Inshọransị ihe ọkụkụ bụ mkpuchi nke ndị na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ zụrụ ma gọọmentị mba kwadoro iji chebe ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nke ihe ọkụkụ ha n'ihi ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha, dị ka akụ́ mmiri igwe, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ mfu nke ego n'ihi mbelata ọnụahịa nke ihe ọkpọkọ ("inshuọ na-enweta ego").
Na United States, gọọmentị etiti na-akwado nkezi nke pasent 62 nke ego ahụ. N'afọ 2019, iwu mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ kpuchiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde acres 380. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị mkpa enweghị mkpuchi n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ebe a na-akụ ha, ihe dị ka 90% nke ala ihe ọkụkụ US nwere mkpuchi n"okpuru mmemme mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti. Ihe ọkụkụ anọ - ọka, ogho, soybeans, na ọka wit - na-abụkarị ihe karịrị 70% nke ngụkọta nke acres edebanyere aha. Maka ihe ọkụkụ ndị a dị mkpa, a na-ekpuchi òkè dị ukwuu nke ihe ọkụkụ site na mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ.
Na United States, usoro ịnshọransị gọọmentị etiti nwere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ, nke ụlọ ọrụ Risk Management Agency na-achịkwa, dị maka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Usoro ihe omume a nwere ikike site na Federal Crop Insurance Act (nke bụ n'ezie aha V nke Agricultural Adjustment Act nke 1938, P.L. 75-430), dị ka e dezigharịrị. Inshọransị ihe ọkụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti dị maka ihe karịrị 100 ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe ọkụkụ niile nwere mkpuchi na mpaghara ọ bụla. Site na mmezigharị nke Federal Crop Insurance Act nke Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act nke 1994 (P.L. 103-354, Isiokwu I) na Agriculture Risk Protection Act nke 2000 (P. L. 106-224), e nyere USDA ikike inye ndị na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ na-enweghị ngwọta (CAT) n'efu. Maka ego dị elu, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịzụta ihe mgbakwunye karịa ọkwa CAT. A na-echebe ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-enweghị mkpuchi n'okpuru Noninsured Assistance Program (NAP). A na-ere ma na-arụ ọrụ mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti site na ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi onwe. Akụkụ nke ego ahụ, yana mmefu nchịkwa na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha, bụ nke gọọmentị etiti na-akwado. Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Crop Insurance Corporation na-eweghachi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site n'iwere ụfọdụ n'ime mmefu nke mmemme ahụ mgbe nkwụghachi ụgwọ karịrị ngụkọta ụgwọ. A na-enweta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mkpuchi ego na nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ụdị mkpuchi ọzọ.
N'afọ 1938, Congress weputara Federal Crop Insurance Act, nke guzobere Federal Crop insurance Program mbụ. Mgbalị ndị mbụ a enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ọnụ ahịa mmemme dị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ihe omume ahụ nwere ihe isi ike ịnakọta ego zuru ezu iji kwụọ ụgwọ ma ọ gaghị ekwe omume ego.[1]
N'afọ 1980, Congress weputara iwu iji mụbaa òkè na Federal Crop Insurance Program ma mee ka ọ dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe. Oge a nke mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ bụ nke e ji iwebata mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke onwe n'etiti gọọmentị US na ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi onwe.[1]
Iwu Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act nke 1994 gbanwere usoro ihe omume ahụ n'ụzọ dị egwu. Na 1996, e guzobere Risk Management Agency (RMA) na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US iji jikwaa Federal Crop Insurance Program. Site na enyemaka ego e wuru n'ime ntuziaka mmemme ọhụrụ, ntinye aka mụbara nke ukwuu. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1998, e debere ihe karịrị nde hekta 180 nke ala ugbo n'okpuru mmemme ahụ, na-anọchite anya mmụba okpukpu atọ karịa 1988. [1]
N'afọ 2019, ndị ọrụ ugbo zụrụ akwụkwọ mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ nde 1.1, na-echebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde 380 nke ala ugbo, na ụgwọ ọhụrụ karịrị ijeri $ 110. Iwu ndị a kpuchiri ihe dịka pasent 90 nke acres ruru eru. A kwụrụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ ụgwọ n'afọ 2012, nke ruru ihe karịrị ijeri $ 17.[2]
Today,Àtụ:When the Federal Crop Insurance Program is the primary risk management program available to U.S. agricultural producers and a vital component of the farm safety net, addressing both the risks associated with price volatility and with unexpected disasters. [Tinye edensibịa][citation needed]
Crop insurance is a risk-based program that currentlyÀtụ:When covers more than 100 crops [Tinye edensibịa][citation needed] and does not make annual subsidy payments to farmers. When crop insurance does supply monetary payments to farmers, the payments come in the form of indemnity checks that restore a portion of an actual loss. Many farmers pay crop insurance premium costs for a number of years without receiving indemnity payments because they have not experienced an actual loss. [Tinye edensibịa]
Onye ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ onye na-akụ ihe nwere ike ịchọ ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ jikọtara ya na njirimara akọwapụtara nke nwere ike iru eru maka oke karịa ihe ọkụkụ ndị yiri ya, ngwaahịa ugbo, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị sitere na ya. Enwere ike jikọta àgwà a na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ihe ọkụkụ, ụfọdụ omume nlekọta nke onye na-akụ osisi, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ amụma mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ anaghị ekewa n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ na ihe ọkụkụ jikọtara ya na otu njirimara. N'ihi ya, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere mkpa maka mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ iji kpuchie ihe ize ndụ nke ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ metụtara ụfọdụ àgwà.
