Asụsụ Tyap

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Asụsụ Tyap
asụsụ, modern language
obere ụdị nkeTyapic Dezie
mba/obodoNaijiria Dezie
ụmụ amaala kaKaduna Steeti, Ȯra Plateau Dezie
usoro ederedeLatin script Dezie
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue6a Vigorous Dezie
Koodu asụsụ Wikimediakcg Dezie

 

  

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Nbudata

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A na-ahụkarị ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tyap na mpaghara gọọmentị nke Jema'a, Kaura na Zangon Kataf, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụkwa obere ndị na-ekwu okwu na Kachia na Kauru na Kaduna" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Southern Kaduna">ndịda Kaduna steeti, na Riyom (karịsịa ndị na-akpọ Takad [2]) na Plateau steeti nke Naịjirịa. [1] nwekwara nnukwu obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ na Kaduna South na Chikun Local Government Areas nke steeti ahụ. [1] [3] (2014) gosipụtara nkesa nke ndị Atyap (Katab) na Naijiria gụnyere: Niger, Nasarawa, Kaduna steeti na FCT.

Nchịkọta na olumba

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[4][5] (1931:2) tụrụ aro na Katab (Atyap), Morwa (Asholyio), Ataka (Atakad) na Kagoro (Agworok) na-asụ otu asụsụ ma nwee ike iwere ha dị ka otu; ma mesịa, McKinney (1983:290) kwuru na a ga-etinye Baju (Bajju) na ihe dị n'elu, n'ihi ọdịiche asụsụ na ọdịbendị ha nwere. [6][7] (1959) kewara Kagoro (Gworok) na olumba ndị ọzọ mejupụtara otu asụsụ Tyap dị ugbu a dị ka "Plateau Nigerian", [1] na alaka ya "Semi-Bantu" nke "Bantoid subfamily" nke "Negritic Stock". [2] [8] Greenberg debere Tyap na Jju (1963) n'okpuru alaka "Plateau II" nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Benue-Congo. Ka oge na-aga, Gerhardt (1974) wughachiri alaka ahụ, na-enye ya "proto-Plateau". [9][10][11] [12] 1989, Gerhardt debere Tyap na Jju n'okpuru South-Central subgroup, Central group, Plateau branch of Platoid, a division of the Benue-Congo languages. [1] [2] [3] [13] (2005) kwuru na ndị Atyap na-asụ asụsụ n'òtù Kwa nke ezinụlọ Asụsụ Benue-Congo. Otú ọ dị, dị ka Bitiyong, Y. I., si kwuo, na Achi et al. (2019:44), Kataf Group (nkewa ochie) nke asụsụ Tyap bụ, bụ onye otu Plateau nke ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-atụ aro na site n'iji oge glotochronological nke e guzobere maka asụsụ Yoruba na Edo na ndị agbata obi ha, nkewa nke Kataf Group n'ime asụsụ dị iche iche na ụyọkọ asụsụ ga-achọ ọtụtụ puku afọ. A kpọtụrụ ya aha na,   Ndepụt[14] nyocha a na-akpọ "Swadesh 100-word List" nke Shimizu gosipụtara (1975:414) na-egosi na Tyap (Katab) na-ekerịta pasentị ndị a na asụsụ Plateau ibe ya na Jukun na-amalite site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kachasị ala: 72% na Izere (Izarek), 66% na Rigwe, 50% na Chara, 49% na Berom, 42% na Tarok, 41% na Pyem, 41% nwere Ninzam, 39% na Kuche, 38% na Ibunu, 37% na Rindre na Jukunon.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

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[15] akwụkwọ Tyap (Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji) nwere mkpụrụedemede 39, dị ka Kọmitii Ịgụ na Ịgụ na Ụba nke Tyap (TLC) dere n'oge mmalite afọ 1990: [16]

