Ihi ụra n'ime azụ

Enwere ike ịkọwa ụra na nnụnụ na anụ na-enye nwa ara site na mmechi anya na usoro eletrik dị na neocortex, mana azụ enweghị anya na neocortax. Ma oscar a na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ n'abalị, na-edina n'enweghị mmeghachi omume na ala na anya ya tụgharịrị ala, a pụkwara ikwu na ọ na-ehi ụra.[1]

Ma ụra azụ bụ ajụjụ a na-ajụ, ruo n'ókè nke ịbụ aha ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị a ma ama.[2][3] N'ime nnụnụ na anụ na-enye nwa ara, a na-akọwa ụra site na mmechi anya na ọnụnọ nke usoro ọrụ eletrik na ụbụrụ, gụnyere neocortex, mana azụ enweghị anya na neocortez. Ụfọdụ ụdị ndị na-ebi mgbe niile n'ọzara ma ọ bụ ndị na-egwu mmiri mgbe niile (n'ihi mkpa maka ikuku ikuku nke gills, dịka ọmụmaatụ) na-enyo enyo na ha anaghị ehi ụra.[4] Enwekwara obi abụọ banyere ụfọdụ ụdị ndị kpuru ìsì bi n'ọgba.[5]

Otú ọ dị, azụ ndị ọzọ yiri ka ha na-ehi ụra, karịsịa mgbe a na-eji ụkpụrụ omume akọwapụta ụra. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, azu zebra, ikpokpo,tinch, agba aja aja shaki zaa, k[6] na-eme ka ha ghara ịkwaga n'ihu ma ghara imeghachi omume n'abalị (ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, n'ihe banyere swell shak); Spanish hogfish na blue-headed wrasse nwere ike ọbụna iji aka bulie ya ruo n'elu n'ebughị nzaghachi.[7][8][9] N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro ụra na-emebi ngwa ngwa ma nwedịrị ike ịpụ n'anya n'oge njem, spawning, na nlekọta nne na nna.[10]

Àgwà ụra

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kama inyocha ọrụ ụbụrụ maka usoro ụra, ụzọ ọzọ bụ inyocha usoro ezumike / ọrụ ọ bụla nke nwere ike igosi "ụra omume". Omume omume anọ na-esonụ bụ ihe e ji mara ụra n'ime nnụnụ na anụ na-enye nwa ara ma nwee ike ịgbatị ya na azụ: (1) ogologo oge na-adịghị arụ ọrụ; (2) ọnọdụ izu ike, mgbe mgbe n'ebe mgbaba; (3) mgbanwe na ọrụ na okirikiri 24h; (4) ọnụ ụzọ dị elu. Dabere na njirimara ndị a, a hụla ọtụtụ ụdị azụ na-ehi ụra.[1] Ọnọdụ ụra nke isi ehi na-acha nchara nchara bụ na a gbatịrị nku ya, ọdụ ya dị larịị n'ala, ahụ gbadoro n'otu akụkụ na angle nke 10-30 degrees na-aga n'ihu, obi na iku ume dị nwayọ karịa ka ọ dị, na obere mmetụta maka ụda na imetụ aka.[11][12] Mozambique tilapia anaghị agagharị agagharị n'ala n'abalị, na-enwe ọnụego iku ume dị ala na enweghị mmegharị anya, ha anaghị emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa dị ka n'ehihie na ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ nnyefe nri.[13] N'abalị, Spanish hogfish, bluehead wrasse, wrasse Halichoeres bivittatus, cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, na ọbụna requiem sharks, nwere ike iji aka buru ha n'enweghị mmeghachi omume.[14][15][16][17] Nnyocha nyocha nke 1961 nke ihe dị ka ụdị 200 na aquaria ọha na eze nke Europe kọrọ ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ụra doro anya.[18]

Ndị na-abanye n'ime mmiri nwere ike ịhụ azụ na-anọdụ ala n'abalị n'ebe mgbaba, dị ka oghere na oghere, n'okpuru ọnụ, n'etiti ahịhịa, n'ime sponges, ma ọ bụ e liri n'ájá.[19] Enwere ike inweta nchebe ụfọdụ ọzọ site na ihe ndị pụrụ iche, dị ka envelopu mucous nke ọtụtụ ụdị wrasse na parrotfish mepụtara, ma ọ bụ gburugburu azụ ahụ n'onwe ha ma ọ bụ na mmeghe nke ebe obibi ha. Envelopu ndị a na-echebe azụ na-ehi ụra site na anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na ectoparasites.[20][21]

