Herbert Macaulay

Herbert Macaulay

Herbert Macaulay

-Olayinka Herbert Samuel Heelas Badmus Macaulay // ⓘ (14 Nọvemba 1864 - 7 Mee 1946) bụ onye mba Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye nyocha, injinia, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye nta akụkọ, na onye na-agụ egwu, ọtụtụ ndị Naijiria na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye malitere ịhụ mba Nigeria.[1]  [2] [3].^[1][2][3]

Mbido ndu ya

A mụrụ Herbert Macaulay na Broad Street, Lagos, [1] na 14 Nọvemba 1864 n'ezinụlọ Thomas Babington Macaulay na Abigail Crowther.^[4] Nne na nna ya bụ ụmụ nke ndị e jidere n'ebe bụzi Naịjirịa, ndị British West Africa Squadron weghachiri na Sierra Leone, na ndị mechara laghachi na Naịjirịịa ugbu a.^[5] Thomas Babington Macaulay bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke nke Ojo Oriare ebe Abigail Crowther bụ nwa nwanyị nke Bishọp Samuel Ajayi Crowther, onye si n'agbụrụ Eze Abiodun.^[5] Thomas Babington Macaulay bụ onye guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mbụ na Naijiria, CMS Grammar School, Lagos. [1]^[6]

Aguma Akwukwo ya

Macaulay malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na 1869 ma site na 1869 ruo 1877, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Paul's Breadfruit School, Lagos na CMS Faji School, Lagos.^[7] Site na 1877 ruo Ọktoba 1880, ọ gara CMS Grammar School, Lagos maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.^[7] Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe nna ya nwụrụ na 1878. [1]^[8] N'afọ 1880, ọ sonyeere ụgbọ mmiri azụmahịa nke nwanne nna ya wee malite njem azụmahịa na ozi ala ọzọ gafee Osimiri Niger na-eleta Bonny, Lokoja, Gbebe na Brass. [2] Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst, ọ nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka na onye na-ede akwụkwọ na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ọha, Lagos. Site na 1891 ruo 1894 ọ gụrụ injinia obodo na Plymouth, England, ọ bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ nke G.D. Bellamy, onye na-enyocha obodo na injinia mmiri na Plymus. [1] N'afọ 1893, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Royal Institute of British Architects, London.^[9] Macaulay bụkwa onye egwu nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nke natara asambodo na egwu site na Trinity College, London na asambodo na violin na-akpọ site na Music International College, London.^[10]

Ọrụ ya

Mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos na Septemba 1893, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ na ọrụ ndị ọchịchị dị ka onye nyocha nke Crown Lands. Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ dị ka onye nyocha ala na Septemba 1898 n'ihi enweghị mmasị na-arịwanye elu maka ọchịchị Britain nke Lagos Colony na ọnọdụ nke Yorubaland na Niger Coast Protectorate dị ka ndị Britain na-echebe. Ndị edemede ndị ọzọ dị ka Patrick Dele-Cole kwuru na ebubo ndị ọfịs na-ezighị ezi (nke ndị isi ya na Britain kwadoro) na ịchụso esemokwu nke onwe onye nke kpuchiri arụkwaghịm Macaulay dị ka onye nyocha nke Crown Grants.^[11] Kristin Mann, na-ezo aka na ozi nke Gọọmentị Na-achị Britain, na-ekwu na Macaulay mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, site n'iji "ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nyocha nke ala Crown iji nyere ndị enyi aka inweta onyinye okpueze ma kpagbuo ndị iro site n'inye ndị ọzọ ala ha".^[12][13] Ọ gara n'ihu dee na Macaulay "nwetara onyinye okpueze n'aha ụgha wee ree ha maka uru".^[13] N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1898, ọ nwetara ikike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha ala. Dị ka onye nyocha, atụmatụ ya na ọnụahịa ya gụnyere ụlọ E. J. Alex Taylor na Victoria Street, ebe obibi Henry Carr na Tinubu, ụlọ Akinola Maja na Doherty Villa na Campos Square.