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Tyap: ihe bụ isi gara aga
A A̱ B CH CHY D E F G GB GH GHW GHY H HY HW M I̱ J JHY K KH KP L M N NG NY O P R S SH SHY T TS U V W Y Z
a a̱ b ch chy d na f g gb gh ghw ghy h hy hw i i̱ j jhy k kh kp l m n ng ny o p r s sh ihere t ts u v w na z
Uru ụdaolu
a ə b t͡ʃ t͡ʃj d na f g g͡b ɣ ɣw ɣj h Nke a Ọdịdị i ɪ d͡ʒ ʒj k x k͡p l m n ŋ ɲ o p r s ʃ ʃj t t͡s u v w j d͡z

Otú ọ dị, mmepe dị ugbu a ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, nwere Tyap Basic Alphabetical Chart belatara ruo 24, dị ka ndị a:

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Tyap: ihe ọhụrụ bụ isi
A B C D E F G H M J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
a b c d na f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w na z
Uru ụdaolu
a b t͡ʃ d na f g h i d͡ʒ k l m n o p r s t u v w j d͡z

A ga-eji akara "c" na-anọchite anya mkpụrụedemede "ch", na-enweghị "h". Ndị ọzọ niile ka bụ otu.

Mkpụrụedemede

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N'ihu Central Ịlaghachi azụ
N'akụkụ i Ọdịdị u
N'etiti etiti na o
N'etiti ə
Emeghe a

Mkpụrụ okwu

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[17] ahụ nwere ihe karịrị [18] monographic na digraph labialized na palatalized consonant sounds, nke e kewara n'ime fortis na lenis modiations. Tebụl na-esonụ nwere ụda ụdaume nke Tyap:

Akpụkpọ ahụ Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Egbugbere ọnụ Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p  b t  d k  g k͡p  g͡b
Africate t͡s  d͡z t͡ʃ  d͡ʒ
Ihe na-esiri ike f  v s ʃ  ʒ Nke a x  ɣ h
N'akụkụ l
Rhotic r
Glide j Ọdịdị  w

Concord

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Hayab (2016:66-67) na nyocha ya na Hyam_language" id="mwBkg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hyam language">Hyam, asụsụ metụtara Tyap chọpụtara na okwu mbụ maka nọmba 10 bụ "kop" /kwop, nakwa na okwu a na-eji maka iri bụ okwu a na'ezie maka 'iri na abụọ' ma ọ bụ iri na abụọ bụ "shwak" (na Hyam) ma ọ bụ Δ (na Tyap). N'ihi mmetụta na-eto eto nke Hausa / English, obi abụọ adịghị ya na tupu 1920 (n'ihi na Thomas (1920:59) hotara ihe atụ na Kagoro (Gworok) nke, n'adịghị ka ndị agbata obi ya bụ Nungu, Ninzam, S. Mada na Mama, anaghị eji ya eme ihe ruo n'oge ahụ, usoro duodecimal [19]), usoro ịgụta ọnụ ejiri ọdịdị nke Hausa / Inglish decimal style na okwu ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị, ebe "s" were ọnọdụ ya ma tinye ihe mbụ ya, nke bụ ugbu a, iri na abụọ. N'iburu nke a n'uche, mgbe mmadụ na-atụle ọnụ ọgụgụ "1,000" ma ọ bụ cyi kwop jhyiung ("cyi kwop" ka a na-asụpụta otu okwu), mmadụ nwere ike ikwu na ọ pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "otu narị iri" ma ọ dị ka "100 X 10 X 1".

N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụdị Tyap nke oge a na-agụkọ ọtụtụ puku:

  • 1,000: Cyikwop jhyiung
  • 2,000: Cyikwop sweang
  • 3,000: Cyikwop tsat
  • 4,000: Cyikwop nọCyikwop nọ na ya
  • 5,000: Cyikwop tswuon
  • 6,000: Cyikwop a̱taa
  • 7,000: Cyikwop a̱natat
  • 8,000: Cyikwop a̱ni̱nai
  • 9,000: Cyikwop a̱kubunyiung
  • 2,018: Cyikwop sweang ma̱ng nswak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
  • 10,000: Cyikwop makaCyikwop maka oge
  • 100,000: Cyikwop cyi jhyiung