N'ime ụlọ nyocha, oge enweghị ọrụ na-agbanwekarị oge ọrụ na 24h, ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 24h mgbe ọnọdụ ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide. E dekọrọ usoro ọrụ Circadian n'ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 40 dị iche iche, gụnyere hagfish, lamprey, sharks, cyprinids, ictalurids, gymnotids, salmonids, na labrids.[22][23]

Ihi ụra nke anụ ahụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Otu njirimara nke ụra na-aga site na aha "nchịkwa homeostatic". Nke a bụ echiche na ụmụ anụmanụ chọrọ ụra na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe kwa ụbọchị, nke mere na ọ bụrụ na a napụrụ onye ahụ ụra otu ụbọchị, ụra na-enwekarị "ịlaghachi" (ịbawanye) n'ụbọchị ole na ole sochirinụ. A hụla nke a na azụ̀ zebrafish. N'abalị, azụ̀ zebrafish na-apụta na-ese n'elu mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala ma ọ bụ na-ebuli isi. Ugboro ole ọnụ na ogwe aka na-aga na-ebelata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara ma ha siri ike okpukpu abụọ karịa ka ha na-aga n'ehihie. Ọ bụrụ na a napụrụ ha omume ụra a, ụra na-agafe agafe na ọnụ ụzọ na-akpali akpali dị elu karịa ka ọ na-adịkarị, na-atụ aro mmetụta mmeghachi omume.[24][25] N'otu aka ahụ, na cichlid a mara ikpe, ọrụ na-ebelata n'ụbọchị ndị na-esote mmebi nnwale nke omume izu ike nke azụ ahụ n'abalị.[26]

Enweghị ụra

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dị ka omenala Mahayana Buddhists kwenyere na azụ anaghị ehi ụra, azụ ghọkwara ihe nnọchianya nke ịmụrụ anya. Ihe osise a bụ oghere oghere a na-akpọ azụ osisi ma ọ bụ ụlọ nsọ China. A na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe mgbe ị na-abụ abụ iji mee ka ụda ahụ dịgide ma chetara ndị na-eme ya ka ha nọrọ na nche.[27]

Ọtụtụ ụdị azụ pelagic, dị ka bluefish, Atlantic mackerel, tuna, bonito, na ụfọdụ sharks, na-egwu mmiri mgbe niile ma ghara igosi ihe ịrịba ama, omume ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ, nke ụra.[28][4] A na-ekwu na otu ọrụ nke ụra bụ ikwe ka ụbụrụ jikọta ihe ọ mụtara n'oge ọrụ anụmanụ ahụ. Ọrịa ụbụrụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ime nke a mgbe ọ ka na-agbagha ihe ọhụrụ na ozi ọhụrụ iji dozie. Ya mere, ọrụ ụra ga-abụ imechi ihe mmetụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji kwe ka ụbụrụ mepụta ihe ncheta. Ụdị mmiri na-egwu mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agwụ ike (kilomita na kilomita nke mmiri mepere emepe na-enweghị ihe na-eme na ya). N'ime ụdị dị otú ahụ, ntinye mmetụta dị ala nke na mmepụta ncheta nwere ike ime ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na azụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-agagharị (ọrụ na-emegharị ugboro ugboro) ma ghara ịda ụra n'echiche ọdịnala nke okwu ahụ.[29]

Damselfish na-ehi ụra n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla n'ime oghere dị n'ime coral reefs n'abalị, mana ụdị atọ (chromis na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, dascyllus na-acha ọcha) na-ezu n'etiti alaka coral ebe ha na-akụ nku ha na ọnụego ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ karịa nke igwu mmiri n'ehihie. Nke a na-emepụta mmiri na-eme ka mpaghara dị n'ime coral (ya mere azụ n'onwe ha) nwee ikuku oxygen, na ọkwa dị ihe dị ka okpukpu anọ karịa na enweghị azụ. Ọ bụ ezie na azụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike (karịsịa n'ụzọ a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro), ha anaghị emeghachi omume n'ìhè ma ọ bụ n'ọnụnọ nke ndị nwere ike igbu egbu. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta dere omume a kpọrọ ya "ụra-na-egwu mmiri".[30]

Ura nwere ike oga abia na Ufodu akuku ahu ndu azu. Azu ndị ozo dika kweshient, na abali na adi ike nakwa na ututu na oge omumu. ufodu Nne azu ndi ozo na agabiga ura na abali n'elekota akwa ha na ututu na abali otutu oge. Nkea ka achoputara na otutu umu azu di iche iche.fodu azu dika diunal na adi ike na ututu na abali na oge omumu ha. Na mozabique tilapia, achoputala ura na nnukwu ma no bughi na ntakiri azu..,,s,...

Ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche na usoro nke ọrụ ha kwa ụbọchị / oge enweghị ọrụ, yana ya mere ikekwe nke ụra ha.[31] N'ime otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ nyocha nke azụ ọla edo, ụfọdụ nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-eme njem n'ehihie ebe ndị ọzọ na-eme n'abalị.[32] Azụ Gold nwekwara ike ịbụ nke na-eri n'ehihie ma ọ bụrụ na nri dị n'ehehie, ma ọ bụ nke na-ere n'abalị ma ọ bụrụ.[33] Salmon na-adịkarị n'ehihie mgbe okpomọkụ dị elu, mana ọ na-adịwanye n'abalị ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ adaa.[34] Na latitudes dị elu, burbot, sculpin na brown bullhead na-eme njem n'abalị n'oge okpomọkụ mana na-eme ka ha na-eme n'ehihie n'okpuru oge foto dị mkpirikpi nke oge oyi Arctic.[35][36] N'ebe a dọtara ha n'agha, Catostomus commersonii na-acha ọcha na-eme n'ehihie mgbe ha bi n'ọzara mana ha na-eme njem n'abalị mgbe ha bi naanị ha.[37]

Ede nsi bia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Reebs, S.G. (2008-2014) Sleep in fishes. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  2. ↑ Feldman, D. (1989) When do fish sleep? And other imponderables of everyday life. Harper and Row, New York.
  3. ↑ Weis, J.S. (2011) Do fish sleep? Fascinating answers to questions about fishes. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kavanau JL (July 1998). "Vertebrates that never sleep: implications for sleep's basic function". Brain Res. Bull. 46 (4): 269–79. DOI:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00018-5. PMID 9671258. 
  5. ↑ Parzefall, J. (1993): Behavioural ecology of cave-dwelling fish; pp. 573–606 in: Pitcher, T.J.(ed.), The Behaviour of Teleost Fish; London: Chapman&Hall.
  6. ↑ Nelson, D.R., and Johnson, R.H. (1970) Diel activity rhythms in the nocturnal, bottom-dwelling sharks Heterodontus francisci and Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, Copeia 1970: 732–739.
  7. ↑ Shapiro, C.M., and Hepburn, H.R. (1976) Sleep in a schooling fish, Tilapia mossambica, Physiology and Behavior 16:613–615
  8. ↑ Peyrethon, J., and Dusan-Peyrethon, D. (1967) Étude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil d'un téléostéen (Tinca tinca), Compte-Rendus de la Société de Biologie 161: 2533-2537
  9. ↑ Titkov, E.S. (1976) Characteristics of the daily periodicity of wakefulness and rest in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 12:305–309.
  10. ↑ Reebs, S.G. (2002) Plasticity of diel and circadian activity rhythms in fish, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12: 349–371.
  11. ↑ Titkov, E.S. (1976) Characteristics of the daily periodicity of wakefulness and rest in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 12: 305-309.
  12. ↑ Karmanova, I.G., Belich, A.I., and Lazarev, S.G. (1981) An electrophysiological study of wakefulness and sleeplike states in fish and amphibians, pp. 181-202 In: Brain Mechanisms of Behaviour in Lower Vertebrates (P.R. Laming, ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  13. ↑ Shapiro, C.M., and Hepburn, H.R. (1976) Sleep in a schooling fish, Tilapia mossambica. Physiology and Behavior 16: 613-615.
  14. ↑ Tauber, E.S., Weitzman, E.D., and Korey, S.R. (1969) Eye movements during behavioral inactivity in certain Bermuda reef fish. Communications in Behavioral Biology A 3: 131-135.
  15. ↑ Tauber, E.S. (1974) The phylogeny of sleep, pages 133-172 In: Advances in sleep research, vol. 1 (E.D. Weitzman, ed.). Spectrum Publications, New York.
  16. ↑ Clark, E. (1973) “Sleeping” sharks in Mexico. Underwater Naturalist 8: 4-7.
  17. ↑ Dew, C.B. (1976) A contribution to the life history of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, in Fishers Island Sound, Connecticut. Chesapeake Science 17: 101-103.
  18. ↑ Weber, E. (1961) Über Ruhelagen von Fischen, Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 18: 517–533.
  19. ↑ Reebs, S.G. (1992) Sleep, inactivity, and circadian rhythms in fish. Pp. 127-135 In Rhythms in Fishes (M.A. Ali, editor). Plenum, New York.
  20. ↑ Winn, H.E., and Bardach, J.E. (1959) Differential food selection by moray eels and a possible role of the mucous envelope of parrot fishes in reduction of predation. Ecology 40: 296-298.
  21. ↑ Grutter, A.S., Rumney, J.G., Sinclair-Taylor, T., Waldie, P., and Franklin, C.E. (2011) Fish mucous cocoons: the "mosquito nets" of the sea. Biology Letters 7: 292-294.
  22. ↑ Reebs S.G. (2011) Circadian Rhythms in Fish. In: Farrell A.P., (ed.), Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment, volume 1, pp. 736–743. San Diego: Academic Press.
  23. ↑ Zhdanova, I. and S.G. Reebs. (2006) Circadian rhythms in fish. Pp. 197-238 In Fish Physiology, Vol 24: Behaviour and Physiology of Fishes (K.A. Sloman, R.W. Wilson, and S. Balshine, eds.). Elsevier, New York.
  24. ↑ Zhdanova, I.V., Wang, S.Y., Leclair, O.U., and Danilova, N.P. (2001) Melatonin promotes sleep-like state in zebrafish. Brain Research 903: 263-268.
  25. ↑ Yokogawa, T., Marin, W., Faraco, J., Pézeron, G., Appelbaum, L., Zhang, J., Rosa, F., Mourrain, P., and Mignot, E. (2007) Characterization of sleep in zebrafish and insomnia in hypocretin receptor mutants. PLOS Biology 5: 2379-2397.
  26. ↑ Tobler, I., and Borbély, A.A. (1985) Effet of rest deprivation on motor activity of fish. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 157: 817-822.
  27. ↑ Blades (1992). Percussion instruments and their history. Westport: Bold Strummer. ISBN 9780933224612. 
  28. ↑ Olla, B.L., and Studholme, A.L. (1978) Comparative aspects of the activity rhythms of tautog, Tautoga onitis, Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, and Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, as related to their life habits. Pp. 131-151 In: Rhythmic Activity of Fishes (J.E. Thorpe, ed.). Academic Press, London.
  29. ↑ Kavanau, J.L. (2010) Schooling by continuously active fishes: clues to sleep's ultimate function, Pp. 57-85 In: Evolution of sleep: phylogenetic and functional perspectives (McNamara, P., Barton, R.A., and Nunn, C.L., eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  30. ↑ Goldshmid, R., Holzman, R., Weihs, D., and Genin, A. (2004) Aeration of corals by sleep-swimming fish. Limnology and Oceanography 49: 1832-1839.
  31. ↑ Reebs, S.G. (2002) Plasticity of diel and circadian activity rhythms in fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12: 349-371.
  32. ↑ Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J., Madrid, J.A., Zamora, S., and Tabata, M. (1997) Feeding entrainment of locomotor activity rhythms in the goldfish is mediated by a feeding-entrainable circadian oscillator. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 181: 121-132.
  33. ↑ Spieler, R.E., and Noeske, T.A. (1984) Effects of photoperiod and feeding schedule on diel variations of locomotor activity, cortisol, and thyroxine in goldfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113: 528-539.
  34. ↑ Fraser, N.H.C., Metcalfe, N.B., and Thorpe, J.E. (1993) Temperature-dependent switch between diurnal and nocturnal foraging in salmon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 252: 135-139.
  35. ↑ Eriksson, L.-O. (1978) Nocturnalism versus diurnalism: dualism within fish individuals. Pp. 69-89 In: Rhythmic Activity of Fishes (J.E. Thorpe, ed.). Academic Press, London.
  36. ↑ Müller, K. (1978) The flexibility of the circadian system of fish at different latitudes. Pp. 91-104 In: Rhythmic Activity of Fishes (J.E. Thorpe, ed.). Academic Press, London.
  37. ↑ Kavaliers, M. (1980) Circadian activity of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni: comparison of individual and shoaling fish. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58: 1399-1403.