Ndu nzuzo ya

Macaulay lụrụ Caroline Pratt, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi ndị uwe ojii Afrịka na Disemba 1898.^[14] Alụmdi na nwunye ha bịara ná njedebe n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1899 mgbe Caroline nwụrụ n'oge ọ na-amụ nwa, a kọkwara na Macaulay ṅụrụ iyi ịlụ di ọzọ.^[15] Ọ bụ ezie na Macaulay alụghị di ọzọ na Chọọchị, o nwere mmekọrịta gụnyere Ms. da Souza onye laghachiri Lagos, ebe nna nna ya, site na Brazil ma biri na 90s ya, nke o nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ, yana ndị enyi na-amụghị ụmụ (Stella Davies Coker, nwa nwanyị nke J. P. L. Davies na Sarah Forbes Bonetta, so Macaulay biri site na 1909 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1916.^[15][14] Ha nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Sarah Abigail Idowu Macaulay Adadevoh. A gụrụ Sarah Abigail aha nne nne ya Sarah Forbes Bonetta na nne nne ya Abigail Crowther.^[16] A kọrọ na Macaulay bụ onye Naijiria mbụ nwere ụgbọala.^[17][18]

Ọ bụ ezie na o sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị Anglịkan na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, Macaulay nabatara omenala okpukpe ndị Afrịka, nwere nkwenkwe ụgha, ma na-etinye aka n'omume anwansi.^[14] Akwụkwọ nke onwe ya nwere ihe edeturu site n'aka ndị na-akọ ọdịnihu na ndị na-agba afa na ntụziaka gbasara tabos, ịgba afa, ịchụ àjà, na omume anwansi ndị ọzọ.^[19][14] Macaulay bụkwa onye otu Association of Babalawos (Ifa priests) nke Lagos.^[14]

Macaulay bụ nnukwu onye obodo na Victorian Lagos. Ọ haziri kọntaktị na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri (Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Naijiria mbụ wetara ihe nkiri na Naijiria site n'ịkpọ ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri ka ha bịa Lagos iji gosipụta ihe nkiri) na ebe obibi ya (nke akpọrọ "Kirsten Hall" n'aha enyi ya onye nnọchi anya Germany Arthur Kirsten) na 8, Balbina Street na Yaba.^[14] A na-akpọ Macaulay "Wizard nke Kirsten Hall" n'ihi ikike ya inweta ozi nzuzo. Macaulay na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti ndị na-enye ihe ọmụma bụ ndị ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ oge, nkeji site na nzukọ gọọmentị na-achị ala ga-apụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Macaulay na-ejikọta. Enwere ike ịchọta akụkụ zuru ezu nke faịlụ na telegram gọọmentị na Macaulay Papers na ngalaba Africana nke Ọbá Akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ibadan.^[20]

Mmegide megide ọchịchị Britain na Naijiria

Tupu mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Macaulay jikọtara ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta mmadụ Lagos, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha nke onwe ma nwee echiche na-adịghị mma banyere colonialism.[26]  Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1800s, ọ malitere ịpụ na ọrụ ọkachamara ya na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ka ọ bụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.  Ọ sonyeere otu Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society.  Macaulay bụ onye mmeri na-atụghị anya ya nke ọha mmadụ.  Nwa nwa Ajayi Crowther, onye bishọp Afrịka mbụ nke Niger Territory, a mụrụ ya na Lagos nke kewara n'ụzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ìgwè n'usoro dabara adaba - ndị ọchịchị Britain bi na mpaghara posh Marina, Saros na ohu ndị ọzọ.  ụmụ ndị bi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na ndị Brazil bi n'azụ ndị ọcha na Portuguese Town.  N'azụ atọ ahụ, ezigbo ndị Lagos, ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Yoruba, enweghị mmasị na ndị agbata obi ha nwere ihe ùgwù na-eleghara anya.  Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọgbọ Macaulay ka ndị Saros na ndị Brazil malitere ịtụgharị uche na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee ihe jikọrọ ya.

Macaulay bụ otu n'ime ndị Naijiria mbụ na-ahụ maka mba n'anya ma bụrụkwa onye na-emegide ọtụtụ iwu ọchịchị. Dị ka mmeghachi omume na nkwupụta nke ndị Britain na ha na-achịkwa "ezi ọdịmma nke ụmụ amaala n'obi", o dere, sị: "Nkebi nke "ezi ọdịnihu nke ụmụ ama amaala n" bụ algebraically hà ka ogologo, obosara na omimi nke akpa onye ọcha ahụ. " N'afọ 1908, ọ kpughere nrụrụ aka na Europe n'ịchịkwa ego ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma n'afọ 1919 ọ rụrịtara ụka nke ọma maka ndị isi ndị gọọmentị na-achị ala ha weghaara n'ihu Kansụl Nzuzo na London. N'ihi ya, a manyere gọọmentị na-achị ala ahụ ịkwụ ndị isi ụgwọ.