Na Canada, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke CI (Crop Insurance) malitere na 1939 site na iwebata Prairie Farm Assistance Act site na Gọọmentị Canada. Omume a nyere enyemaka na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị na-emepụta ọka na Prairies na Peace River. N'afọ 1959, e mere iwu CI iji dochie Prairie Farm Assistance Act ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo nchebe zuru oke na mpaghara niile. CI abụwo usoro nkwado gọọmentị etiti dị mkpa kemgbe 1959 nke e mere iji nyere aka mee ka ego a na-enweta n'ugbo kwụsie ike megide ihe ize ndụ metụtara mmepụta. Ihe mere gọọmentị ji tinye aka na CI bụ n'ihi na ahịa ahụ enyeghị ndị ọrụ ugbo ngwaọrụ nchịkwa ihe ize ndụ iji dozie ihe ize ndụ mmepụta n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. CI agbanweela nke nta kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ n'ihi na e mere ya na ndabere nke itinye aka site na ọkwa gọọmentị (federal na mpaghara) na ndị na-emepụta ihe, ịkekọrịta ụgwọ mmemme, itinye aka n'afọ ofufo, nchịkwa mpaghara, na ịdị mma nke ego n'ikpeazụ.[5]Iwu CI nke 1959 mere ka gọọmentị etiti nyere aka n'ime ka ndị na-emepụta CI dị na ọkwa 60% nke mkpuchi. Na mbụ, òkè gọọmentị etiti na ngụkọta ego bụ 20%, yana òkè 50% nke mmefu nchịkwa. N'afọ 1964, e dezigharịrị Iwu ahụ iji tinye ndokwa n'ozuzu maka nkwekọrịta ịnshọransị n'etiti mpaghara na gọọmentị etiti. E mere mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na 1966 na 1970 gbasara ọkwa mkpuchi na onyinye gọọmentị etiti nyere maka ngụkọta ego. Mgbanwe ọzọ nke Iwu ahụ, na 1973, nyere nhọrọ abụọ maka ndokwa nke ịkekọrịta ego nke gọọmentị etiti na mpaghara. N'otu nhọrọ, gọọmentị etiti na nke mpaghara nyere 25% nke ngụkọta ụgwọ ọrụ na 50% nke ụgwọ nchịkwa. Na nhọrọ nke ọzọ, gọọmentị etiti nyere ngụkọta nke 50% nke ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara kwụrụ ụgwọ nchịkwa niile. Na mmezigharị nke afọ 1990, e mere ka ihe kachasị elu ruo 90% maka ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị ala. Ọzọkwa, a nabatara otu usoro ịkekọrịta ego, ebe gọọmentị etiti na mpaghara ọ bụla na-akwụ 25% nke ngụkọta ụgwọ na 50% nke ụgwọ nchịkwa. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ gụnyere nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka mmebi ihe ọkụkụ nke nnụnụ mmiri, na iwu gbasara nkwado onwe onye na ihe ndị a chọrọ.
Ọ bụ ezie na iwu gọọmentị etiti na-eguzobe usoro mba, enwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe maka mpaghara iji gbanwee mmemme ahụ iji gboo mkpa nke ndị na-emepụta ha. A na-emepụta atụmatụ mpaghara site na mkparịta ụka na ndị otu atọ ahụ na ngwaahịa. CI dị na mpaghara niile maka ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche iche mana mkpuchi abụghị nke zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma ọ bụ ọnụego itinye aka dị elu ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị na-akwado ọnụahịa nke mmemme ahụ. AAFC na-ekenye ihe dịka $ 200 nde kwa afọ na CI site na envelopu nchekwa ya niile nke $ 600 nde. N'afọ 1996-97 a na-eme atụmatụ na mmefu gọọmentị etiti ruru nde $ 207 ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi nke nde $ 166 n'ime afọ atọ gara aga (AAFC 1997b). Gọọmentị mpaghara mefuru $ 251 nde na 1996-97 nke jiri ya tụnyere nkezi nke $ 175 nde n'ime afọ atọ gara aga. Site n'ebe dị anya, akụkụ kachasị ukwuu nke mmemme ahụ na-ekpuchi mmepụta ọka na mkpụrụ mmanụ na Prairies, mana ọbụna ebe a, ntinye aka adaala n'okpuru 60% nke ebe a kụrụ.[6]
Ihe ọkụkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ihe ọkụkụ mbụ mụbara site na 54% n'etiti 2000 na 2021, ruo ijeri 9.5, nke dị 2% dị elu karịa na 2020. Nke a na-anọchi anya ijeri tọn 3.3 karịa na 2000. N'ihe na-erughị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ngụkọta. ọka bụ isi otu ihe ubi emepụtara na 2021, sochiri ihe ubi shuga (22%), inine na mmanụ (12% nke ọ bụla). Mkpụrụ, na mgbọrọgwụ na tubers nke ọ bụla ruru 9-10% nke mkpokọta mmepụta. Mmụba nke mmepụta na-abụkarị n'ihi nchikota ihe; mmụba ojiji nke ogbugba mmiri n'ubi, pesticides na fatịlaịza, na n'ókè nke nta ka a na-akọ ubi ka ukwuu. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka usoro ọrụ ugbo ka mma na iji ihe ọkụkụ dị elu na-ekerekwa òkè.
Mgbe ọ na-abịa na India, enwere atụmatụ mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ atọ [7] nke onye ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ịtụle ịzụta.[8] Ha bụ ndị a: