Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa nke Ugwu Afi

Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa nke Ugwu Afi
protected area
Oge/afọ mmalite2000 Dezie
mba/obodoNaijiria Dezie
nhazi ọnọdụ6°20′0″N 9°0′0″E Dezie
Map

Mmalite

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Nsụda Mmiri n'Ugwu Afi Wildlife Sanctuary

Ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ichekwa ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ma na-anọchite anya nnukwu njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ebe a ma ama maka njikwa dị irè na mbọ nchekwa. [1][2]Ebe nsọ ndị a na-enye ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị osisi na anụmanụ fọdụrụnụ, ọkachasị anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ na-akpata mmebiwanye nke ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa. Ọrụ ndị mmadụ na-eme dị ka igbu anụ, igbu osisi, ọrụ ugbo, na ime obodo n'akụkụ ebe echedoro na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka na nchekwa anụ ọhịa, ọkachasị na West Africa. [3][4]N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ụdị aghọwo ihe dị ụkọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na ebe obibi ha enweela mbelata dị ukwuu na narị afọ gara aga. [5]Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ, ma nke iwu kwadoro ma nke iwu na-akwadoghị, nwere ike iduga na mkpochapụ nke ụdị anụmanụ, ọkachasị anụ na-eri ahịhịa, na ọnwụ nke anụ na-azụ ahịhịhịa nwere ike imebi usoro okike, na-emetụtakarị ụdị ndị ọzọ na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. [6]Ma gburugburu ebe obibi na mmetụta sitere n'aka mmadụ na-eyi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnukwu na obere anụ na-enye nwa ara egwu. Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị iwu na-akwadoghị, emebiwo nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ebe echedoro, na-emetụta ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche n'ime usoro okike ndị a. [7]Mgbanwe a emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dịkwuo elu, na-emetụta ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ụdị anụ na-enyemaka n'ụwa niile. [8]N'agbanyeghị ọrụ ha dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị anụmanụ na-aga n'ihu na-eyi egwu site na ọrụ mmadụ kpatara. [9]Mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi dị iche iche dị ka isi ihe na-enye aka na mkpochapụ na mbelata nke anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa. [10]Ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa na-agụnye ụmụ anụmanụ na'ụdị dị iche iche, ma obere ma buru ibu, ndị na-eri ihe ọkụkụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mpaghara ala. A na-ekewa ha n'ime ndị na-ata ahịhịa, na-eri ahịhịhịa na forbs, na ndị na-eme nchọgharị, na-erikarị ahịhịrị osisi. [11]Anụ ndị a na-eri ahịhịa bi n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ụwa.[12][13]

Ebe ndị a na-echebe nwere ihe dị mkpa maka nnukwu na obere anụmanụ, na-emetụta oke mmebi ahịhịa na mmezi. [14]Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na biosphere site n'ịgbanwe mkpuchi ahịhịa mbụ, jiri ma ọ bụ osisi dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ihe aka dochie ya. N'ụwa niile, otu n'ime mmetụta kachasị mkpa nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emetụta anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa bụ mbibi ebe obibi. A na-ejikarị ahịhịa eme ihe dị ka ụdị ihe ngosi, ọkachasị na usoro nke iji ala eme ihe na mkpuchi ala.

The Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary in Cross River State in southern Nigeria covers Templeeti:Cvt. Afi is managed by the Cross River State Forestry Commission/Ministry of Climate Change and Forestry. Although the steep mountainous slopes of the sanctuary have largely protected the forest from logging, it is frequently damaged by dry-season bush fires that are set to clear land for farming or to catch game. Open areas created by fire are quickly colonized by herb species which form an important staple food for gorillas. The largest African wintering ground of the European swallow is in the western part of the sanctuary, where an estimated 20 million of these birds roost during the winter. This biodiversity hotspot is located within the mountainous and relatively rugged rainforest area at the border of Southeastern Nigeria and Southwestern Cameroon. In May 2000, the Cross River State Government established this sanctuary with the primary goal of safeguarding endemic and endangered wildlife species, with a particular focus on the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes eliotii), and drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus). Surrounding this protected area are sixteen human communities, which include Katabang, Buanchor, Olum, Enyi, Kakwagom, Esekwe, Ebok-Ebuawa, Asuben, Bitiah, Kakubok, Ndemachang, Katchie, Ebbaken, Okubuchi, Nkanyia, and Njua-Kaku.