]N'afọ 1909, ọ pụtara n'ihu ọha megide mmachibido iwu nke mmụọ n'ime Nigeria nke o chere na ọ ga-emecha mee ka ego gọọmentị belata ma emesia mụbaa ụtụ isi.  Macaulay hụkwara onwe ya na-emegide ọchịchị colonial na isi okwu atọ pụtara ìhè na ndụ Lagos n'oge 1900–1930.  Okwu ndị a gụnyere oke mmiri a chọrọ, nhọrọ nke Oba nke Lagos na Imamate nke Lagos Central Mosque.  Macaulay megidere ụtụ isi nke colonial iji kwụọ ụgwọ mmiri na Lagos n'ihi ụtụ isi na-enweghị ihe nnọchiteanya.[26]  Ọ bụ nnukwu onye nkwado nke House of Docemo na Lagos.  N'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na Lagos anọghị n'okpuru ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè, Oba nke Lagos adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ogbo ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ napụrụ ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala ya.  Macaulay kwadoro Ụlọ Docemo na mmegide ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri na ịnweta colonial nke ala Lagos.[26]  O mekwara ka kọmitii Ilu nke mejupụtara Oba nke Lagos na ndị isi ọdịnala na Legọs ka ha na-emegide ụfọdụ iwu ndị colonial.[27]

Akụkọ Macaulay na Lagos ka ikpe Oluwa Land mere ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Amodu Tijani Oluwa, onye isi ọdịnala, agbaghawo nnweta iwu na-enweghị ụgwọ maka ala ezinụlọ ya na Apapa. Ọ meriri mkpesa ya n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu wee gaa na Kansụl Ụlọikpe Nzuzo na London. Macaulay bụ odeakwụkwọ onwe onye nke Oluwa na njem ya na London. Kọmitii Ilu na Oba kwadoro ikpe Oluwa bụ ndị nwere mmasị na nchedo nke ala ezinụlọ ha na Lagos. [1] Na London, Macaulay gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ onwe onye nke Oluwa na dị ka onye nnọchi anya Oba ma na ikike o mere nkwupụta nke ndị ọchịchị na-achị ha chere na ọ na-emegide ọdịmma ha. N'afọ 1920, ndị Britain chụpụrụ Eleko, Eshungbayi n'ihi na ọ jụrụ ịgbagha ebubo megide ndị ọchịchị nke Macaulay mere na London.

Iji kwalite ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Macaulay guzobere Nigerian Daily News, ikpo okwu o ji dee echiche dịka Justitia Fiat: The Moral Obligation of the British Government to the House of Docemo . O dekwara otu edemede akpọrọ Henry Carr Must Go. Site na 1923 ruo 1938, ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama n'ọtụtụ okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na Lagos gụnyere ntuli aka n'ime ntuli aka afọ ise n'ime Kansụl Iwu, ntuli aka atọ na Kansụl Obodo Lagos, na onye isi nke Ụlọ Docemo. [1] N'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ dabere na Lagos Daily News, Lagos Market Women Association nke onye ya, Alimotu Pelewura, Ụlọ Docemo na ọtụtụ ndị Lagosians na-amaghị akwụkwọ, jiri echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Henry Daily kewaa ndị dị ka ndị isi obodo ya dị ka ndị dị ka ọ na-emegide ndị enyi ya Henry Carr. Na 24 June 1923, o guzobere Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ nke Naijiria.^[1] Òtù ahụ meriri oche niile na ntuli aka nke 1923, 1928 na 1933. [1] Ọ bụ ezie na, ọrụ dị mkpa nke òtù ahụ bụ itinye ndị na-azọ ọkwa n'ime kansụl omebe iwu, ọ nwere ebumnuche sara mbara nke ịkwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Naijiria, na-eme ka ntinye aka dị elu nke Naijiria na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na agụmakwụkwọ nke Naijeria. Ọ bụ ezie na pati ahụ chọrọ ịbụ nke mba n'echiche, ike nkwado Macaulay sitere n'Ụlọ Docemo ya mere nchegbu ya maka nchekwa nke Ụlọ na ọchịchọ ya ịchịkwa pati ahụ gbochiri uto nke pati ahụ.

