Asụsụ West Chadic

Asụsụ West Chadic

language family

obere ụdị nke	Chadic

Ndị isi na-asụ asụsụ Chadic na Naịjirịa

Ebe ndị na-asụ asụsụ Hausa na Naijiria na Niger

Nchịkọta nke Roger Blench (2020) nke West Chadic B

A na-asụ Asụsụ West Chadic nke ezinụlọ Afro-Asia karịsịa na Niger na Nigeria. Ha gụnyere Hausa, Asụsụ Chadic kachasị na asụsụ bụ isi nke West Africa.

Asụsụ

Alaka nke West Chadic ^[1]-aga ma ọ bụ site na aha ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede na nọmba n'usoro nhazi.

• Hausa–Gwandara (A.1): Hausa, Gwandara
• Bole–Angas (?)
  • Bole–Tangale (A.2)
    • North (Bole proper): Bure, Karekare, Bole, Gera, Geruma, Deno, Galambu, Giiwo, Kubi, Ngamo, Maaka (Maagha), Ɓeele, Daza (Dazawa), ?Pali
    • South (Tangale): Kwaami, Pero, Piya-Kwonci, Kholok, Nyam, Kushi (Goji), Kutto (Kupto), Tangale, Dera (Kanakuru)
  • Angas (Central West Chadic^[2]) (A.3)^[3]
    • Ngasic: Ngas (Angas), Belnəng
    • Mwaghavulic: Mwaghavul, Mupun (Mapun), Takas (Toos); Cakfem-Mushere
    • Miship (Chip)
    • Pan cluster
      • Chakato/Jorto
      • Jipal, Mernyang (Mirriam), Kwagallak, Kofyar (Doemak), Bwol, Goram, Jibyal
    • Nteng
    • Tel (Tɛɛl, Montol)
    • Talic: Tal, Pyapun, Koenoem
    • Goemaic: Goemai
    • Yiwom (Ywom, Gerka)^[3]
  • Ron (A.4):^[4] Fyer, Tambas, Ron (Bokkos, Daffo-Butura, Mangar, Monguna), Shagawu, Duhwa (Karfa), Kulere (Tof, Richa, Kamwai-Marhai), Mundat, Sha
• Bade–Warji (?)
  • Bade (B.1): Duwai; Bade, Shira (†), Ngizim, Teshenawa (†), Auyokawa (†)
  • Warji (North Bauchi^[5]) (B.2): Pa'a; Warji, Diri, Ciwogai, Kariya (Vinahə), Mburku, Miya, Siri, Zumbun (Jimbin), Ajawa (†)
• Barawa (South Bauchi) (B.3)
  • Zaar: Dass; Geji, Polci (Polchi), Saya, Zari, Zeem
  • Guruntum: Guruntum-Mbaaru, Ju, Tala, Zangwal
  • Boghom: Jimi, Jum; Boghom, Kir-Balar, Mangas

Na mgbakwunye, a na-ekwu na Poki bụ West Chadic, mana enweghị data dị.

Ọdịdị dị n'ime

^[6][7] nke West Chadic nke George Starostin (2010) dị ka e gosipụtara na Blažek (2010):

• Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Chadic
  • West Chadic A
    • Hausa-Gwandara
    • (alaka)
      • Ron
      • Bole-Angas
        • Bole-Tangale
        • Angas-Sura
  • West Chadic B
    • Bade-Ngizim
    • Bauchi
      • Ebe Ugwu Bauchi
      • Ndịda Bauchi

Nchịkọta nke Roger Blench (2021) nke West Chadic: ^[8]

• Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Chadic
  • Hausa-Gwandara
  • Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Chadic
    • Ron
    • Bole-Tangale
    • Bade-Ngizim
    • Ebe Ugwu Bauchi
    • South Bauchi, A3 (Central-West)

Nbudata

Nkesa nke alaka West Chadic: ^[9]

Nhazi nke alaka West Chadic^[9]