Mpaghara ahụ dum na-ada n'ime mpaghara mmiri ozuzo sara mbara kwa afọ, na-enweta nkezi nke 3,000 mm ruo 3,800 mm nke mmiri ozuzo, na ọdịiche na-abawanye site na ala dị ala ruo n'ebe ugwu. [15]Oge mmiri ozuzo na-adịkarị site na Machị ruo Septemba, ebe oge ọkọchị na-adị site na Ọktoba ruo Machị. Nkezi okpomọkụ gafee Ugwu Afi bụ ihe dịka 22.2 °C, mana ọ na-arị elu ruo 27.4 °C na mpaghara ala dị ala. Mpaghara a na-echebe dị n'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu ma nwee ụdị osisi dị iche iche, gụnyere Pterocarpus osun, Albizia zygia, Parkia bicolor, Pycnanthus angolensis, Irvingia gabonensis, na Monodora myristica. [16][17]Tụkwasị na nke a, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa ama ama dị ka ezì mmiri na-acha ọbara ọbara (Potamochoerus porcus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), Shelley's eagle owl (Bubo Shelleyi), African piculet (Sasia africana), European barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), na nnụnụ nkume na-enweghị olu (Picarthertes oreas).[18]

Ụdị anụmanụ ndị a hụrụ na Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

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Nnụnụ Na-acha ọcha

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Nnụnụ na-acha ọcha, nke a maara na sayensị dị ka Cercopithecus erythrogaster, so n'ime anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mbara ala. [19]N'agbanyeghị na a na-echebe ya site na Iwu Naịjirịa nke 11 nke 1985, ọ na-enweta nchedo na nchebe naanị n'ime National Parks, Game Reserves, na Wildlife Sanctuaries. [20]N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, enweghi ihe ndekọ dị ugbu a nke nyocha ndị gara aga na-elekwasị anya na White Throated Monkey na Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS), n'agbanyeghị ikike ya maka njem nleta. Mgbagwoju anya nke ebe obibi nke mgbukpọ ọhịa kpatara bụ nchegbu bụ isi, na-akpata mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche n'ihi ọnwụ ma ọ bụ ịkwaga ebe obibi ndị ọzọ. Ihe ịma aka ọzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ ịchụ nta na-enweghị isi, na-enye aka na mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ n'ime ebe obibi ọ bụla. [21]N'ihi ya, White Throated Monkey na-eguzo dị ka ụdị na-eche nnukwu egwu ihu.[22]

Nnụnụ White-throated nwere ajị ọcha pụrụ iche n'obi ya na akpịrị ya, na-enye ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ụcha ojii nke ajị ya ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, uwe ya na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ oji ma nwee ntụpọ na-acha ọcha. Akụkụ ihu ya enweghị ajị anụ, na-egosipụta akpụkpọ ojii, na afụ ọnụ na afụm. Ọdụ ya dị ogologo ma na-ejikarị ajị anụ ọcha. Ụdị enwe a na-ebikarị n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke Central na West Africa, gụnyere ụdị ọhịa dị iche iche dị ka oké ọhịa mbụ na nke abụọ. Ọrụ ha na-abụkarị nke ehihie na nke osisi, na-etinye oge dị ukwuu n'osisi. Ihe oriri ha na-ahọrọ gụnyere mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ, mkpụrụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, na obere anụmanụ. Nnụnụ ndị a na-egosipụta nkà ịrị ugwu pụrụ iche na ịdị nkọ n'ịwụli elu. Ọdịdị mmekọrịta ha na-agụnye ibi ndụ n'ìgwè, site na obere ụyọkọ ruo ndị agha buru ibu, nke nwoke na-achịkwa na-eduzi. Nchebe-nchebe, White-throated Monkey nwere ọnọdụ nke "Least Concern" (LC) na IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [23]Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọtụtụ ụdị primate, ha na-ezute egwu dịka mmebi ebe obibi n'ihi mgbukpọ ọhịa, ịchụ nta maka anụ ọhịa, na ahia anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị. Dị ka ọtụtụ primates, White-throated Monkey na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi ya site n'inyere aka na mgbasa mkpụrụ, na-akwalite uto na mmelite nke osisi na osisi n'ime ọhịa.

Gorilla nke Cross River (Gorilla diehli)