Nkwado maka ọchịchị ndị Britain na Naịjirịa

N'afọ 1931, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Macaulay na ndị Britain malitere imeziwanye ruo n'ókè nke na gọvanọ ahụ na Macaulay nwere nzukọ.

Nsogbu Iwu

A machibidoro Macaulay ịgba ọsọ maka ọrụ ọha na eze n'ihi nsogbu iwu - gọọmentị na-achị Lagos mara ya ikpe ugboro abụọ; oge mbụ maka igwu wayo, na oge nke abụọ maka nnupụisi.

Nchịkọta ego

Mgbe ọ banyere n'ọrụ onwe ya dị ka onye nyocha na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, Macaulay chere nsogbu ego ụfọdụ ihu ma jiri ego na-ezighị ezi site na ala ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ya. Ndị ọchịchị kpughere omume ya bụ ndị kpere ya ikpe ma maa ya ikpe afọ abụọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.^[21] Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Patrick Dele-Cole depụtara ihe akaebe na-egosi na a kpagburu Macaulay n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ikpe ya na 1913. Onye ọka iwu na-ekpe ikpe, otu Robert Irving, bụ onye bi na Herbert Macaulay nke nwere ike ịchụso mmegwara onwe ya. Macaulay nwetara iwu ụlọ ikpe ịchụpụ Robert Irving na 3 Disemba 1912. Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị ọka iwu Macaulay zutere nnukwu ihe isi ike na-agbachitere onwe ha n'oge ikpe ahụ: dịka ihe atụ, ndị ọka ikpe Macaulay enweghị ike ịchọta onye ọka iwu ndị uwe ojii n'ebe ọ bụla na Lagos iji nweta mgbapụta. Ihe omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere onye isi ikpe na-anọchite anya na-ata Macaulay £ 100 n'agbanyeghị na ndị nyocha ise nọ n'ụlọ ikpe na-eweghachi mkpebi ikpe na-enweghị ikpe. Cole na-emekwa ka eziokwu Macaulay banyere ntụkwasị obi ahụ pụta ìhè. Dị ka Cole si kwuo "a gụrụ uche nke testatrix n'ihu ọha na arịrịọ Macaulay na mgbazinye ego ọ nwetara iji kwụọ ụgwọ nke testatriz ka akọwara ndị na-erite uru nke testament ahụ (nwa nwanne Macaulay bụ onye isi na-erita uru ma o doro anya na ọ naghị etinye Irving n'ọrụ ikpe ahụ), mana a mara ya ikpe maka 'ịgbalị ịghọ aghụghọ'". N'ikpeazụ, Cole na-ekwu na ikpe Macaulay nke afọ ise bụ "ihe siri ike n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe".^[22]

Atụmatụ Mgbọ

Nsogbu iwu nke abụọ Macaulay gbadoro ụkwụ na ihe bịara bụrụ "Case Plot Gunpowder".  Mgbe ndị Privy Council kpebiri na Oba Eshugbayi Eleko a chụpụrụ n'agha nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ habeas corpus site n'otu ọkaikpe gaa na nke ọzọ, Lagos ji obi ụtọ mee ihe n'ihi na o gosiri na a ga-eweghachite Oba a ma ama.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ Lagos Daily News nke Macaulay bipụtara asịrị na n'ihi mkpebi ndị Privy Council mere, ndị ọchịchị Briten na-achị na Lagos mere atụmatụ ịgbawa ụgbọ Oba Eleko.[1][2]  N'ihi na Gunpowder Plot Case Macaulay a mara ikpe ọnwa isii n'ụlọ mkpọrọ (na Broad Street Mkpọrọ) na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-enweghị nhọrọ maka nra.  Macaulay dị afọ iri isii na anọ n'oge a mara ikpe a na mkpọrọ mụbara Macaulay na-ewu ewu na Nigeria.^[23]