Alaka	Koodu	Ebe ndị bụ isi
Hausa-Gwandara	A1	Niger" id="mwAQc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Northern Nigeria">Ebe Ugwu Naịjirịa na Niger
Bole-Tangale	A2	Darazo LGA, Bauchi State; Yobe, Taraba, Gombe, Borno steeti
Angas	A3	Shendam na Mangu LGAs, Plateau StateSteeti Plateau
Ron	A4	Mangu LGA, Plateau StateSteeti Plateau
Bade	B1	Bade LGA, Borno SteetiSteeti Borno
Ndịda Bauchi	B2	Darazo na Ningi LGAs, Bauchi StateÓgbè Bauchi
Ebe Ugwu Bauchi	B3	Bauchi Steeti (Toro, Dass, Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi LGAs)

Akụkọ banyere mgbasa

Roger Blench (2022) na-atụ aro na asụsụ West Chadic nwere ike ịgbasa site na mgbasa ọrụ ugbo na Central Nigeria, malite site na 3,000-4,000 afọ gara aga. Blench ^[10]-ekwu na ọdịdị ọdịdị ọdịda anyanwụ nke West Chadic enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu site na asụsụ Plateau, ma eleghị anya n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye ogologo oge nke mere ka ndị West Chadic na-abata were ndị nwunye obodo na-asụ asụsụ Plateau.

Ihe owuwu

Ọ bụ ezie na e bipụtara ọ dịghị nrụzigharị zuru oke nke West Chadic, Václav Blažek (2018) atụwo aro nrụzigharị nke nọmba maka West Chadic na obere ìgwè ya. ^[6]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

A na-ahụ ụdaume /kp/ na /gb/, nke a na-ahụkarị na Plateau na asụsụ Niger-Congo ndị ọzọ mana ọ bụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'asụsụ Chadic, n'asụsụ Ron na ụfọdụ asụsụ West Chadic A3 na Bole-Tangale. A gbaziri ụdaume ndị a n'asụsụ Plateau n'ihi mkpakọrịta siri ike. Otú ^[10] dị, akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụdaume nke asụsụ Plateau na Niger-Congo dị ka ATR na ụdaume nkwekọrịta adịghị n'asụsụ West Chadic.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ

Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: ^[11]