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu

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  • 1,000,000: Milyon ma ọ bụ cyikwop jhyiung ma ọ bụ nanị Cyikwop a̱ka̱feang jhyiongCyikwop a̱ka̱feang jhyiung
  • 1,000,000: Bilyon ma ọ bụ Cyikwop cyikwop ma ọ bụ nanị Cyikwop a̱ka̱tat jhyiung
  • [1],000,000,000: Trilyon ma ọ bụ cyikwop cyikwop Cyikwop ma ọ bụ naanị Cyikwop a̱ka̱naai jhyiung.

Tyap nwere ụzọ atọ e si ede nkeji 1-5. Nke a bụ n'ihi na a na-eme ka nkwekọrịta na Tyap gbadata naanị nọmba dị ala na adjectives ole na ole. [20][21] na-agbaso ụdị nkwekọrịta 'direct-copy' ma ọ bụ 'echo' nke nọmba ahụ nwere otu prefix ahụ dị ka aha ọ kwekọrọ na ya, ebe a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a̱ka̱sa (ụlọ) - a̱ka yaysa na (ụlọ) (ụlọ abụọ) - a yayka̱sa a̱feang na (ụlọ abụọ ahụ), nkyang (ihe) - nkyang na (ihe) (ihe) -nkyang nfeang (ihe abụọ) - nk nkyang nfeang na-ak (ihe abụọ ahụ), na nywán (ụmụ nnụnụ) - nywán ji (ụmụ anụmanụ abụọ) - nywan ji (ụnywán) - sweang (ụmụ Maka ihe atụ nke abụọ, a na-agbakwunye prefix "n-" na nkeji dị ala mgbe ejiri ya na ọtụtụ aha na-ebu "hu" otu dịka kyang (ihe).

Aha maka asụsụ ndị ọzọ

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Ụfọdụ aha Tyap maka ndị agbata obi na languaɡes ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị a:

Asụsụ Nchịkọta Aha Tyap
Mkpụrụ osisi Beromic, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Kuut, Kuruk
Bekee Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, German, Indo-European Shong; Nggi̱li̱t
Fulfulde, Fula Central, Eastern Fula, Fulani-Wolof, Sene-Gambian, Northern, West Atlantic Fa̱taa
Ndị Hausa A.1, A, West Chadic Kpat
Hyam Hyamic, Northwestern, Western Plateau, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Daa
Igala Yoruboid, Defoid, West Benue-Conɡo Ga̱ra
Igbo Igbo, Igboid, West Benue-Conɡo A̱kum-a̱cyi; Igbo
Iten Ala dị larịị nke Beromic, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Nwanne nne
Kulu Ebe Ugwu Plateau, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Sunkurum
Nɡhan Ninzic Plateau, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Byoot, Byorok
Nikyob A, Southwestern, Western Plateau, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Kuu
Riɡwe Southcentral, Central Plateau, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo A̱nynyụ
Tiv Tivoid, Southern Bantoid, East Benue-Conɡo Zi̱ya, Zi̱tya; Tivi
T'kurmi Kauru, Northern Jos, Eastern Kainji, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Wai
Tsam Piti-Atsam, Eastern Kainji, Platoid, East Benue-Conɡo Tsamyio
Yoruba Yoruboid, Defoid, West Benue-Conɡo A̱ghwangkpang; Yoruba

Asụsụ ndị yiri ya

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Ọnọdụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ

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Nnyocha egosiwo [22] a na-ahazi asụsụ Tyap dị ka otu n'ime Asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke na-apụ n'anya.

Nnyocha nke Ayuba (2014) gosipụtara na Tyap nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nakwa na Asụsụ Hausa na enweghị nnyefe nke Tyap site na ọgbọ ndị okenye nke Atyap na ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto kpatara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka ihe ize ndụ nke Tyap.

