Penutian bụ otu ìgwè nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ nke gụnyere ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị American Indian nke ọdịda anyanwụ North America, nke a na-asụkarị n'otu oge na British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, na California. Ịdị adị nke Penutian stock ma ọ bụ phylum abụwo isiokwu nke arụmụka n'etiti ndị ọkachamara. Ọbụna ịdị n'otu nke ụfọdụ ezinụlọ ndị mejupụtara ya enweela esemokwu. Ụfọdụ [1]'ime nsogbu ndị dị na ọmụmụ ihe nke asụsụ dị n'ime phylum bụ nsonaazụ nke mkpochapụ ha n'oge na obere akwụkwọ.
Ụfọdụ n'ime subgroupings ndị a tụrụ aro na nso nso a nke Penutian egosila n'ụzọ doro anya. [2]Catherine Callaghan agbakọtawo asụsụ Miwokan na asụsụ Costanoan n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Utian. [3][4] nyere ihe akaebe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-akwado otu Utian na Yokutsan n'ime ezinụlọ Yok-Utian. [5] yikwara ka e nwere ihe akaebe doro anya maka ìgwè Plateau Penutian (nke J. N. B. Hewitt na John Wesley Powell kpọrọ Shahapwailutan na 1894) nke ga-agụnye Klamath-Modoc, Molala, na Asụsụ Sahaptian (Nez Percé na Sahaptin). [1]
Aha Penutian dabeere na okwu ndị pụtara "abụọ" n'asụsụ Wintuan, Maiduan, na Yokutsan (nke a na-akpọ ihe dị ka [pen]) na Asụsụ Utian (nke a-akpọ ihe dịka [uti]). [6]
Ọ bụ ezie na ma eleghị anya na mbụ e bu n'obi ịkpọpụta //pɪ'njuːtiən//, nke egosiri na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-akpọpụta okwu ahụ /pɪ=njuːʃən/ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha niile.
Echiche mbụ nke Penutian, nke Roland B. Dixon na Alfred L. Kroeber nyere na 1913, dabeere na myirịta ndị a hụrụ n'etiti ezinụlọ asụsụ California ise:
A na-akpọ atụmatụ mbụ ahụ Core Penutian, California Penutian ma ọ bụ Penutian Kernel. N'afọ 1919, otu ndị edemede abụọ ahụ bipụtara ihe akaebe asụsụ ha maka atụmatụ ahụ. [7] Nchịkọta ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ phylum ndị ọzọ nke Dixon & Kroeber, dabere n'ụzọ ka ukwuu na njirimara ndị a na-ekerịta ma ọ bụghị usoro a na-ejikarị achọpụta mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Malite site na ụbọchị mbụ a, echiche Penutian bụ arụmụka.
Tupu atụmatụ Penutian nke Dixon na Kroeber nke 1913, Albert S. Gatschet jikọtara Miwokan na Costanoan n'ime otu Mutsun (1877). Ìgwè ahụ, nke a na-akpọ Utian ugbu a, Catherine Callaghan mechara gosipụta ya. Na 1903 Dixon & Kroeber kwuru "mmekọrịta dị mma" n'etiti Costanoan, Maidu, Wintun, na Yokuts n'ime "Central or Maidu Type", nke ha wepụrụ Miwokan (Moquelumnan ha). [8] [9]'afọ 1910, Kroeber mechara mata mmekọrịta chiri anya dị n'etiti asụsụ Miwokan na Costanoan.
N'afọ 1916, Edward Sapir gbasaa ezinụlọ Dixon na Kroeber's California Penutian na nwanne nwanyị, Oregon Penutian, nke gụnyere asụsụ Coosan yana Siuslaw na Takelma: Ịgba e mesịrị Sapir na Leo Frachtenberg gbakwunyere asụsụ Kalapuyan na Asụsụ Chinookan ma mesịa bụrụ ezinụlọ Alsean na Tsimshianic, na-agwụcha na nkewa nke Sapir nwere alaka anọ (Sapir 1921a:60): Ka ọ na-erule oge Sapir bipụtara edemede Encyclopædia Britannica nke 1929, ọ gbakwunyere alaka abụọ ọzọ: nke mere ka e nwee ezinụlọ nwere alaka isii: (A pụrụ ịhụ atụmatụ nkewa zuru ezu nke 1929 nke Sapir gụnyere atụmatụ Penutian ebe a: Nchịkọta nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke Amerịka # Sapir (1929[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] )
Ikekwe n'ihi na ọtụtụ asụsụ Penutian nwere ablaut, ụdaume siri ike ịmegharị. Otú ọ dị, nkwekọrịta ụdaume bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. */ʈ/ */ʈʼ/ ọmụmaatụ, proto-Yokuts (Inland Penutian) retroflexes */// kwekọrọ na Klamath (Plateau Penutian), /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ/, ebe Proto-Yokut ezé */t̪h/ */tʁʼ/ kwekọrọ n'Klamath alveolar /d t tʼ/. Kalapuya, Takelma, na Wintu anaghị egosi njikọ doro anya dị otú ahụ.
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ozi Penutian nke William Shipley chepụtara, [10] nke e depụtara na Campbell (1997).
Proto-Penutian a tụrụ aro ya |
Klamath | Maidu | Ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ | Patwin | Yokuts | Miwok | Onye Costa (Ohlone) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
**p, **ph | p, ph | p | p, ph | p, ph | p, ph | p | p |
**k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
**q, **qh | q, qh | k | q | k | x (-k) | k | k |
**m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
**n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
**w | w- | w- | w- | w- | w- | w- | w- |
(l) | -l- | -l- | -l-, -l | -l-, -l | -l- | -l- | -l-. -r |
#**r | s[C, L[V] | h | tl, s | tl | Jilna | n | l, r |
**-r- | d, l | d | (R?) | r | Jilna | (n?) | r |
**-r | ʔ | ʔ | r | r | Jilna | n | r |
**s | s- | s- | s- | s- |
maka atụmatụ ahụ. Nchịkọta ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ phylum ndị ọzọ nke Dixon & Kroeber, dabere n'ụzọ ka ukwuu na njirimara ndị a na-ekerịta ma ọ bụghị usoro a na-ejikarị achọpụta mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihemaka atụmatụ ahụ. [11] Nchịkọta ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ phylum ndị ọzọ nke Dixon & Kroeber, dabere n'ụzọ ka ukwuu na njirimara ndị a na-ekerịta ma ọ bụghị usoro a na-ejikarị achọpụta mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe
Templeeti:Penutian languagesTempleeti:Language familiesTempleeti:North American languages