Nchịkọta	Asụsụ	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
A, A.1	Gwandara	da	bi	úkù / úɡú (Nimbia dialect)	huru / furu (Nimbia dialect)	bìyàri / bìyàr (Nimbia dialect)	ʃídà / ʃídə́ (Nimbia dialect)	bákwè / boʔo (Nimbia dialect)	tákùʃì / táɡə́r (Nimbia dialect)	tárà / tãrã (Nimbia dialect)	ɡóm̀ / ɡóŋ̀ / ɡwóm (Nim. olumba)
A, A.1	Ndị Hausa	sheja	bijú	ʔúkù / ʔúkkù (West Hausa)	fúɗú	Muji	ʃídà / ʃíddà (West Hausa)	Bakwàiwu	Tkwàs	Tatar	ɡóːmà
A, A.2, Bọl	Bele	móoɗì	Bọl	kúnú	Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya	Ịnọghachi	bàccimooɗì	Baawùló	ɓóorùɗó (2 x 4)	ɓòowùnò	bìmbáɗí
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Karekare	Ụmụ anụmanụ	bèːlú	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ	fèːɗú	bàːɗú	bàcóːɗì (5 + 1)	bàcíbèːlú (5 + 2)	fífèːɗú (2 x 4)	Aphàn	Ike n'obi
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Bọl	móoɗì	bòláu	Klọọvụ	Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya	bàɗì	bàššimóoɗì	Baawúló	póorɗó (2 x 4)	ɓòonùm	bìmbáɗí
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Bure (Bubure)	móɗé	Maloo	Klọsi	Ọdịdị	Baɗé	Basumé	b b bịlị (5+ 2)	Skọwa (2 x 4)	ɓárdzìmóɗé (10-1)	barbaɗè
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Galambu	Muuri	m̀bàál	kúun	párya	Boori	bɪ́címɪ́n	bùebe m̀bàl (5+ 2)	hórró	bàryà múuri (10-1)	bar
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Gera	móóyi	mbùlú	Klọsi	fúɗú	Ịnọghachi	beeshím	bìccìmbùlú (5+ 2)	húrɗú	ɓànìnjà / barija	bàrɗí / barr
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Geruma	m / m	m̀bàalú / mbàalúŋ	kúnú / kúnúŋ	fúɗú / húɗúŋ	Apụlị / bàalí	Ọkụ na ụzụ	bàzə̀mbalú (5+ 2)	húrɗú / úrɗúŋ	ɓár ga-	ɓârarì / ɓárári
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Kholok (Widala)	ɗók	pèlòw	bún	Perog	faàt / faàr	ebe a na-anọ	paàlìlàw	bìrbìròw / пиrpíròw	Kọmbọ	ɓùmmò
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Kirfi (Giiwo)	móoɗì	mbàlú	Klọsi	Faɗáu	buɗ	bìccúuni	bìcímbàlu (5+ 2)	fórfáɗó (2 x 4)	bàr ya na-eme ihe nkiri (10-1)	pàtà
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Maaka	mōɗì	bòllu	kūǹ	n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya	bà	ebe a na-ahụ maka ihe	N'ihi na ọ bụ na-eme ihe nkiri	jìlai	kwàlak	bìmba
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Ngamo	Mọla	bòlò	kúnû	musik̀ɗò	ụlọ	bàʔàʃìmòɗi (5 + 1)	Babìlò (5 + 2)	Onye na-eto eto (2 x 4)	Ebe a na-akpọ ɓònù	bimbaɗ (2 x 5)?
A, A.2, Bọl, Bọl kwesịrị ekwesị	Nyam	Ọkụ ọkụ	Felucc	kúnúnun	musik̀dúk	Nwaanyị	ọgwụ	Fleluk (5 + 2)	húrú ɡùk (2 x 4)	láɡó mɔ̀dɔ́ (10-1)?	Somumò (litː ' kumo ' = ntị)
A, A.2, Tangale, Dera	Dera (Kanakuru)	ɗuwey	rap	na-eme ka ọ dị	paraw	ụlọ	site na	bwelà	ndị na-agba ọsọ	wanɗumwe (10-1)	ɡûm
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale kwesịrị ekwesị	Kupto (Kutto)	Jaịlịa	fáláw/ páláw	kùnùŋ	fàɗàw / pàɗàw	Faat / páat	Fayɗìn / páyɗìn	Fayláw / Payláw	Ọ na-adị n'ihu	N'oge a, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ	kómó
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale kwesịrị ekwesị	Kushi	ɗòk	Pọọsụ	tàat	Péeròw	fwàt / fúwàt	Ihe mere n'oge a na-adịghị anya	fàrlów	pedidị	Foto	ebe a na-akpọ kpèm
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale kwesịrị ekwesị	Kwaami	Onye ndú	Pọllów / Fọllów	Klọọm	póɗòw / fóɗòw	páaɗí / ole na ole	páyíndì / fáyíndì (5 + 1)	pópíllów / fófíllów (5 + 2)	Pówùrɗòw / fówùrɗów (2 x 4)?	na-adaba	kúmó
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale kwesịrị ekwesị	Ma (Pipero)	ɗók	bélòw	ɡ͡bónòŋ	béeɗòw	puat / fwát	Múndi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ	pattrira bélòw	bídow	kómpòy / kómvòy	kó / k͡púmmò
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale kwesịrị ekwesị	Piya	Mkpụrụ	pèelów	Akụkọ ifo	peɗòw	fàat	pàtìrà mùndí (5 + 1)	pàtìrà pèelów (5 + 2)	pèdìpɗów (2 x 4)???	Nkwupụta	Sommó
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale kwesịrị ekwesị	Po Tangale (1)	Ogbugbu	rap	kúnuŋ	mba ọzọ	Akpụkpọ ahụ	pàndì	ebe a na-aga	pàpádà (2 x 4)	ebe a na-akpọ	ɡ͡bɔmɔ