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Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), otu ụdị n'ime ezinụlọ western gorilla (Morilla gorila), dị n'akụkụ ọhịa ndị dị n'ókè nke South-Southern Nigeria na South-Western Cameroon. A na-anakwere mpaghara a dị ka ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche, nke a ma ama maka ọtụtụ ụdị na ebe a na-ahụkarị. [24]N'ụzọ dị mwute, ụdị a na-eguzo dị ka otu n'ime anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'Africa. [25][26]N'ezie, a matala ya dị ka otu n'ime anụmanụ iri abụọ na ise kachasị nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ na mbara ala. [27]Site na mmụba nke mmadụ na-abanye n'ebe obibi ha, Cross River gorilla na-eche mbelata ngwa ngwa na ebe obibi ihu, na-eweta nnukwu egwu nye ndị bi na ya. Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellorosus), na drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) so n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-echebe site na Iwu 11 nke 1985, ma ha na-eche egwu nke ịchụ nta maka anụ ọhịa na ebumnuche ndị ọzọ ihu. [28]Ihe ịma aka dị oke egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke ụdị a dị na enweghị usoro nchekwa zuru oke dị mkpa maka nchebe ya. Nchebe nke ọma ụdị anụ ọhịa chọrọ ozi ziri ezi na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ha, nkesa afọ, oke nwoke na nwanyị, ọnụego mmepụta, nkesa, usoro kwa ụbọchị, na mmegharị oge. [29]Inweta atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi dị oké mkpa maka njikwa ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ọhịa. [30]Ihe ọmụma a pụrụ ịdabere na ya banyere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ, nke a chịkọtara site na ndepụta na ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmemme nchekwa anụ ọhịa na-aga nke ọma. [31][32]Ya mere, ịghọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ n'ime subspecies, nkesa ha, na ụba ha bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya na gorillas na ebe obibi ha, ọkachasị n'ime ụzọ ọhịa nke gafere Ugwu Afi na Ugwu Mbe. Ugwu Mbe na-anabata ndị kacha nso nke Cross River gorillas, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka mmekọrịta AMWS iji chebe ụzọ ọhịa na-ejikọ mpaghara ndị a. Nchebe a dị oke mkpa iji gbochie nnọpụiche na-adịgide adịgide nke gorillas na anụ ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara na Ugwu Afi, na-eme ka mmepe nke usoro nchekwa na ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ dị mfe iji kwalite nchekwa gorilla na Ugwu afi na Mbe. Ịtụle ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Cross River gorillas dị mkpa maka ịtụle ịdị mma nke ebe obibi. Gorillas, dị ka ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime primates, na-eje ozi dị ka ụdị ihe ngosi bara uru. [33]Ọnụnọ ha na ụbara ha n'ime usoro okike dị iche iche na-enye nghọta banyere nrụgide ịchụ nta, mgbasa ọrịa, na nnweta ihe onwunwe, na-enyere aka na mbọ nchekwa.

Nnụnụ Mona (Cercopithecus Mona)

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A na-ahazi enwe mona nke Naịjirịa dị ka "Nke na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ya," ma ọ bụ naanị Naịjirị na Cameroon. [34]Nnụnụ ndị a dị obere ma ọ bụ n'etiti ma na-ebikarị n'ìgwè ruru 35. [35]Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere obere data zuru oke banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị a, na-adabere n'ụzọ siri ike. A na-ewere ihe kachasị egwu maka ndụ nke enwe dị ka ịchụ nta maka azụmahịa anụ ọhịa, ọ bụ ezie na ọnwụ ebe obibi na-ewetakwa nnukwu ihe ize ndụ. A na-achọpụta oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke Cross River ugbu a dị ka ebe kachasị mkpa maka nchekwa, ọkachasị maka enwe mona, dịka atụmatụ IUCN na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo. [34]N'ihi ya, ịtụle ọnọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke enwe mona dị oke mkpa iji hụ na nchebe dị irè nke ụdị ahụ na ebe obibi ya. Nnụnụ mona nke Naijiria (Cercopithecus mona) bụ ihe nchegbu siri ike maka ndị dị iche iche na-emetụta ya n'ihi na Naijiria bụ ebe obibi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ikpeazụ nke nnụnụ mona na Africa na n'ụwa niile. [34][36]N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ isiokwu na-adọrọ mmasị n'etiti obodo primate, enwere obere ozi zuru oke gbasara ụdị a.[37]

Na Naijiria, ihe ịma aka dị ukwuu na nchekwa anụ ọhịa sitere na ọnụego na-arịwanye elu nke mmebi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke omume mmadụ kpatara. [38]Mbibi dị ukwuu na nlekọta na-ezughị oke nke usoro okike ọhịa Naịjirịa doro anya ma ọ ka njọ site na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na-akpata mbelata ala na mbelata dị ịrịba ama na mmepụta ihe niile.[39]E nwere akụkọ banyere ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 34% nke ebe obibi anụ ọhịa mbụ na Naịjirịa. [40]N'ihi ya, nke a emetụtala ihe onwunwe anụ ọhịa n'ime usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, na-ahapụ naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe onwunwa anụ ọhịa n"ime ebe ndị a họpụtara echedo dị ka ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa, ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, na ogige ntụrụndụ mba.

