọmụmaatụ, yana (nke pụtara 'ịda") na-aghọ yan-t-a (nke pụtara'ịda nke ukwuu"). [Maka okwu ndị dị ka 'yama (nke pụtara 'ajụ"), ụdị siri ike na-aghọ yam-t-a (nke pụtara' ajụjụ") nke bụkwa otu ụdị ahụ na-ekwughachi (nke pụtara "ajụ ọzọ"). [8] mere, yam-t-a bụ ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ya mere, a pụghị ịmata ya n'ebughị n'uche ihe gbara ya gburugburu.

Ndị Toucouleur (nke a na-akpọkwa Tukulor) bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na-asụ Pulaar na West Africa. Ha bụ agbụrụ nke mpaghara Futa Tooro nke gụnyere etiti Osimiri Senegal. Ndị Toucouleur nwere mmetụta siri ike site [9] Islam, ịbụ otu n'ime ndị isi ojii Africa mbụ nabatara Islam na narị afọ nke 11. Ya mere, asụsụ Pulaar nwere mmetụta sitere na Islam. Mmetụt[4] a emeela ka a jikọta okwu Arabic n'asụsụ Pulaar. Okwu nke asụsụ Pulaar na-enwekwa mmetụta site na omenala na-agbaso omenala ezinụlọ nke Pulaar. E nwere okwu Pulaar nke na-akọwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ. A na-eji okwu jokkere drọ' (nke a sụgharịrị n'ụzọ nkịtị ka ọ bụrụ "ịgbaso mmiri ara nne") ekwu maka ibu ọrụ mmadụ nwere iji nọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta ya na ezinụlọ ha. [4] na-eji okwu musidal akọwa mmekọrịta ọbara mmadụ na ezinụlọ. Klas aha Pulaar na-egosikwa mmetụta nke ndụ ọrụ ugbo nke ndị Fula. [5] ọmụmaatụ, ụdị aha nge na-ezo aka na ehi gụnyere ehi (naage) na ehi (wiige), na ụdị aha ki na-ezo ka osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị kwụ ọtọ. Klas aha ndị metụtara isiokwu nke ọrụ ugbo [10] ọrụ ugbo metụtara akụ na ụba Toucouleur, nke gụnyere ịzụlite anụ ụlọ, ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ na igbu azụ. [2] maara ndị Fulɓe maka ịbụ ndị na-azụ anụ na-akwagharị akwagharị nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkpa ehi, na-akwado aha ehi.

John Hames ekwuola na ọchịchị onye isi ala Mauritania Moktar Ould Daddah enyerela aka belata mgbasa nke Pulaar. Hames na-ekwu na onye isi ala na-akwado ndị Moor nke Daddah dugara n'ịbawanye agụmakwụkwọ ndị Arab karịa agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ala. [11] Otu [12]'ime ihe atụ ndị a ma ama nke a bụ mgbe gọọmentị Mauritania wepụtara iwu n'afọ 1965 nke mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu na-akụzi Arabic n'oge agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị.

Mgbalị iji mee ka asụsụ dịghachi ndụ

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E hiwere Association for the Renaissance of Pulaar- Islamic Republic of Mauritania (ARP-RIM) iji kuzie mmuta Pulaar na Mauritania. Nzukọ a nwetara ego gọọmentị na-abawanye na-esochi ọchịchị nke onye isi ala Mauritania, Moktar Ould Daddah n'oge ngwụcha afọ nke 1970s. [13] Ihe omume ndị ARP-RIM sonyere [14] ha gụnyere mkpọsa iji mụbaa ịgụ na ide nke Pulaar, nke a mere site na ịmepụta mmemme redio ndị ọzọ nke kụziri asụsụ mpaghara Mauritania. [14] ka ARP-RIM lekwasịrị anya n'itinye asụsụ Pulaar na agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ka ọ na-ekenye ndị nkuzi Pulaar n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na Mauritania. Mgbalị ndị [15] mere iji mee ka Pulaar dịghachi ndụ na Mauritania belatara mgbe nnupụisi ọchịchị nke onye isi ala Mauritania n'oge ahụ, Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, site n'aka Colonel Maaouya Ould Sid"Ahmed Taya n'afọ 1984. N'ịzaghachi nnupụisi ahụ, e bipụtara Manifesto of the Oppressed Black Mauritanian n'afọ 1986 nke katọrọ ike na mmetụta nke "ndị Arab" na Mauritania. Mgb[14] e bipụtara nkwupụta a, mmegide gọọmentị megide ọkà okwu Pulaar na ndị nkuzi mụbara. [14] ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị megide ndị Pulaar mụbara, ọkachasị Djigo Tafsirou, onye bụ onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ Pulaar, e jidere ya ma eleghị anya nwụọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe afọ 2 nke mkpọrọ gasịrị.