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale kwesịrị ekwesị	Tangale (Sungom) (2)	Ọkụ	ngwa ngwa	klọg	Serɪ́	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	mba ọzọ	peelòu	parpàɗá (2 x 4)	lamɓɗà	ɡ͡bɔ́mɔ́́́
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 1	Angas (Ngas)	ɡàk	BAP	kwán	fír	Ọ dị mfe	pimí (5 + 1)	pòbáp (5 + 2)	pòkwún (5 + 3)	pòfar (5 + 4)	sàr
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 1	Kofyar	m	vəl	Klọb	Fairy	Paat	ihe atụ (5 + 1)	pòɡòvəl (5 + 2)	pòɡòkun (5 + 3)	pòɡòfár (5 + 4)	sàr
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 1	Miship (Ụgbọ) (1)	Kpatụ m	vəl	Kun	feer	ịsa ahụ	Pemee (5+ 1)	pokvəl (5+ 2)	pokkun (5+ 3)	pokfaar (5+ 4)	Sar
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 1	Miship (Ụgbọ) (2)	Mụ onwe m	Vɨl	Kun	Farr	Paat	pemɛ (5+ 1)	pɔ́ɡɔ́vɨl (5+ 2)	pɔ́ɡɔ́kun (5+ 3)	pɔ́ɡɔ́far (5+ 4)	Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 1	Cakfem-Mushere	Ọ bụ ebe a na-enweta ihe	vel	Kun	feer	paat	peemee (5+ 1)	feermeekum (4+ 3)??	feertiit (4 x 2)??	paatmee (5+ 4)	kakapaat (5 x 2)??
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 1	Mwaghavul (Mupun / Sura)	N'ime ala	vəl	Klọb	Fairy	mba dị iche iche	pedemè (5 + 1)	Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ "Povern" (5 + 2)	pòkún (5 + 3)	pòféer (5 + 4)	Kaapàt və́l (5 x 2)???
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 2	Goemai (Ankwe)	mée, ɡə̀mée	vəl	Klọb	N'oge ochie	Mgbasa ozi:t	phə̀mə́ (5 + 1)	phə̀və́l (5 + 2)	Crystal (5 + 3)	phə̀fár (5 + 4)	Sar
A, A.3, Angas kwesịrị ekwesị, 2	Dị ka	[Mọv]	[Vɨ́l]	[Kunay]	[Fii]	[p.t]	[Pɨ̀mɛ́]	[mɛ́fɛ́́́́kúːn]	[p. Fi]	[mɛ́ːpàː]	[sár]
A, A.4, Ron kwesịrị ekwesị	Ron (Daffo)	ɗaŋɡât	Ọdịdị	yuhún	Puʔ	n'oge gara aga	Makoŋ	Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha odo odo	mafwaráʔ	yeluam	Ndị ọzọ
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Duwai	Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-eme	Ihe eji eme ihe	ko	N'oge a na-adịghị anya	av'ɗ	ə̀jdə̀ɡərma	Sə̀və̀sə̀ri / tlə̀və̀ri	ə̀jldàakò	Ọ dịịrị	ɡùumà
B, B.1, Bade kwesịrị ekwesị	Bade	ɡàɗi	Diolọn	kwan	N'oge ochie	Vaɗì	Ebe	ɡatkasà	ɬədàakwà	Ọnwaanyị	ɡuumà
B, B.1, Bade kwesịrị ekwesị	Ngizim	Khamá (ịgụ), ɡàyí (enumat.)	ʃírín	kwán	N'oge a na-adịghị anya	Vaɗ	N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ	ɡátkásà	dandàfə́ɗú (2 x 4)	kúɗkûvdà	ɡúmà
B, B.2	Dira (Diri)	numọ	rɔp	mɪyax kọntaktị	na-eme ihe ike	Nəmtəm	Mukkə̀	ŋyɪniŋɡì	jiezupsè (2 x 4)?	vwanùm (10-1)?	kwuɬ
B, B.2	Miya	wútə̀	tsə́r	Nwaanyị	N'oge a na-adịghị anya	Vaɬə	màaha (5+1)?	màtsə̀r (5+2)	N'oge a na-adịghị anya (2 x 4)	Udo na-eme	Ihe ndị a na-akpọ
B, B.3	Dass (nke Dott)	O nwere ike ịbụ onye	Ruap	maáɣí	jieupsí	námtám	màamaɣ / muumáɣ	wúsúrmàɣè	wúsúpsì (2 x 4)	nàturə́psi / nàtàrə́psi	zùp
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Boghom	Sọnwa	ɓáap / pā́p / ɡbwàap	Moi	Onye na-egwu egwu	ndàuní / ndóoní	maak	nyàŋɡí	ɓóopsí	ʔáamsóyìm (10 -1)	ŋəmàs / uur
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Mangas	nim	Apụl	mween	Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ	Tuun	maɣà	Ịnọgide na-eme ihe	ɡàamzi	kúrúms	zúp
B, B.3, Ọwụwa Anyanwụ	Jimi	nintóo	Rwanda	mwaikán / mwenkán	ihyú	namtáŋ / namtám	Maakoo	inkóo	ɡuhyú (2 x 4)	Khamníntoo / Khamníto (10 -1)	ndəɓóo / ɗúbó
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Guruntum	Ihe ndị e ji mara	raap	miyaŋ	ooso	kyuwun	Mọn	nyeene	ɡèesau	Saịra	zùp
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Zangwal (Zangur)	O nwere ike ịbụ onye	kwáap	ma ọ bụ	Uwu	námtàm	màaɡa	nyínìɡì	ʔáasuʔáasù (2 x 4)	áatə̀nə̀n	arịrịọ
B, B.3, Zaar kwesịrị ekwesị	Geji (Gyazi) (1)	O nwere ike ịbụ onye	lôp	mechan	na-ehi ụra	nàmtan	mukkà	nitɡi	jiesupsì (2 x 4)?	topsi	kuɬ
B, B.3, Zaar kwesịrị ekwesị	Geji (Gezawa) (2)	nɨ́m	lôp	Mèkən	na-ehi ụra	O nwere ike ịbụ onye	Mukkə̀	nininɡi	jiesupsì (2 x 4)?	O nwere ike ịbụ onye	kuɬ
B, B.3, Zaar kwesịrị ekwesị	Polci (Palci)	nɨ́m	rǒp	miyèn	wupsɨ̀	O nwere ike ịbụ onye	Ụgbọelu	wusɨ̀rmìyen (4 + 3)?	wɨsɨpsɨ̀ (2 x 4)?	natoropsɨ̀	zup
B, B.3, Zaar kwesịrị ekwesị	Saya	nambəŋ	mbə̀ɬíŋ	Maajìi	Upuz	nândə́m	Lîim	wátsə̀maí	tantan	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ nwa	zúp