Njem

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Afi Mountain Ranch na-enye ndị njem nleta ebe obibi n'ime ụlọ. Ranch nwere ụzọ a na-agafe n'elu ọhịa, mita 25 n'elu ala.[41][42]

Hụkwa

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Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na Naịjirịa

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Thomas, L. and Middle, J. (2003). Guidelines for the management planning of protected Areas. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/edocs/PAG-010.pdf
  2. ↑ Yager, G.O., Alarape, A. and Bunza, M.S. (2017). Evaluation of range condition and trend of Ikwe Forest Reserve Igbor, Gwer-East Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Environmental and Ecology 3.3: 1-11
  3. ↑ Meduna, A. J., Ogunjinmi, A. A. and Onadeko, S. A. (2009). Biodiversity conservation problems and their implications on ecotourism in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(4), 59-73
  4. ↑ Oladipo, E.O. (2001). International initiative on Biodiversity Conservation since 1992. In Poopola, L. and Oluwanna S.A. Ed. Biodiversity Rainforest Ecosystem in Nigeria. FEPA-UNAAB linkage Center for forest Conservation Biodiversity. University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 23-32.
  5. ↑ Onadeko, S. A. (2004). Home of the range crises, consequence and solution, UNAAB Inaugural lecture series no 17. University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Pp 86.
  6. ↑ Ripple, W.J. Newsome T.M. Wolf, C. Dirzo, R. Everatt, K. T. Galetti, M. Hayward, M. W. Kerley, G.I Levi, T. and Lindsey, P.A (2015). Collapse of the world largest herbivores. Science Advance 1:4: e1400103
  7. ↑ Western (2009-07-08). "The Status of Wildlife in Protected Areas Compared to Non-Protected Areas of Kenya" (in en). PLOS ONE 4 (7): e6140. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0006140. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 19584912. 
  8. ↑ Millus, S. (2008). Mammals encounter tougher times; new assessment of species show. Science News, 174: 15
  9. ↑ Schippe, J. (2008). The status of the worlds land and marine mammals, Diversity, threat, and Marine mammals. Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge Science 322: 225-230
  10. ↑ Munguía, M., Trejo, I., González-Salazar, C. and Pérez-Maqueo, O. (2016). Human impact gradient on mammalian biodiversity. Global Ecology and Conservation, 6, 79- 92
  11. ↑ Holdo, Ricardo M.; Holt, Robert D.; Fryxell, John M. (2009). Grazers, browsers, and fire influence the extent and spatial pattern of tree cover in the Serengeti. Ecological Applications 19(1): 95-109
  12. ↑ Ripple, W.J. Newsome T.M. Wolf, C. Dirzo, R. Everatt, K. T. Galetti, M. Hayward, M. W. Kerley, G.I Levi, T. and Lindsey, P.A (2015). Collapse of the world largest herbivores. Science Advance 1:4: e1400103
  13. ↑ Ogunjemite, B.G., Ashimi, T.A. and Okeyoyin, T. (2010). The Chimpanzee Community of German-Fort, and the potentials for the development tourism-based management of Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria. Journal of Sustained Development in Africa, 12.4: 108-112
  14. ↑ Yager, G.O., Alarape, A. and Bunza, M.S. (2017). Evaluation of range condition and trend of Ikwe Forest Reserve Igbor, Gwer-East Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Environmental and Ecology 3.3: 1-11
  15. ↑ Agbor CO. 2003. An Ecological Basis for the Management of Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Cross River State. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan. Pp. 119 - 210.
  16. ↑ McFarland K. 1998. Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Field Guide, pp. 3.
  17. ↑ Edet DI, Ijeomah HM, Ogogo AU. 2012. Preliminary Survey of Tree Species Diversity in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 3 (12): 486-492.
  18. ↑ Edet DI. 2011. Biodiversity Utilization Pattern in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Cross River State, Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp 308.
  19. ↑ Mittermeier, R. A., Janette, W., Anthony, B. R., Jorg, U. G., J. F. Oates., E. A. Willianson., Erwin, P., Eckhard, W. H., M. C. Kierulff., Long, Y., J. Supriatna., Christian, R., Sally. W., L. Corte’s-Ortiz and C. Schwitzer. (2009): Primates in Peril: The worlds 25 most Endangered primates 2008-2010. Primate Conservation (24):pp1-57.
  20. ↑ Ajayi, S., Edet, D.I., Bukie, J.O. (2011). Population Density of the White Throated Monkey (Cercopicthecus erythrogaster) in Okomu National Park, Edo State. Nigeria Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences. 9(2): 175-182.
  21. ↑ Ajayi, S., Eniang, E. A. and Bukie, J. O. (2012). Effect of hunting activities on the population of White-Throated monkeys (Cercopithecus erythrogaster) in Okomo National Park, Edo State, Nigeria. CRUTECH Journal of Science and Engineering and Technology, 1(2):1-6.
  22. ↑ Nigeria Conservation Foundation (N.C.F. 2006). Nigeria’s endangered animal species. Handbill, edited by Ibrahim Inahoro, January, 2006. Pp 1-6.
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  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Mendoza, M. and Palmqvist, P. (2006). Characterizing adaptive morphological patterns related to habitat use and body mass in Bovidae. Acta Zoological Sinica 52 (6), 971-987.
  35. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). In: Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 157. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0- 801-88221-4.
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