[23] ahụ tụrụ aro, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, na Atyap Community Development Association (ACDA) kwesịrị ịtọlite kọmitii iji mee ka a mara mkpa Atyap biliri ma chekwaa asụsụ ha na nke ọzọ iji rụọ ọrụ iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ezumike ebe ndị okenye ga-enye nlekọta ụmụaka tupu ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ụmụaka Tyap nwere ike imikpu n'asụsụ ahụ.

Hụkwa

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Akau, K. (2020).
  2. ↑ Riyom Local Government Area. Plateau State Government. Retrieved on February 23, 2023.
  3. ↑ Skoggard (2014). Culture Summary: Katab (Online). eHRAF. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. Retrieved on January 18, 2021.
  4. ↑ McKinney, C. (1983), p. 290
  5. ↑ Meek, C. K. (1931), p. 2.
  6. ↑ Smith, M. G. (1960), p. 138.
  7. ↑ Murdock (1959). Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History (in en). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070440522. 
  8. ↑ Smith (1982). "Cosmology, Practice, and Social Organization among the Kadara and Kagoro". Ethnology 21 (1): 1–20. DOI:10.2307/3773702. Retrieved on December 14, 2020. 
  9. ↑ Greenberg (1963). "The languages of Africa". International Journal of American Linguistics 29 (1). 
  10. ↑ Gerhardt (1989). in Bendor-Samuel: Kainji and Platoid. In The Niger-Congo languages, 1, University Press of America. 
  11. ↑ Gerhardt (1974). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des nigerianischen Plateaus (mimeographed) (in de), J.J. Augustin. ISBN 9783870300623. 
  12. ↑ McKinney, N. P. (April 1990), p. 255.
  13. ↑ Achi (2005). in Philips, J. E.: Writing African history (Print book) (in en), University of Rochester Press. ISBN 9781580462563. 
  14. ↑ Shimizu (1975). "A Lexicostatistical Study of Plateau Languages and Jukun.". Anthropological Linguistics 17 (8): 413–418. Retrieved on September 1, 2020. 
  15. ↑ Follingstad (1992). Zhwunzhwuo A̱lyem A̱ Tyap (in kcg, en). Tyap Literacy Committee & Nigeria Bible Translation Trust, 4–43. 
  16. ↑ Haruna, D.; Follingstad, C. & J. (n.d.), p. 74.
  17. ↑ Haruna, D.; Follingstad, C. & J. (n.d.), pp. 72-73
  18. ↑ Akau, K. T. L. (2014), p. xxiv-xxix.
  19. ↑ Thomas (1920). "32. Duodecimal Base of Numeration". Man 20: 56–60. DOI:10.2307/2840036. Retrieved on December 16, 2020. 
  20. ↑ Follingstad (1991). Aspects of Tyap Syntax. Arlington: University of Texas MA thesis. 
  21. ↑ Blench (2018). in Watters, John R.: East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs (Niger-Congo Comparative Studies 1). Berlin: Language Science Press, 128–129. ISBN 9783961101009. Retrieved on 13 December 2023. 
  22. ↑ Ndimele (2015). "Language Endangerment: Globalisation & the fate of minority languages in Nigeria". The Nigerian Linguists Festschrift Series (12): 99–106. Retrieved on December 3, 2020. 
  23. ↑ Ayuba (2014). Language Endangerment and the Survival of Tyap: Implications for Transitional Bilingual Education (MA Thesis) (PDF). Ahmadu Bello University. Unpublished. Archived from the original on December 13, 2023. Retrieved on December 13, 2023.

Nnyocha nke Ayuba (2014) gosipụtara na Tyap nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nakwa na Asụsụ Hausa na enweghị nnyefe nke Tyap site na ọgbọ ndị okenye nke Atyap na ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto kpatara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu makaNnyocha nke Ayuba (2014) gosipụtara na Tyap nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nakwa na Asụsụ Hausa na enweghị nnyefe nke Tyap site na ọgbọ ndị okenye nke Atyap na ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto kpatara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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Akwụkwọ na ihe odide

Njikọ mpụga

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