Esemokwu ya na Henry Carr

o doghị anya ka ịkpọasị kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ dị n'etiti Macaulay na Henry Carr si malite n'agbanyeghị na edekọtara esemokwu ha nke ọma.  Carr kwenyere na Macaulay enweghị iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ma na-erigbu Ụlọ Dosunmu maka uru onwe ya.[1]  N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Carr, ọ na-ede banyere Macaulay "N'ime anụ ọhịa niile nke mmadụ bụ ndị e webatara anyị na ọ dịghị onye gosipụtara amamihe ekwensu nke nwoke a", na-ekwubi na Macaulay bụ "uche gbagọrọ agbagọ na onye nzuzu dị ize ndụ".  Carr kpọrọ eziokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị asị na Macaulay, bụ onye amachibidoro itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi ikpe mpụ ya, bụ eze ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka Macaulay na-achịkwa NNDP.^[24]

Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria, Imoh Umoren mere ihe nkiri a kpọrọ The Herbert Macaulay Affair nke kpuchiri ihe dị ka afọ iri atọ nke ndụ ya ma wepụta ya na 2019.^[25]

Edensibia

1. Saheed Aderinto (2015). Children and Childhood in Colonial Nigerian Histories. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137492937.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "colonial" defined multiple times with different content
2. Kinni, Fongot Kini-Yen (2015). Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance (Book collections on Project MUSE, Caribbean and African American Contributions). Langaa RPCIG. ISBN 9789956762309. 
3. Herbert Macaulay's destroyed house should've been historical monument – Fafowora (en-US). Punch Newspapers (26 May 2017). Retrieved on 24 February 2022.
4. Adeuyan (2011). Contributions of Yoruba People in the Economic & Political Developments of Nigeria. AuthorHouse. 
5. Macaulay, Thomas Babington 1826 to 1878 Anglican Nigeria. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved on 18 August 2014.
6. Robert W. July (2004). The Origins of Modern African Thought: Its Development in West Africa During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Africa World Press. ISBN 9781592211999. 
7. Tamuno (1976). Herbert Macaulay, Nigerian Patriot. Heinemann Educational, 1976. ISBN 9780435944728. 
8. Sanya Onabamiro (1983). Glimpses into Nigerian History: Historical Essays. University of Virginia (Macmillan Nigeria). ISBN 9789781327292. 
9. Rainer E. Lotz (1986). Under the Imperial carpet: essays in Black history, 1780-1950. Rabbit Press. ISBN 978-0-948-7750-17. 
10. Tamuno (1976). Herbert Macaulay, Nigerian Patriot.. Heinemann Educational, 1976.. ISBN 9780435944728. 
11. Cole (17 April 1975). Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 1975. ISBN 9780521204392. 
12. Mann (5 December 1985). Marrying Well: Marriage, Status and Social Change among the Educated Elite in Colonial Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 5 December 1985. ISBN 9780521307017. 
13. Mann (5 December 1985). Marrying Well: Marriage, Status and Social Change among the Educated Elite in Colonial Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 5 December 1985. ISBN 9780521307017. 
14. Tamuno (1976). Herbert Macaulay, Nigerian Patriot. Heinemann Educational, 1976., 17–21. ISBN 9780435944728.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Tamuno-Personal" defined multiple times with different content
15. Mann (5 December 1985). Marrying Well: Marriage, Status and Social Change among the Educated Elite in Colonial Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 5 December 1985. ISBN 9780521307017. 
16. Mann (5 December 1985). Marrying Well: Marriage, Status and Social Change among the Educated Elite in Colonial Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 5 December 1985. ISBN 9780521307017. 
17. Daniel H. Ocheja (2001). The rise and fall of the Nigerian First Republic: history of Nigeria from Lord Lugard to Gen. Aguyi-Ironsi (1900-1966). Ogun De-Reuben (Nig.). ISBN 9789783261419. 
18. (2006) "Herbert Macaulay" 43 (17–25). 
19. Cole (17 April 1975). Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos.. Cambridge University Press, 1975, 109–113. ISBN 9780521204392. 
20. Cole (17 April 1975). Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 1975. ISBN 9780521204392. 
21. LaRay. Herbert Samuel Heelas Macaulay Founder of Nigerian nationalism. The Institute of Diasporic Studies, Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved on 11 December 2016.
22. Cole (17 April 1975). Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 1975, 112–113. ISBN 9780521204392. 
23. Cole (17 April 1975). Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 1975, 147–148. ISBN 9780521204392. 
24. Cole (17 April 1975). Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos. Cambridge University Press, 1975, 113–119. ISBN 9780521204392. 
25. Olowoyo (1 October 2020). NigeriaAt60: Seven movies that tell Nigeria's history (en-GB). Retrieved on 19 October 2021.

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