Edensibia

na-ege ntị dị iche iche ma dozie nsogbu dị iche iche na-emetụta mba ahụ. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ ^[12] Wazobia FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio na-agbasa ozi na Pidgin English, Wazobia TV, ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na-agbasakwa ozi na Pidgina English

1. Blench, Roger. 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
2. Blench (2019). Jakato: an undocumented language of Central Nigeria.
3. Blench, Roger. 2017. Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages.
4. Blench, Roger. Comparative Ron wordlist.
5. Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic and cultural background to the North Bauchi region and the Wiihə people.
6. Blažek, Václav. 2018. The numerals of West Chadic. Topics in Chadic Linguistics IX. Papers from the 8th Biennial International Colloquium on the Chadic Languages, Bayreuth, February 4–5, 2016.
7. Starostin, George. 2010. Afroasiatic classification: preliminary results of the modified glottochronological test. Manuscript.
8. Blench, Roger. 2021. The erosion of number marking in West Chadic Roger Blench. WOCAL, Leiden.
9. Blench (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages, 4th, Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BlenchAtlas4" defined multiple times with different content
10. Blench, Roger (2022). Contact between West Chadic and Plateau languages: new evidence languages: new evidence. 11–12 November 2022, presentation given at Universität Wien.
11. Chan (2019). The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
12. Batra (1 March 2017). "Polygamous Postcolonialism and Transnational Critique in Tess Onwueme's The Reign of Wazobia". Meridians 15 (2): 330–352. DOI:10.2979/meridians.15.2.03. ISSN 1536-6936. 

Njikọ mpụga

• The Yobe Languages Research Project site na onye nwụrụ anwụ Russell G. Schuh nke UCLA
• West Chadic resources E debere Wayback Machine na africanlanguages.org