Ndị ọchịchị Senegal hiwere Ministère de l'Éducation de Base et des Langues Nationales na 1986, (na-aghọ Ministère de l'Alphabétisation et des Langues Nationales na 2001) dịka ụzọ isi kwalite mmetụta nke asụsụ obodo Senegal (gụnyere Pulaar). mere nke a site n'ịbawanye agụmakwụkwọ n'etiti ndị ọrụ ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị nke nyere aka na mmetụta nke asụsụ Pulaar gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta owu na West Africa, SODEFITEX. SODEFITEX etinyela asụsụ obodo n'ọrụ ọzụzụ ha maka ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Otu ụzọ [3] si nweta nke a bụ site n'ịmepụta mmemme redio n'asụsụ obodo iji mee ka ndị ọrụ mpaghara nwee ike. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa ekpebiela ilekwasị anya n'iji asụsụ obodo na West Africa iji kwupụta echiche na ọchịchị. A na-eme nke a dị ka ụzọ isi mụbaa ọchịchị ime obodo na mpaghara mpaghara nke West Africa. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a gụnyere World Vision International na Tostan. [3] ọmụmaatụ, inye agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi nke Pulaar bụ otu n'ime isi ihe ndị Tostan lekwasịrị anya. Gọọmentị Senegal enweela mkparịta ụka banyere ịmepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ maka asụsụ mba. [3]

Ọkammụta mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Mauritania Mouhamadou Sy ebipụtala akwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ abụọ[16]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Pulaar. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mc Laughlin (1995). "Haalpulaar identity as a response to Wolofization∗". African Languages and Cultures 8 (2): 153–168. DOI:10.1080/09544169508717793. ISSN 0954-416X. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Pulaar. National African Language Resource Center - Indiana (2020). Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved on 13 October 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 McLaughlin (2015). The Oxford handbook of inflection, Baerman, Matthew, First, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 425–430. ISBN 978-0-19-959142-8. OCLC 894201788. 
  6. ↑ Pulaar. mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved on 2020-11-02.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Arnott, D. W. (1970). The nominal and verbal system of Fula. Oxford: Clarendon P. ISBN 0-19-815127-6. OCLC 100674. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  9. ↑ (2010) Encyclopedia of Africa, Appiah, Anthony., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 500–501. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. OCLC 428033179. 
  10. ↑ Pauls:Tukulor | people (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2020-11-08.
  11. ↑ The People Who Stand up for Pulaar Activism and Language Loyalty Politics in Senegal and Mauritania (en). ufdc.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 2020-11-07.
  12. ↑ Baduel (1989). "Mauritanie 1945-1990 ou l'État face à la Nation". Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 54 (1): 11–52. DOI:10.3406/remmm.1989.2314. ISSN 0997-1327. 
  13. ↑ Times. "Military Takes Over in Mauritania With a Reportedly Bloodless Coup", The New York Times, 1978-07-11. Retrieved on 2023-10-23. (in en-US)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Hames (2017-08-24). "Language Activism on the Airwaves: Pulaar Radio Broadcasting in the Senegal River Valley". Communication, Culture & Critique 10 (4): 657–674. DOI:10.1111/cccr.12175. ISSN 1753-9129. 
  15. ↑ Ap. "MAURITANIA COUP OUSTS PRESIDENT (Published 1984)", The New York Times, 1984-12-13. Retrieved on 2020-11-02. (in en-US)
  16. ↑ "Hiisiwal1.PDF", Google Docs.